Emotion Dysregulation and Parent Emotion Socialization in Mothers with Borderline Pathology

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These challenges can lead to non-supportive reactions to children's negative emotions, a form of parent emotion socialization (PES) that has been linked to negative outcomes in children. Given the inherent emotional arousal evoked by parenting, emotion dysregulation likely influences the type of PES parents utilize. However, no studies have specifically examined how emotion dysregulation affects PES in mothers with borderline pathology. Against this background, this study aims to (1) investigate the link between maternal emotion dysregulation and PES strategies and (2) assess if emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between borderline pathology and PES. Methods The study sample was comprised of 148 mothers ( Mage = 34.92). Of these mothers, 53 had significant borderline features. Emotion regulation was evaluated using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – Short Form and PES was assessed using the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotion Scale. Significant borderline features were determined using the Personality Assessment Inventory Borderline Scale. As a part of aim 1, bivariate correlations were conducted to examine relationships between emotion dysregulation and two PES strategies: supportive and non-supportive. The moderating role of emotion dysregulation on the relationships between borderline features and supportive and non-supportive PES was assessed using two moderation models. Results Results from the first aim revealed a small, negative correlation between emotion dysregulation and supportive PES and a medium, positive correlation between emotion dysregulation and non-supportive PES. Emotion dysregulation was found to be a significant moderator of the relationship between borderline pathology and non-supportive PES. Conclusions The current study significantly contributes to the literature by further elucidating the relationship between maternal borderline pathology and PES and its underlying mechanisms. borderline personality disorder subclinical borderline personality disorder parent emotion socialization emotion dysregulation parenting with borderline personality disorder Figures Figure 1 Background Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a psychiatric disorder involving high instability in relationships, mood lability, and impulsive behaviors [ 1 ]. Emotion dysregulation, a central feature of BPD, may lead to disproportionate emotional reactions—a behavior that extends to parenting contexts. Research increasingly indicates that mothers with BPD struggle with parent emotion socialization (PES) [ 2 , 3 ], which refers to how parents shape their children's emotional understanding, expression, and regulation through supportive or non-supportive behaviors [ 4 ]. Effective PES relies on the accurate identification of a child’s negative emotions, allowing for appropriate and supportive responses. However, mothers with BPD often struggle to distinguish and identify their children's emotions [ 5 , 6 ]. This impairment, coupled with maladaptive parenting behaviors associated with this population [ 6 – 8 ], increases the likelihood of negative responses, potentially hindering their child’s development. Emotion regulation can broadly be defined as an individual's capacity to manage their emotions and behaviors in situationally appropriate ways, particularly in distressing circumstances [ 10 , 11 ]. Emotion regulation is imperative for adaptive parenting, especially in high arousal situations such as when their child is in distress [ 12 ]. If a mother is unable to regulate these intense emotions, she is more likely to engage in non-supportive parenting behaviors [ 13 – 15 ]. As emotion dysregulation and BPD are strongly associated [ 11 , 16 ], mothers with BPD may be especially likely to display these behaviors. Previous research has demonstrated significant correlations between BPD, non-adaptive parenting, and maternal emotion regulation [ 2 , 17 – 20 ]. However, there remain few studies investigating the interplay between these three constructs. While studies like Kiel's study conducted in 2017 [ 2 ] have explored how mothers with BPD regulate emotions in response to their infants, no current study focuses on the connection between emotional regulation in BPD mothers and young children's negative emotional expression. Against this background, the current study used a sample of mothers with and without borderline pathology to examine whether emotion dysregulation is correlated with supportive and/or non-supportive parent emotion socialization (PES). Additionally, moderation analyses were performed to assess the moderating role of emotion dysregulation on the relationship between borderline pathology and PES strategies. Methods Participants The participants of the current study consisted of two groups of mothers: mothers exhibiting borderline pathology and healthy controls. This dataset was obtained from a larger study examining the viability of the Mediational Intervention for Sensitizing Caregivers for mothers with borderline personality disorder (BPD) [ 21 ]. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at University of Houston reviewed and approved study procedures. Participants for this study were recruited through postings online in national BPD support groups. Eligibility criteria included being English-speaking, over the age of 18, and the mother of at least one child under the age of 18. The final sample included 148 participants. Of those, 53 had scores indicating significant borderline features according to the Personality Inventory Assessment - borderline scale (PAI-BOR) [ 22 ]. These mothers represented the BPD sample. Mothers ranged in age from 21 to 53 years old ( M = 34.92, SD = 6.27) and their children of interest ranged from 2 to 12 years old ( M = 6.42, SD = 3.17). Mothers primarily identified as Caucasian/White (83.1%, n = 123), married (62.2%, n = 20) with an annual income of greater than $ 60,000 (58.1%, n = 86). Most participants (82.4%, n = 122) reported previously receiving mental health treatment and about half (50.7%, n = 75) were currently receiving treatment. Full demographic information is reported in Table 1. [Table 1] Participants first received a cover letter outlining the aims of the study, confidentiality measures, potential risks and benefits, compensation details, withdrawal options, and contact information. Participants then indicated willingness to participate, and eligibility was determined by screening questions. Upon consenting and confirming their eligibility, they were provided with a set of Qualtrics surveys and instructed to respond to all questions with a single child in mind to maintain consistency across all survey measures. Participants also indicated whether they would like to be entered into a raffle for a chance to win one of fifty $ 20 Amazon gift cards after completing the surveys. Measures Parent Emotion Socialization Child’s Coping With Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES) [ 23 ] The CCNES is a self-report scale that aims to assess how parents respond to their young children when they communicate distressed or unpleasant feelings, which represents a form of PES. The measure presents 12 hypothetical, emotionally evocative scenarios that children commonly undergo. For each scenario, participants use a 7-point Likert scale to rate their likelihood of engaging in six different types of responses to their child’s behavior. Each type of response represents a different subscale, including problem-focused reactions (PFR), emotion-focused reactions (EFR), expressive encouragement (EE), minimization reactions (MR), punitive reactions (PR), and distress reactions (DR). These subscales can be synthesized into aggregate means representing supportive PES, consisting of PFR, EFR, and EE, and non-supportive PES, consisting of MR, PR, and DR. The CCNES has been shown to be a reliable measure, exhibiting consistent tendencies over time and displaying connections with related measures of concurrent validity [ 24 ]. In the current sample, Cronbach’s alpha indicated good internal consistency for non-supportive subscales (a = .82) and excellent internal consistency for supportive subscales (a = .91). Emotion Dysregulation Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale- short form (DERS-SF) [ 10 ] DERS-SF is an 18-item self-report measure consisting of statements on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from almost never to almost always, designed to assess emotion dysregulation in adult populations. Its six subscales, which include nonacceptance of emotional responses, difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior, impulse control difficulties, lack of emotional awareness, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and lack of emotional clarity, can be combined to yield a total score of difficulties with emotion regulation. DERS-SF is a sound measure of emotion dysregulation displaying good reliability, convergent validity, and invariance across genders [ 25 , 26 ]. In the current sample, Cronbach’s alpha showed excellent internal consistency for the DERS-SF measure (a = .91). Borderline Pathology Personality Assessment Inventory – borderline scale (PAI-BOR) [ 22 ] PAI-BOR is a subsection of the larger Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), a