The distribution of functional N-cycle related genes and nitrogen in soil profiles fertilized with mineral and organic N fertilizer

Nitrogen (N) fertilizers applied to agricultural soils result in the release of nitrogen, mainly nitrate (NO 3 - ) in addition to nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and ammonia (NH 3 ), into the environment. Nitrogen transformation in soil is a complex process and the soil microbial population can regulate the potential for N mineralization, nitrification and denitrification. Here we show that agricultural soils under standard agricultural N-management are consistently characterized by a high presence of gene copies for some of the key biological activities related to the N-cycle. This led to a strong NO 3 - reduction (75%) passing from the soil surface (15.38 ± 11.36 g N-NO 3 kg -1 on average) to 1 m deep layer (3.92 ± 4.42 g N-NO 3 kg -1 on average), and ensured low nitrate presence in the deepest layer. Under these circumstances the other soil properties play a minor role in reducing soil nitrate presence in soil. However, with excessive N fertilization, the abundance of bacterial gene copies is not sufficient to explain N leaching in soil and other factors, i.e. soil texture and rainfall, become more important in controlling these aspects.