Solubility, correlation and thermodynamic properties of Li3PO4 in Li-Na-K-B-Cl-S system and its application

Solubility, correlation and thermodynamic properties of Li3PO4 in Li-Na-K-B-Cl-S system and its application | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Solubility, correlation and thermodynamic properties of Li 3 PO 4 in Li-Na-K-B-Cl-S system and its application Jie Fan, Wanxia Ma, Xiaoxiang He, Yifei Shi, Chaoliang Zhu, Guowang Xu, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7515682/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Solution Chemistry → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study of dissolution thermodynamics of Li 3 PO 4 in Li-Na-K-B-Cl-S system is of significance to direct prepare Li 3 PO 4 with phosphates which avoids concentrating the LiCl brine. The solubility of Li 3 PO 4 in Li-Na-K-B-Cl-S system and in LiCl brine were obtained for the first time at temperatures ranging from 291.15 to 363.15 K. Results showed that solubility of Li 3 PO 4 in Li-Na-K-B-Cl-S is related to temperature and impurity, which decreases with increasing temperature. A small amount of Na 2 B 4 O 7 has the greatest effect on improving solubility of Li 3 PO 4 , followed by Na 2 SO 4 . The NaCl or KCl has a certain effect on increasing solubility at low temperature and concentration. However, ion association structures play a crucial role in decreasing solubility of Li 3 PO 4 with increasing NaCl or KCl concentration. The common ion effect of added LiCl has more significant influence on decreasing solubility of Li 3 PO 4 , than salting out effect of added NaCl or KCl. Furthermore, the Van’t Hoff, Modified Apelblat, Quadratic Polynomials models were used to fit solubility, Quadratic Polynomials was best. The greatest values of RD, RAD , RMSD were 1.62%, 7.05×10 − 3 , 2.34×10 − 5 . Moreover, analysis of apparent thermodynamic parameters indicate that dissolution of Li 3 PO 4 in Li-Na-K-B-Cl-S is unfavorable to exothermal and exentropic. It’s non spontaneous and the process is mainly entropy driven. The salts solution shows a nonlinear enthalpy-entropy compensation relationship, and the driving forces varies with the content of components. This study will provide thermodynamic basis for crystallization process of Li 3 PO 4 from Dong-Taijinaier Salt Lake in the industrial production process. Lithium phosphate Solubility Salt Lake Solubility correlation Thermodynamics properties Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementarymaterial.doc Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Solution Chemistry → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 05 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 04 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 03 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 02 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7515682","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":515805479,"identity":"373c8b52-774c-44b4-9870-0ad6a304ddc0","order_by":0,"name":"Jie Fan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jie","middleName":"","lastName":"Fan","suffix":""},{"id":515805482,"identity":"34fd7ea9-6d99-44c0-adfc-6b562033e9f7","order_by":1,"name":"Wanxia Ma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese 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application\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-solution-chemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"josl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Solution Chemistry](http://link.springer.com/journal/10953)","snPcode":"10953","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10953/3","title":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Lithium phosphate, Solubility, Salt Lake, Solubility correlation, Thermodynamics properties","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7515682/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7515682/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study of dissolution thermodynamics of Li\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e in Li-Na-K-B-Cl-S system is of significance to direct prepare Li\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e with phosphates which avoids concentrating the LiCl brine. The solubility of Li\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e in Li-Na-K-B-Cl-S system and in LiCl brine were obtained for the first time at temperatures ranging from 291.15 to 363.15 K. Results showed that solubility of Li\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e in Li-Na-K-B-Cl-S is related to temperature and impurity, which decreases with increasing temperature. A small amount of Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eB\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e has the greatest effect on improving solubility of Li\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, followed by Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. The NaCl or KCl has a certain effect on increasing solubility at low temperature and concentration. However, ion association structures play a crucial role in decreasing solubility of Li\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e with increasing NaCl or KCl concentration. The common ion effect of added LiCl has more significant influence on decreasing solubility of Li\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, than salting out effect of added NaCl or KCl. Furthermore, the Van\u0026rsquo;t Hoff, Modified Apelblat, Quadratic Polynomials models were used to fit solubility, Quadratic Polynomials was best. The greatest values of \u003cem\u003eRD, RAD\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRMSD\u003c/em\u003e were 1.62%, 7.05\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 2.34\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, analysis of apparent thermodynamic parameters indicate that dissolution of Li\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e in Li-Na-K-B-Cl-S is unfavorable to exothermal and exentropic. It\u0026rsquo;s non spontaneous and the process is mainly entropy driven. The salts solution shows a nonlinear enthalpy-entropy compensation relationship, and the driving forces varies with the content of components. This study will provide thermodynamic basis for crystallization process of Li\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e from Dong-Taijinaier Salt Lake in the industrial production process.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Solubility, correlation and thermodynamic properties of Li3PO4 in Li-Na-K-B-Cl-S system and its application","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-22 09:51:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7515682/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-05T13:37:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-04T14:43:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"14296398775002046380213289936465159321","date":"2025-12-22T01:28:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-25T22:29:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"76545036058128126397717459790215674941","date":"2025-09-16T08:48:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-14T15:35:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-03T06:55:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-03T06:54:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","date":"2025-09-02T08:53:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-solution-chemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"josl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Solution Chemistry](http://link.springer.com/journal/10953)","snPcode":"10953","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10953/3","title":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e530322a-5871-404f-9134-1cff484f2508","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-04T16:05:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7515682","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-026-01588-y","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-solution-chemistry","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Solution Chemistry"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-27 15:58:21","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 27th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-22 09:51:16","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10953-026-01588-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-026-01588-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7515682","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7515682","identity":"rs-7515682","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}