comprehensive self-report measure of various domains of psychopathology, that measures borderline personality pathology. PAI-BOR is one of 11 clinical scales included in the PAI consisting of 24 items, all of which are answered on a 4-point Likert scale from “very false” to “very true”. Its four subscales, which include affective instability, identity problems, negative relationships, and self-harm, can be combined to yield a total continuous score of BPD symptomology. Furthermore, the manual of the PAI-BOR identifies a raw score of 38 or more as an indicator of significant borderline features. Previous studies support the criterion, concurrent, and external validity of the PAI measure for borderline symptomology [ 27 , 28 ]. In the current sample, PAI-BOR demonstrated good internal consistency (a = .83). Data Analytic Strategy All data analyses for this study were conducted using the IBM SPSS software version 25.0 [ 29 ]. First, descriptive statistics and bivariate relations among main study variables were conducted to identify potential covariates, including mother age, child age, and child gender. To test aim 1, we conducted bivariate correlations to examine the relations between emotion dysregulation, as measured by the DERS-SF, and parent emotion socialization (PES) strategies, quantified by the CCNES measure. To test aim 2, we created a binary variable assessing whether mothers had levels of borderline pathology meeting the subclinical threshold of the PAI-BOR measure, while the DERS-SF measure remained continuous. This approach was chosen due to significant overlap between the PAI-BOR and DERS-SF measures (see Table 2). SPSS PROCESS macro [ 30 ] was used to examine whether the total emotion dysregulation score moderates the relationship between BPD symptomatology and the aggregate means of supportive and non-supportive PES. Additionally, the regression analysis controlled for any covariates found in initial analyses. Results Aim 1. Correlations between Emotion Dysregulation and Parent Emotion Socialization The first aim of the study sought to assess the relationship between emotion dysregulation and parent emotion socialization (PES) within a combined sample of mothers with borderline features and healthy control mothers. Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlations are displayed in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Several covariates emerged as statistically significant. As shown in Table 2, mother’s age showed a significant negative correlation with DERS-SF total score ( r = − .40, p < .001) and PAI-BOR total score ( r = − .36, p < .001), while child’s age revealed a significant positive relationship with non-supportive PES ( r = .30, p < .001). Regarding relations between demographic variables and PES strategies, Pearson’s correlations revealed no significant correlations between child age or gender and specific PES strategies (See Table 2). Significant correlations were found between several variables of interest. As displayed in Table 2, DERS-SF total score showed a significant negative correlation of small effect with supportive PES strategies, whereas there was a significant positive correlation of medium effect with non-supportive PES strategies. [Table 2] Aim 2. The Moderating Effect of Emotion Dysregulation on BPD Symptomology on Parent Emotion Socialization The second aim of the study was to examine how emotional dysregulation moderates the relationship between presence of BPD features and specific PES strategies. Table 2 displays the bivariate correlations among study variables, indicating that meeting the subclinical threshold on PAI-BOR was significantly correlated with non-supportive PES strategies, but not with supportive ones. Given that both mother’s age and child’s age were significantly correlated with the independent and dependent variables of interest, respectively, we included the variables as covariates in both moderation analyses. While total score for emotion dysregulation was not found to moderate the relationship between borderline pathology and supportive PES, it did emerge as a significant moderator for the relationship between borderline pathology and non-supportive PES (See Fig. 1). More specifically, the interaction between borderline features and DERS-SF total score on supportive PES produced nonsignificant results ( b = − .01, SE = .01, p = .54). However, there was a significant interaction of small effect size between PAI-BOR and DERS-SF for the outcome of non-supportive PES ( b = .03, SE = .01, T = 2.68, p < .01). Results of these analyses are reported in Table 3 . [Table 3 ] [Figure 1] Discussion The present study aimed to further investigate the relationship between borderline pathology, emotion regulation, and parent emotion socialization (PES) strategies utilized by mothers with borderline pathology. The findings of this study contribute to current literature suggesting that mothers with borderline personality disorder (BPD) struggle to parent effectively and adaptively, particularly in domains of parenting that require increased emotion regulation and understanding [ 7 , 31 ]. Previous research has demonstrated how mothers with BPD have a higher likelihood of using non-supportive parenting behaviors [ 7 , 8 , 32 ]. One such study, Kiel et al. (2017), found that in mother-infant dyads where the mother was diagnosed with BPD, the correlation between BPD features and non-supportive PES was mediated by emotion dysregulation [ 2 ]. However, no previous study has investigated the relationships among these constructs in mothers with children beyond infancy. With respect to aim 1, we hypothesized that greater difficulties in emotion regulation as measured by the DERS-SF would be positively associated with non-supportive PES strategies and negatively associated with supportive PES strategies. In line with this hypothesis, DERS-SF scores were found to have a significant positive correlation with non-supportive PES and a significant negative correlation with supportive PES. These findings corroborate existing research demonstrating how parental difficulties with emotion regulation are correlated with an increased use of nonadaptive or non-supportive parenting behaviors [ 2 , 12 , 17 , 33 ]. Further, previous studies investigating these variables affirm a significant negative correlation between maternal difficulties in emotion regulation and positive PES behaviors [ 33 ]. Parenting places significant emotional demands on mothers and can thus be affectively challenging and destabilizing, especially for mothers with borderline pathology who tend to struggle with emotion regulation. Parents need to successfully regulate their own emotions to engage in adaptive parenting behaviors. The results of this study demonstrate how increased difficulty with emotion regulation is related to both increased non-supportive PES and decreased supportive PES. However, underlying constructs that might help explain these relationships are still largely unknown. One construct that might subserve the relationship between emotion regulation and PES is mentalization. Mentalization is the ability to conceptualize the mental states of oneself and others [ 34 ]. A closely related construct is theory of mind, also referred to as cognitive empathy, which uniquely focuses on understanding the mental states of others [ 35 , 36 ]. Decety’s neurodevelopmental model of empathy posits that emotional arousal informs our understanding and representation of others’ mental states [ 37 , 38 ]. Therefore, emotion dysregulation leads to misinterpretation of others’ mental states. This theory is supported by previous research indicating that mothers with higher levels of emotional suppression and dysregulation are associated with impaired mentalization [ 35 , 39 ]. Our second aim was to investigate the moderating effect of emotion regulation difficulties on the relationship between borderline pathology and PES strategies. We hypothesized that emotion dysregulation would moderate the relationship between borderline pathology and PES such that mothers with subclinical borderline pathology and more difficulties in emotion regulation would engage in less supportive and more non-supportive PES. The former of these hypotheses produced null findings—emotion dysregulation did not moderate the BPD-supportive PES relationship. However, difficulties in emotion regulation did moderate the relationship between borderline symptomatology and non-supportive PES. This discrepancy in results may be indicative of disorganized parenting behaviors from mothers with BPD. Whilst both healthy controls and mothers with BPD display supportive PES behaviors, mothers with BPD also display non-supportive PES to a significant degree. Current literature has shown that mothers with BPD oscillate between extreme behaviors on various continuums—between overly lax and overly controlling and between warm and hostile [ 7 , 9 ]. Our results indicate that PES represents another domain of fluctuating parenting behavior for these mothers, one that is moderated by the mothers’ individual differences in emotion regulation. Additionally, other features of BPD like impulsiveness and impaired mentalization may contribute to the relationship between borderline pathology and non-supportive PES. According to Fonagy and Bateman's mentalization model of BPD (2008), heightened emotional sensitivity in BPD causes hyperarousal during stress, particularly in attachment contexts, making