1g-Shake table and numerical studies on mitigation of liquefaction induced uplift of underground structure

1g-Shake table and numerical studies on mitigation of liquefaction induced uplift of underground structure | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article 1g-Shake table and numerical studies on mitigation of liquefaction induced uplift of underground structure Priya Beena Sudevan, Subhadeep Banerjee, Boominathan A This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7192323/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aims to develop a mitigation method to prevent liquefaction induced damages. Towards this, shake table tests are conducted on the scaled underground structure model buried in fully saturated sand bed subjected to sinusoidal input motion. The effectiveness of replacing the sand around the structure using permeable gravel is studied. The build-up of pore pressure and acceleration within the soil and the displacement of the structure are measured during excitation. The shake table results showed that the structure is subjected to liquefaction induced uplift upon shaking, and by using the replacement method, the uplift is reduced by 80%. A finite-difference analysis of the liquefaction-induced uplift along with Finn-Byrne pore pressure formulation is conducted to supplement the test results. The responses in terms of pore pressure and uplift of the underground structure using a sinusoidal input motion are compared with the model study results. The effect of diameter of the structure and the permeability of the soil on the liquefaction induced uplift is studied using parametric analysis. The numerical results reveal that the structure exhibits a larger upward displacement with the reduction in the permeability of the soil and an increase in the diameter of the structure. Underground structure Liquefaction Model test Sustainable cities and communities Finite difference analysis Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7192323","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":491002942,"identity":"170e9eb2-9f01-45b0-b719-79a89c93d27b","order_by":0,"name":"Priya Beena Sudevan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"IIT Madras: Indian Institute of Technology Madras","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Priya","middleName":"Beena","lastName":"Sudevan","suffix":""},{"id":491002943,"identity":"e7bf5947-3672-429a-bf42-eaf9397c163d","order_by":1,"name":"Subhadeep Banerjee","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHjYGBiBiYG9gOMBgYMHAxgyVYCOohecASIsEUAszsVokEkA8CSBmxqkWDORn5B578KPMRs5c8vHDwzwFEgx87PxHNzDU2DHwSTdg1WJwIy/dsOdcmrHl7DSDwzwQh7HdYDiWzMAmcwC7FokcMwnetsOJG27nMBycAdfCdoCBDeJULA7LMZP82/a/fsPNM8ha/uHWwnAjx0yat+1AgsENHoYDH2BaGNtwazE48y5NWuZcsuHOnjQDkBYeoBazG4l9yTw4Hdaee0zyTZmdvDn74ccfEv7YyMn3H3x248M3Ozn5GTgcBrcOSvOAyQQYgxgto2AUjIJRMAowAAC92lBYKGJ76QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0600-0047","institution":"IIT Madras: Indian Institute of Technology Madras","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Subhadeep","middleName":"","lastName":"Banerjee","suffix":""},{"id":491002944,"identity":"d8d63f52-dcb6-4db8-b2b6-9f625a1431c8","order_by":2,"name":"Boominathan A","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"IIT Madras: Indian Institute of Technology Madras","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Boominathan","middleName":"","lastName":"A","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-23 05:32:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7192323/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7192323/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91125657,"identity":"f151eb55-05ee-4e4b-add3-c6952ced606a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 21:01:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1694155,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptBEE.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7192323/v1_covered_ff75d7c7-47e5-426f-88b6-92a849ad923b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"1g-Shake table and numerical studies on mitigation of liquefaction induced uplift of underground structure","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Underground structure, Liquefaction, Model test, Sustainable cities and communities, Finite difference analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7192323/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7192323/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to develop a mitigation method to prevent liquefaction induced damages. Towards this, shake table tests are conducted on the scaled underground structure model buried in fully saturated sand bed subjected to sinusoidal input motion. The effectiveness of replacing the sand around the structure using permeable gravel is studied. The build-up of pore pressure and acceleration within the soil and the displacement of the structure are measured during excitation. The shake table results showed that the structure is subjected to liquefaction induced uplift upon shaking, and by using the replacement method, the uplift is reduced by 80%. A finite-difference analysis of the liquefaction-induced uplift along with Finn-Byrne pore pressure formulation is conducted to supplement the test results. The responses in terms of pore pressure and uplift of the underground structure using a sinusoidal input motion are compared with the model study results. The effect of diameter of the structure and the permeability of the soil on the liquefaction induced uplift is studied using parametric analysis. The numerical results reveal that the structure exhibits a larger upward displacement with the reduction in the permeability of the soil and an increase in the diameter of the structure.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"1g-Shake table and numerical studies on mitigation of liquefaction induced uplift of underground structure","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-28 04:25:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7192323/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"924cbb0a-16c8-49ea-8b5f-9065881ddabd","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-11T20:53:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-28 04:25:48","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7192323","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7192323","identity":"rs-7192323","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}