Hybrid non-degenerate parametric amplifier for a microwave cavity mode and an NV ensemble

Hybrid non-degenerate parametric amplifier for a microwave cavity mode and an NV ensemble | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Hybrid non-degenerate parametric amplifier for a microwave cavity mode and an NV ensemble Roman Ovsiannikov, Kurt Jacobs, Andrii Sotnikov, Matthew Trusheim, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8817383/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We introduce an implementation of a non-degenerate parametric amplifier in which the signal and idler modes, respectively, a microwave mode and an ensemble of spins (e.g., nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond), are operated in their linear regime. This paramp, which amplifies signals in both parts at room and cryogenic temperatures, can be used to generate both the two-mode and single-mode squeezing of either system. It requires merely modulating the frequency of the spin ensemble at the sum of the cavity and spin frequencies (providing the classical pump) with the two systems sufficiently detuned. This effect is remarkable given that modulating a spin ensemble by itself produces neither amplification nor squeezing, unlike modulating an oscillator, and that an off-resonant perturbative analysis would suggest that modulating the spin ensemble merely parametrically drives the cavity mode. With typical cavity parameters including a cavity quality factor Q = 10, and a 1 GHz modulation amplitude, the microwave signal can be amplified by approximately 18 dB in 1.7 μs, with a resonant bandwidth of about 0.5 MHz. At 10 mK with the same modulation amplitude and a cavity and spin Q = 5×10 it generates approximately 5 dB of squeezing. We also examine the experimental requirements for implementation. Physical sciences/Physics/Quantum physics/Quantum mechanics Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics/Quantum optics Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8817383","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":590301210,"identity":"bfefe0fc-bb58-42df-8efa-87c1e00dbf7f","order_by":0,"name":"Roman Ovsiannikov","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9558-4132","institution":"Akhiezer Institute for Theoretical Physics, NSC KIPT","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Roman","middleName":"","lastName":"Ovsiannikov","suffix":""},{"id":590301211,"identity":"6764af13-1118-49fb-99c6-051f8d8891b2","order_by":1,"name":"Kurt Jacobs","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0828-6421","institution":"US Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kurt","middleName":"","lastName":"Jacobs","suffix":""},{"id":590301212,"identity":"c7dafff0-69d0-4ee6-86d1-f344978ef33d","order_by":2,"name":"Andrii Sotnikov","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3632-4790","institution":"Akhiezer Institute for Theoretical Physics","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Andrii","middleName":"","lastName":"Sotnikov","suffix":""},{"id":590301213,"identity":"e86d0b38-1c92-4f31-b53b-d5bb1302d1d1","order_by":3,"name":"Matthew Trusheim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Matthew","middleName":"","lastName":"Trusheim","suffix":""},{"id":590301214,"identity":"9ee11c32-6835-482b-af68-966fb878ae01","order_by":4,"name":"Denys Bondar","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3626-4804","institution":"Tulane University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Denys","middleName":"","lastName":"Bondar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-07 18:15:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8817383/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8817383/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":103508077,"identity":"64863894-e31f-47c7-81e7-41c69493095b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-26 13:47:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1890373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"articlenc.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8817383/v1_covered_0ee302b5-0317-4edf-9ed1-0c89bce37bd6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Hybrid non-degenerate parametric amplifier for a microwave cavity mode and an NV ensemble","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8817383/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8817383/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"We introduce an implementation of a non-degenerate parametric amplifier in which the signal and idler modes, respectively, a microwave mode and an ensemble of spins (e.g., nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond), are operated in their linear regime. This paramp, which amplifies signals in both parts at room and cryogenic temperatures, can be used to generate both the two-mode and single-mode squeezing of either system. It requires merely modulating the frequency of the spin ensemble at the sum of the cavity and spin frequencies (providing the classical pump) with the two systems sufficiently detuned. This effect is remarkable given that modulating a spin ensemble by itself produces neither amplification nor squeezing, unlike modulating an oscillator, and that an off-resonant perturbative analysis would suggest that modulating the spin ensemble merely parametrically drives the cavity mode. With typical cavity parameters including a cavity quality factor Q = 10\u003c4/sup\u003e, and a 1 GHz modulation amplitude, the microwave signal can be amplified by approximately 18 dB in 1.7 μs, with a resonant bandwidth of about 0.5 MHz. At 10 mK with the same modulation amplitude and a cavity and spin Q = 5×10\u003c4sup\u003e it generates approximately 5 dB of squeezing. We also examine the experimental requirements for implementation.","manuscriptTitle":"Hybrid non-degenerate parametric amplifier for a microwave cavity mode and an NV ensemble","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-18 14:30:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8817383/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b93e166d-c9e0-4107-b012-a75df5cfd83c","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 18th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":62815390,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Quantum physics/Quantum mechanics"},{"id":62815391,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics/Quantum optics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-26T12:22:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-18 14:30:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8817383","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8817383","identity":"rs-8817383","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}