it more difficult for mothers to identify and react effectively to their child's negative emotional expression. Sharp's (2014) hypermentalizing theory posits that individuals with borderline pathology over-attribute mental states to others, leading to socio-cognitive difficulties and interpretive errors during emotionally intense interactions [ 40 ]. This might lead to mothers misinterpreting their child's feelings, resulting in inappropriate, non-supportive responses that can perpetuate frustration and misidentification. At the same time, a core feature of BPD is impulsivity [ 1 ], which is exacerbated by emotion dysregulation [ 41 , 42 ]. Emotion dysregulation has been found to subserve the relationship between BPD and various domains of impulsivity [ 41 ], and both factors may contribute to interpersonal problems [ 43 ]. In this way, emotion dysregulation’s association with heightened impulsivity as well as impaired mentalization may explain why mothers with borderline pathology might employ more non-supportive PES strategies when reacting to a distressing situation like responding to their children’s negative emotions. Clinical Implications The results of this study have significant implications for clinical practice. Abundant research has shown that supportive parent emotion socialization (PES) strategies foster healthier emotional development in children [ 12 ]. Findings from our study suggest that treatment focused on the improvement of emotion regulation abilities in mothers may aid maternal emotion regulation whilst leading to adaptive PES behaviors. This in turn will likely result in better emotional health and understanding for both parent and child. Interventions such as dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) [ 44 ] or mentalization-based therapies (MBT) [ 45 ] may be especially helpful for mothers with borderline pathology or mothers with heightened difficulties regulating their emotions. DBT, which focuses on mindfulness and emotion regulation, has been shown to effectively reduce borderline symptoms, particularly emotion dysregulation [ 44 , 46 ]. MBT aims to stabilize emotional arousal and improve understanding of mental states, enhancing outcomes for patients with borderline pathology, especially when combined with DBT [ 45 , 47 ]. Limitations and Future Directions Our current study contributes to the field by providing new and relevant perspectives on how emotion regulation difficulties in mothers with borderline pathology influence parent emotion socialization strategies. However, the present study is not without its limitations. Firstly, our reliance on self-report measures introduces potential bias, which may be compounded by impaired mentalizing capacity associated with BPD. Additionally, our sample was predominantly non-Hispanic white, which limits the generalizability of our findings to other populations. Finally, our cross-sectional design limits our ability to assess causal relationships. Future research should investigate the relationship between these variables using a more diverse sample and a longitudinal design. This approach would allow for a more nuanced and generalizable analysis that accounts for situational stressors influencing mothers' mental states over time, as well as treatment effects that may alter their emotion regulation and parenting behaviors. Conclusion The current study significantly contributes to the literature by further elucidating the relationship between maternal borderline pathology and parent emotion socialization (PES). This is the second study to investigate the relationship between emotion dysregulation, maternal borderline pathology, and PES [ 2 ] and the first to do so with a sample of mothers of children. Our findings contribute to the current understanding of how emotion dysregulation and borderline pathology influence maternal behaviors that shape the emotional development of their children. Furthermore, these findings underscore the importance of addressing emotion dysregulation in parenting interventions—especially for mothers with borderline pathology—to promote healthier emotional outcomes for both mother and child. Taken together, results suggest that increasing difficulties with emotion regulation is associated with increased use of non-supportive PES strategies and decreased use of supportive PES behaviors. Results also indicate that difficulties in emotion regulation moderate the relationship between borderline pathology and non-supportive, but not supportive, PES. Future research should expand on these findings by incorporating additional mechanisms affecting PES, such as impulsivity and mentalization. Efforts should also include a more diverse sample and employ a longitudinal design to better understand how these factors evolve over time and impact PES behaviors in mothers with borderline pathology. Abbreviations Borderline personality disorder (BPD) Child’s Coping with Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES) Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale- Short Form (DERS-SF) Parent emotion socialization (PES) Personality Assessment Inventory- Borderline Scale (PAI-BOR) Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate : APA ethical standards were followed in the conduct of this study. We received approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at University of Houston. Consent for publication : Not applicable. Availability of data and materials : Requests for access to data can be sent to Dr. Carla Sharp ( [email protected] ). Competing interests : The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding : Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number F31MH123127. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Authors contributions : Ms. Lubben wrote the first draft of the manuscript and integrated feedback from co-authors for each iterative draft. She conducted data analyses with the guidance of Dr. Sharp and Ms. Gecha. Ms. Gecha provided manuscript revisions and guidance throughout the process. Dr. Sharp assisted with the conceptualization of the study, helped secure funding, and provided feedback on each iterative draft. Dr. Cano oversaw data collection, helped secure funding, and provided feedback on manuscript. Acknowledgments : None. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Borderline Personality Disorder. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. Kiel, E. J., Viana, A. G., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2017). 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Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and cognitive neuroscience reviews, 3 (2), 71–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304267187. Schultheis, A. M., Mayes, L. C., & Rutherford, H. J. (2019). Associations Between Emotion Regulation and Parental Reflective Functioning. Journal of child and family studies , 28 (4), 1094–1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-01326-z. Sharp, C., & Tackett, J. L. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of borderline personality disorder in children and adolescents. Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0591-1. Waite, E. E., DeFontes, C., Weiss, N. H., Karnedy, C., Woods, S. E., Haliczer, L. A., & Dixon-Gordon, K. L. (2024). Borderline personality disorder and multidimensional impulsivity: The roles of positive and negative emotion dysregulation. Journal of affective disorders , 344 , 635–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.030. Sebastian, A., Jacob, G., Lieb, K., & Tüscher, O. (2013). Impulsivity in borderline personality disorder: a matter of disturbed impulse control or a facet of emotional dysregulation?. Current psychiatry reports , 15 (2), 339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0339-y. Euler, S., Nolte, T., Constantinou, M., Griem, J., Montague, P. R., Fonagy, P., & Personality and Mood Disorders Research Network (2021). Interpersonal Problems in Borderline Personality Disorder: Associations With Mentalizing, Emotion Regulation, and Impulsiveness. Journal of personality disorders , 35 (2), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2019_33_427. Linehan, M. M. (2015). DBT® skills training manual (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2010). Mentalization based treatment for borderline personality disorder. World Psychiatry , 9 (1), 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00255.x. Goodman, M., Carpenter, D., Tang, C., Goldstein, K., Avedon, J., Fernandez, N., Mascitelli, K., Blair, N., New, A., Triebwasser, J., Siever, L., & Hazlett, E. (2014). Dialectical behavior therapy alters emotion regulation and amygdala activity in patients with borderline personality disorder.. Journal of psychiatric research , 57, 108-16 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.06.020. Vogt, K., & Norman, P. (2018). Is mentalization‐based therapy effective in treating the symptoms of borderline personality disorder? A systematic review. Psychology and Psychotherapy , 92, 441 - 464. