Adapting genotyping-by-sequencing and variant calling for heterogeneous stock rats

ABSTRACT The heterogeneous stock ( HS ) is an outbred rat population derived from eight inbred rat strains. HS rats are ideally suited for genome wide association studies; however, only a few genotyping microarrays have ever been designed for rats and none of them are currently in production. To address the need for an efficient and cost effective method of genotyping HS rats, we have adapted genotype-by-sequencing ( GBS ) to obtain genotype information at large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ). In this paper, we have outlined the laboratory and computational steps we took to optimize double digest genotype-by-sequencing ( ddGBS ) for use in rats. We also evaluate multiple existing computational tools and explain the workflow we have used to call and impute over 3.7 million SNPs. We also compared various rat genetic maps, which are necessary for imputation, including a recently developed map specific to the HS. Using our approach, we obtained concordance rates of 99% with data obtained using data from a genotyping array. The principles and computational pipeline that we describe could easily be adapted for use in other species for which reliable reference genome sets are available.