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12194. Tables Table 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Table 2. Pearson correlations among variables of interest 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Difficulties in emotion regulation DERS-SF Total Score Parent emotion socialization Supportive -.20* . Non-supportive .39** -.27** Personality Assessment Inventory- Borderline Scale PAI-BOR Total Score .82** -.08 .27** Demographics Mother age -.40** -.06 .01 -.36** Child age .12 -.11 .30** .13 .40** BPD diagnosis .66** -.06 .13 .72** -.34** -.02 Note. *p < .05, **p< .01 Table 3. Moderation analyses Moderating effect of DERS-SF on the relationship between PAI-BOR and supportive PES b SE β t p Constant 6.92 .50 13.76 < .0001 Presence of BPD features .71 .60 1.19 .24 DERS-SF total -.02 .01 -2.41 .02 PAI-BOR x DERS-SF -.01 .01 -.61 .54 Child age -.01 .02 -.39 .70 Mother age -.01 .01 -1.29 -.04 Moderating effect of DERS-SF on the relationship between PAI-BOR and non-supportive PES b SE β t p Constant 1.48 .43 3.39 < .001 Presence of BPD features -1.32 .52 -2.54 .01 DERS-SF total .01 .01 1.16 .25 PAI-BOR x DERS-SF .026 .01 2.68 < .01 Child age .05 .02 2.82 .01 Mother age .01 .01 .92 .36 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Table1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 03 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 27 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 04 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 01 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 01 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6355485","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":452853573,"identity":"a934596f-daed-4ad1-ab9c-06c267ae84be","order_by":0,"name":"Ashley Lubben","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Houston","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ashley","middleName":"","lastName":"Lubben","suffix":""},{"id":452853574,"identity":"0d6c8ca3-0a56-4bdf-bbf8-194224304669","order_by":1,"name":"Tess Gecha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Houston","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tess","middleName":"","lastName":"Gecha","suffix":""},{"id":452853575,"identity":"58c18c59-b42e-4033-8f99-a330c33f680a","order_by":2,"name":"Kiana Cano","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sam Houston State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kiana","middleName":"","lastName":"Cano","suffix":""},{"id":452853576,"identity":"647416a5-c319-4936-afdc-6f617347b3bb","order_by":3,"name":"Carla Sharp","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHhBhIwflWTAwSMAE8WtJMwYSjA1g9URqOZzYQLQW/v6zBz9X7mBO72/vPf64okaCweB2A+ODt224tUjcyEuWPHuGLXfGmXOJjWeOAbXcOcBsOBePFgMJHgPJxjae3A0SOYaNDWxALTcS2KR58WnhP2P8s7FNIt1A/g1Qyz+wFvbfeLUw5JgBbTFIAFpn2AjUC7aFGZ8WiRs5ZpaNZxIMZ5zJMZzZ2CfBI3kjsVlyzjncWvj7zxjfbNzxX56//YzBx4ZvNnJ8N5IPfnhThlsLGIAiBAZ4ULnEaBkFo2AUjIJRgAEAUHZOyYVRl9MAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Houston","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Carla","middleName":"","lastName":"Sharp","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-01 18:38:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6355485/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6355485/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-025-00330-2","type":"published","date":"2025-12-24T15:58:18+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82351480,"identity":"5adb7397-c2c5-47d5-a6d1-2a63eb9df033","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-09 10:57:16","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":250035,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe moderating effect of DERS-SF on the relationship between PAI-BOR and non-supportive PES\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6355485/v1/88ee83bc8445a96673429ccc.png"},{"id":99172500,"identity":"acf38a20-acd6-45e4-8372-3fbd52559a1f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 16:10:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1292963,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6355485/v1/63584b94-e9f7-4b0d-a232-ba1951a8e1b5.pdf"},{"id":82351479,"identity":"f97c8798-231b-4657-8182-e121a9dfb62f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-09 10:57:16","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":17467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6355485/v1/c9efcd4ced78eb8ed0ed9405.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Emotion Dysregulation and Parent Emotion Socialization in Mothers with Borderline Pathology","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eBorderline personality disorder (BPD) is a psychiatric disorder involving high instability in relationships, mood lability, and impulsive behaviors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Emotion dysregulation, a central feature of BPD, may lead to disproportionate emotional reactions\u0026mdash;a behavior that extends to parenting contexts. Research increasingly indicates that mothers with BPD struggle with parent emotion socialization (PES) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], which refers to how parents shape their children's emotional understanding, expression, and regulation through supportive or non-supportive behaviors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Effective PES relies on the accurate identification of a child\u0026rsquo;s negative emotions, allowing for appropriate and supportive responses. However, mothers with BPD often struggle to distinguish and identify their children's emotions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. This impairment, coupled with maladaptive parenting behaviors associated with this population [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], increases the likelihood of negative responses, potentially hindering their child\u0026rsquo;s development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion regulation can broadly be defined as an individual's capacity to manage their emotions and behaviors in situationally appropriate ways, particularly in distressing circumstances [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Emotion regulation is imperative for adaptive parenting, especially in high arousal situations such as when their child is in distress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. If a mother is unable to regulate these intense emotions, she is more likely to engage in non-supportive parenting behaviors [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. As emotion dysregulation and BPD are strongly associated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], mothers with BPD may be especially likely to display these behaviors. Previous research has demonstrated significant correlations between BPD, non-adaptive parenting, and maternal emotion regulation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. However, there remain few studies investigating the interplay between these three constructs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile studies like Kiel's study conducted in 2017 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] have explored how mothers with BPD regulate emotions in response to their infants, no current study focuses on the connection between emotional regulation in BPD mothers and young children's negative emotional expression. Against this background, the current study used a sample of mothers with and without borderline pathology to examine whether emotion dysregulation is correlated with supportive and/or non-supportive parent emotion socialization (PES). Additionally, moderation analyses were performed to assess the moderating role of emotion dysregulation on the relationship between borderline pathology and PES strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe participants of the current study consisted of two groups of mothers: mothers exhibiting borderline pathology and healthy controls. This dataset was obtained from a larger study examining the viability of the Mediational Intervention for Sensitizing Caregivers for mothers with borderline personality disorder (BPD) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at University of Houston reviewed and approved study procedures. Participants for this study were recruited through postings online in national BPD support groups. Eligibility criteria included being English-speaking, over the age of 18, and the mother of at least one child under the age of 18.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe final sample included 148 participants. Of those, 53 had scores indicating significant borderline features according to the Personality Inventory Assessment - borderline scale (PAI-BOR) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. These mothers represented the BPD sample. Mothers ranged in age from 21 to 53 years old (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34.92, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.27) and their children of interest ranged from 2 to 12 years old (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.42, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.17). Mothers primarily identified as Caucasian/White (83.1%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;123), married (62.2%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20) with an annual income of greater than \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e60,000 (58.1%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;86). Most participants (82.4%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;122) reported previously receiving mental health treatment and about half (50.7%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;75) were currently receiving treatment. Full demographic information is reported in Table\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Table\u0026nbsp;1]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants first received a cover letter outlining the aims of the study, confidentiality measures, potential risks and benefits, compensation details, withdrawal options, and contact information. Participants then indicated willingness to participate, and eligibility was determined by screening questions. Upon consenting and confirming their eligibility, they were provided with a set of Qualtrics surveys and instructed to respond to all questions with a single child in mind to maintain consistency across all survey measures. Participants also indicated whether they would like to be entered into a raffle for a chance to win one of fifty \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e20 Amazon gift cards after completing the surveys.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParent Emotion Socialization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eChild\u0026rsquo;s Coping With Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES)\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CCNES is a self-report scale that aims to assess how parents respond to their young children when they communicate distressed or unpleasant feelings, which represents a form of PES. The measure presents 12 hypothetical, emotionally evocative scenarios that children commonly undergo. For each scenario, participants use a 7-point Likert scale to rate their likelihood of engaging in six different types of responses to their child\u0026rsquo;s behavior. Each type of response represents a different subscale, including problem-focused reactions (PFR), emotion-focused reactions (EFR), expressive encouragement (EE), minimization reactions (MR), punitive reactions (PR), and distress reactions (DR). These subscales can be synthesized into aggregate means representing supportive PES, consisting of PFR, EFR, and EE, and non-supportive PES, consisting of MR, PR, and DR. The CCNES has been shown to be a reliable measure, exhibiting consistent tendencies over time and displaying connections with related measures of concurrent validity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. In the current sample, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha indicated good internal consistency for non-supportive subscales (a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.82) and excellent internal consistency for supportive subscales (a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.91).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEmotion Dysregulation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDifficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale- short form (DERS-SF)\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDERS-SF is an 18-item self-report measure consisting of statements on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from almost never to almost always, designed to assess emotion dysregulation in adult populations. Its six subscales, which include nonacceptance of emotional responses, difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior, impulse control difficulties, lack of emotional awareness, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and lack of emotional clarity, can be combined to yield a total score of difficulties with emotion regulation. DERS-SF is a sound measure of emotion dysregulation displaying good reliability, convergent validity, and invariance across genders [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. In the current sample, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha showed excellent internal consistency for the DERS-SF measure (a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.91).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBorderline Pathology\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePersonality Assessment Inventory \u0026ndash; borderline scale (PAI-BOR)\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePAI-BOR is a subsection of the larger Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), a comprehensive self-report measure of various domains of psychopathology, that measures borderline personality pathology. PAI-BOR is one of 11 clinical scales included in the PAI consisting of 24 items, all of which are answered on a 4-point Likert scale from \u0026ldquo;very false\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;very true\u0026rdquo;. Its four subscales, which include affective instability, identity problems, negative relationships, and self-harm, can be combined to yield a total continuous score of BPD symptomology. Furthermore, the manual of the PAI-BOR identifies a raw score of 38 or more as an indicator of significant borderline features. Previous studies support the criterion, concurrent, and external validity of the PAI measure for borderline symptomology [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. In the current sample, PAI-BOR demonstrated good internal consistency (a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.83).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analytic Strategy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data analyses for this study were conducted using the IBM SPSS software version 25.0 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. First, descriptive statistics and bivariate relations among main study variables were conducted to identify potential covariates, including mother age, child age, and child gender.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo test aim 1, we conducted bivariate correlations to examine the relations between emotion dysregulation, as measured by the DERS-SF, and parent emotion socialization (PES) strategies, quantified by the CCNES measure. To test aim 2, we created a binary variable assessing whether mothers had levels of borderline pathology meeting the subclinical threshold of the PAI-BOR measure, while the DERS-SF measure remained continuous. This approach was chosen due to significant overlap between the PAI-BOR and DERS-SF measures (see Table\u0026nbsp;2). SPSS PROCESS macro [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] was used to examine whether the total emotion dysregulation score moderates the relationship between BPD symptomatology and the aggregate means of supportive and non-supportive PES. Additionally, the regression analysis controlled for any covariates found in initial analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAim 1. Correlations between Emotion Dysregulation and Parent Emotion Socialization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first aim of the study sought to assess the relationship between emotion dysregulation and parent emotion socialization (PES) within a combined sample of mothers with borderline features and healthy control mothers. Descriptive statistics and Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlations are displayed in Tables\u0026nbsp;1 and 2, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral covariates emerged as statistically significant. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;2, mother\u0026rsquo;s age showed a significant negative correlation with DERS-SF total score (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.40, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) and PAI-BOR total score (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.36, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), while child\u0026rsquo;s age revealed a significant positive relationship with non-supportive PES (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.30, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Regarding relations between demographic variables and PES strategies, Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlations revealed no significant correlations between child age or gender and specific PES strategies (See Table\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant correlations were found between several variables of interest. As displayed in Table\u0026nbsp;2, DERS-SF total score showed a significant negative correlation of small effect with supportive PES strategies, whereas there was a significant positive correlation of medium effect with non-supportive PES strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Table\u0026nbsp;2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAim 2. The Moderating Effect of Emotion Dysregulation on BPD Symptomology on Parent Emotion Socialization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second aim of the study was to examine how emotional dysregulation moderates the relationship between presence of BPD features and specific PES strategies. Table\u0026nbsp;2 displays the bivariate correlations among study variables, indicating that meeting the subclinical threshold on PAI-BOR was significantly correlated with non-supportive PES strategies, but not with supportive ones. Given that both mother\u0026rsquo;s age and child\u0026rsquo;s age were significantly correlated with the independent and dependent variables of interest, respectively, we included the variables as covariates in both moderation analyses. While total score for emotion dysregulation was not found to moderate the relationship between borderline pathology and supportive PES, it did emerge as a significant moderator for the relationship between borderline pathology and non-supportive PES (See Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). More specifically, the interaction between borderline features and DERS-SF total score on supportive PES produced nonsignificant results (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.01, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.54). However, there was a significant interaction of small effect size between PAI-BOR and DERS-SF for the outcome of non-supportive PES (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.03, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.01, \u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.68, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01). Results of these analyses are reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Figure 1]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study aimed to further investigate the relationship between borderline pathology, emotion regulation, and parent emotion socialization (PES) strategies utilized by mothers with borderline pathology. The findings of this study contribute to current literature suggesting that mothers with borderline personality disorder (BPD) struggle to parent effectively and adaptively, particularly in domains of parenting that require increased emotion regulation and understanding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous research has demonstrated how mothers with BPD have a higher likelihood of using non-supportive parenting behaviors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. One such study, Kiel et al. (2017), found that in mother-infant dyads where the mother was diagnosed with BPD, the correlation between BPD features and non-supportive PES was mediated by emotion dysregulation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. However, no previous study has investigated the relationships among these constructs in mothers with children beyond infancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith respect to aim 1, we hypothesized that greater difficulties in emotion regulation as measured by the DERS-SF would be positively associated with non-supportive PES strategies and negatively associated with supportive PES strategies. In line with this hypothesis, DERS-SF scores were found to have a significant positive correlation with non-supportive PES and a significant negative correlation with supportive PES. These findings corroborate existing research demonstrating how parental difficulties with emotion regulation are correlated with an increased use of nonadaptive or non-supportive parenting behaviors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Further, previous studies investigating these variables affirm a significant negative correlation between maternal difficulties in emotion regulation and positive PES behaviors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParenting places significant emotional demands on mothers and can thus be affectively challenging and destabilizing, especially for mothers with borderline pathology who tend to struggle with emotion regulation. Parents need to successfully regulate their own emotions to engage in adaptive parenting behaviors. The results of this study demonstrate how increased difficulty with emotion regulation is related to both increased non-supportive PES and decreased supportive PES. However, underlying constructs that might help explain these relationships are still largely unknown. One construct that might subserve the relationship between emotion regulation and PES is mentalization. Mentalization is the ability to conceptualize the mental states of oneself and others [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. A closely related construct is theory of mind, also referred to as cognitive empathy, which uniquely focuses on understanding the mental states of others [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Decety\u0026rsquo;s neurodevelopmental model of empathy posits that emotional arousal informs our understanding and representation of others\u0026rsquo; mental states [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, emotion dysregulation leads to misinterpretation of others\u0026rsquo; mental states. This theory is supported by previous research indicating that mothers with higher levels of emotional suppression and dysregulation are associated with impaired mentalization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur second aim was to investigate the moderating effect of emotion regulation difficulties on the relationship between borderline pathology and PES strategies. We hypothesized that emotion dysregulation would moderate the relationship between borderline pathology and PES such that mothers with subclinical borderline pathology and more difficulties in emotion regulation would engage in less supportive and more non-supportive PES. The former of these hypotheses produced null findings\u0026mdash;emotion dysregulation did not moderate the BPD-supportive PES relationship. However, difficulties in emotion regulation did moderate the relationship between borderline symptomatology and non-supportive PES. This discrepancy in results may be indicative of disorganized parenting behaviors from mothers with BPD. Whilst both healthy controls and mothers with BPD display supportive PES behaviors, mothers with BPD also display non-supportive PES to a significant degree. Current literature has shown that mothers with BPD oscillate between extreme behaviors on various continuums\u0026mdash;between overly lax and overly controlling and between warm and hostile [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Our results indicate that PES represents another domain of fluctuating parenting behavior for these mothers, one that is moderated by the mothers\u0026rsquo; individual differences in emotion regulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, other features of BPD like impulsiveness and impaired mentalization may contribute to the relationship between borderline pathology and non-supportive PES. According to Fonagy and Bateman's mentalization model of BPD (2008), heightened emotional sensitivity in BPD causes hyperarousal during stress, particularly in attachment contexts, making it more difficult for mothers to identify and react effectively to their child's negative emotional expression. Sharp's (2014) hypermentalizing theory posits that individuals with borderline pathology over-attribute mental states to others, leading to socio-cognitive difficulties and interpretive errors during emotionally intense interactions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. This might lead to mothers misinterpreting their child's feelings, resulting in inappropriate, non-supportive responses that can perpetuate frustration and misidentification. At the same time, a core feature of BPD is impulsivity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], which is exacerbated by emotion dysregulation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Emotion dysregulation has been found to subserve the relationship between BPD and various domains of impulsivity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e], and both factors may contribute to interpersonal problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. In this way, emotion dysregulation\u0026rsquo;s association with heightened impulsivity as well as impaired mentalization may explain why mothers with borderline pathology might employ more non-supportive PES strategies when reacting to a distressing situation like responding to their children\u0026rsquo;s negative emotions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eClinical Implications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this study have significant implications for clinical practice. Abundant research has shown that supportive parent emotion socialization (PES) strategies foster healthier emotional development in children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Findings from our study suggest that treatment focused on the improvement of emotion regulation abilities in mothers may aid maternal emotion regulation whilst leading to adaptive PES behaviors. This in turn will likely result in better emotional health and understanding for both parent and child. Interventions such as dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e] or mentalization-based therapies (MBT) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e] may be especially helpful for mothers with borderline pathology or mothers with heightened difficulties regulating their emotions. DBT, which focuses on mindfulness and emotion regulation, has been shown to effectively reduce borderline symptoms, particularly emotion dysregulation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. MBT aims to stabilize emotional arousal and improve understanding of mental states, enhancing outcomes for patients with borderline pathology, especially when combined with DBT [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations and Future Directions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur current study contributes to the field by providing new and relevant perspectives on how emotion regulation difficulties in mothers with borderline pathology influence parent emotion socialization strategies. However, the present study is not without its limitations. Firstly, our reliance on self-report measures introduces potential bias, which may be compounded by impaired mentalizing capacity associated with BPD. Additionally, our sample was predominantly non-Hispanic white, which limits the generalizability of our findings to other populations. Finally, our cross-sectional design limits our ability to assess causal relationships. Future research should investigate the relationship between these variables using a more diverse sample and a longitudinal design. This approach would allow for a more nuanced and generalizable analysis that accounts for situational stressors influencing mothers' mental states over time, as well as treatment effects that may alter their emotion regulation and parenting behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study significantly contributes to the literature by further elucidating the relationship between maternal borderline pathology and parent emotion socialization (PES). This is the second study to investigate the relationship between emotion dysregulation, maternal borderline pathology, and PES [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] and the first to do so with a sample of mothers of children. Our findings contribute to the current understanding of how emotion dysregulation and borderline pathology influence maternal behaviors that shape the emotional development of their children. Furthermore, these findings underscore the importance of addressing emotion dysregulation in parenting interventions\u0026mdash;especially for mothers with borderline pathology\u0026mdash;to promote healthier emotional outcomes for both mother and child. Taken together, results suggest that increasing difficulties with emotion regulation is associated with increased use of non-supportive PES strategies and decreased use of supportive PES behaviors. Results also indicate that difficulties in emotion regulation moderate the relationship between borderline pathology and non-supportive, but not supportive, PES. Future research should expand on these findings by incorporating additional mechanisms affecting PES, such as impulsivity and mentalization. Efforts should also include a more diverse sample and employ a longitudinal design to better understand how these factors evolve over time and impact PES behaviors in mothers with borderline pathology.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eBorderline personality disorder (BPD)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChild\u0026rsquo;s Coping with Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale- Short Form (DERS-SF)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParent emotion socialization (PES)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePersonality Assessment Inventory- Borderline Scale (PAI-BOR)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e: APA ethical standards were followed in the conduct of this study. We received approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at University of Houston.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e: Requests for access to data can be sent to Dr. Carla Sharp ([email protected]).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number F31MH123127. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contributions\u003c/strong\u003e: Ms. Lubben wrote the first draft of the manuscript and integrated feedback from co-authors for each iterative draft. She conducted data analyses with the guidance of Dr. Sharp and Ms. Gecha. Ms. Gecha provided manuscript revisions and guidance throughout the process. Dr. Sharp assisted with the conceptualization of the study, helped secure funding, and provided feedback on each iterative draft. Dr. Cano oversaw data collection, helped secure funding, and provided feedback on manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e: None.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2013). Borderline Personality Disorder. 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External validity of the personality assessment inventory (PAI) in a clinical sample. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Personality Assessment, 94\u003c/em\u003e(6), 593-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.681817.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIBM Corp. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 24.0) [Computer software]. IBM Corp.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlorange, J. G., \u0026amp; Herpertz, S. C. (2019). Parenting in patients with borderline personality disorder, sequelae for the offspring and approaches to treatment and prevention. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Psychiatry Reports\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-0996-1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMacfie, J., Kurdziel, G., Mahan, R., \u0026amp; Kors, S. (2017). A Mother\u0026apos;s Borderline Personality Disorder and Her Sensitivity, Autonomy Support, Hostility, Fearful/Disoriented Behavior, and Role Reversal With Her Young Child.. \u003cem\u003eJournal of personality disorders\u003c/em\u003e, 31 6, 721-737 . https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2017_31_275.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Rudolph, J., Kerin, J., \u0026amp; Bohadana-Brown, G. (2022). Parent emotional regulation: A meta-analytic review of its association with parenting and child adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 46(1), 63-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650254211051086.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFonagy, P., \u0026amp; Bateman, A. (2008). The development of borderline personality disorder\u0026mdash;a mentalizing model. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Personality Disorders\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c/em\u003e(1), 4\u0026ndash;21. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2008.22.1.4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMeyebovsky, M., Tabullo, A., \u0026amp; Garc\u0026iacute;a, C. (2021). Associations between theory of mind and emotion regulation in Argentinean adults. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Psychology, 40\u003c/em\u003e, 1431\u0026ndash;1442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00539-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDvash, J., \u0026amp; Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2014). Theory of mind and empathy as multidimensional constructs: Neurological foundations. \u003cem\u003eTopics in Language Disorders, 34\u003c/em\u003e(4), 282\u0026ndash;295. https://doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0000000000000040.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDecety J. (2010). The neurodevelopment of empathy in humans. \u003cem\u003eDevelopmental neuroscience\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e32\u003c/em\u003e(4), 257\u0026ndash;267. https://doi.org/10.1159/000317771.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDecety, J., \u0026amp; Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. \u003cem\u003eBehavioral and cognitive neuroscience reviews, 3\u003c/em\u003e(2), 71\u0026ndash;100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304267187.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchultheis, A. M., Mayes, L. C., \u0026amp; Rutherford, H. J. (2019). Associations Between Emotion Regulation and Parental Reflective Functioning. \u003cem\u003eJournal of child and family studies\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c/em\u003e(4), 1094\u0026ndash;1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-01326-z.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharp, C., \u0026amp; Tackett, J. L. (Eds.). (2014). \u003cem\u003eHandbook of borderline personality disorder in children and adolescents.\u003c/em\u003e Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0591-1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWaite, E. E., DeFontes, C., Weiss, N. H., Karnedy, C., Woods, S. E., Haliczer, L. A., \u0026amp; Dixon-Gordon, K. L. (2024). Borderline personality disorder and multidimensional impulsivity: The roles of positive and negative emotion dysregulation. \u003cem\u003eJournal of affective disorders\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e344\u003c/em\u003e, 635\u0026ndash;643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.030.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSebastian, A., Jacob, G., Lieb, K., \u0026amp; T\u0026uuml;scher, O. (2013). Impulsivity in borderline personality disorder: a matter of disturbed impulse control or a facet of emotional dysregulation?. \u003cem\u003eCurrent psychiatry reports\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e(2), 339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0339-y.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEuler, S., Nolte, T., Constantinou, M., Griem, J., Montague, P. R., Fonagy, P., \u0026amp; Personality and Mood Disorders Research Network (2021). Interpersonal Problems in Borderline Personality Disorder: Associations With Mentalizing, Emotion Regulation, and Impulsiveness. \u003cem\u003eJournal of personality disorders\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c/em\u003e(2), 177\u0026ndash;193. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2019_33_427.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLinehan, M. M. (2015). \u003cem\u003eDBT\u0026reg; skills training manual\u003c/em\u003e (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBateman, A., \u0026amp; Fonagy, P. (2010). Mentalization based treatment for borderline personality disorder. \u003cem\u003eWorld Psychiatry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(1), 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00255.x.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGoodman, M., Carpenter, D., Tang, C., Goldstein, K., Avedon, J., Fernandez, N., Mascitelli, K., Blair, N., New, A., Triebwasser, J., Siever, L., \u0026amp; Hazlett, E. (2014). Dialectical behavior therapy alters emotion regulation and amygdala activity in patients with borderline personality disorder.. \u003cem\u003eJournal of psychiatric research\u003c/em\u003e, 57, 108-16 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.06.020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVogt, K., \u0026amp; Norman, P. (2018). Is mentalization‐based therapy effective in treating the symptoms of borderline personality disorder? A systematic review. \u003cem\u003ePsychology and Psychotherapy\u003c/em\u003e, 92, 441 - 464. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12194.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"607\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePearson correlations among variables of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifficulties in emotion regulation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDERS-SF Total Score\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParent emotion socialization\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSupportive\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.20*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNon-supportive\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.39**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.27**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePersonality Assessment Inventory- Borderline Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePAI-BOR Total Score\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.82**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.27**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMother age \u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.40**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.36**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChild age\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.30**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.40**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBPD diagnosis\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.66**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.72**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.34**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote. *p \u0026lt; .05, **p\u0026lt; .01\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Moderation analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModerating effect of DERS-SF on the relationship between PAI-BOR and supportive PES\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE \u0026beta;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; .0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePresence of BPD features\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDERS-SF total\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePAI-BOR x DERS-SF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChild age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMother age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModerating effect of DERS-SF on the relationship between PAI-BOR and non-supportive PES\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE \u0026beta;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; .001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePresence of BPD features\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDERS-SF total\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePAI-BOR x DERS-SF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; .01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChild age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMother age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"borderline-personality-disorder-and-emotion-dysregulation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bded","sideBox":"Learn more about [Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation](http://bpded.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"40479","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40479/3","title":"Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"borderline personality disorder, subclinical borderline personality disorder, parent emotion socialization, emotion dysregulation, parenting with borderline personality disorder","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6355485/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6355485/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers with borderline personality disorder face unique challenges in parenting, as borderline symptoms have been shown to negatively affect parent-child relationships. These challenges can lead to non-supportive reactions to children's negative emotions, a form of parent emotion socialization (PES) that has been linked to negative outcomes in children. Given the inherent emotional arousal evoked by parenting, emotion dysregulation likely influences the type of PES parents utilize. However, no studies have specifically examined how emotion dysregulation affects PES in mothers with borderline pathology. Against this background, this study aims to (1) investigate the link between maternal emotion dysregulation and PES strategies and (2) assess if emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between borderline pathology and PES.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study sample was comprised of 148 mothers (\u003cem\u003eMage\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34.92). Of these mothers, 53 had significant borderline features. Emotion regulation was evaluated using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale \u0026ndash; Short Form and PES was assessed using the Coping with Children\u0026rsquo;s Negative Emotion Scale. Significant borderline features were determined using the Personality Assessment Inventory Borderline Scale. As a part of aim 1, bivariate correlations were conducted to examine relationships between emotion dysregulation and two PES strategies: supportive and non-supportive. The moderating role of emotion dysregulation on the relationships between borderline features and supportive and non-supportive PES was assessed using two moderation models.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults from the first aim revealed a small, negative correlation between emotion dysregulation and supportive PES and a medium, positive correlation between emotion dysregulation and non-supportive PES. Emotion dysregulation was found to be a significant moderator of the relationship between borderline pathology and non-supportive PES.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study significantly contributes to the literature by further elucidating the relationship between maternal borderline pathology and PES and its underlying mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Emotion Dysregulation and Parent Emotion Socialization in Mothers with Borderline Pathology","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-09 10:57:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6355485/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-06-03T16:30:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-01T13:50:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-27T15:14:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"187172539878508324100577794348499597919","date":"2025-05-13T08:15:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"220606830475491948940419277610900004809","date":"2025-05-08T15:21:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"256365713909926553830046198952807318980","date":"2025-05-07T07:08:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"17410170768176512735721093269687054002","date":"2025-05-07T05:57:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-04T18:13:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-01T06:01:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-30T10:03:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation","date":"2025-04-01T18:33:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"borderline-personality-disorder-and-emotion-dysregulation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bded","sideBox":"Learn more about [Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation](http://bpded.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"40479","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40479/3","title":"Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b362b70d-3fce-4ddf-ad58-e1a812b768f3","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-29T16:05:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6355485","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-025-00330-2","journal":{"identity":"borderline-personality-disorder-and-emotion-dysregulation","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-24 15:58:18","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 24th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-09 10:57:11","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40479-025-00330-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-025-00330-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6355485","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6355485","identity":"rs-6355485","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}