Photonic stop band - Fluorophore Overlap in inverse structure Enhances E. coli Detection via Fluorescence Imaging

Photonic stop band - Fluorophore Overlap in inverse structure Enhances E. coli Detection via Fluorescence Imaging | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Photonic stop band - Fluorophore Overlap in inverse structure Enhances E. coli Detection via Fluorescence Imaging Phong Pham Hong, Duy Bui Khac, Hanh Nguyen Thi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7406737/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Fluorescence → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Enhancing fluorescence image brightness is critical for improving the detection sensitivity in analytical applications. In this study, we evaluated the respective contributions of ( i ) the overlap between the photonic stop band (PSB) wavelength (λ PSB ) of a hydrogel-based inverse opal photonic crystal (IOPC) and the emission wavelength (λ emi ) of a fluorescent dye, and ( ii ) the pore diameter ( d ) of the IOPC, which determines the fluorophore loading capacity, to the overall fluorescence intensity. The overlap was selected by employing a consistent d and a specific dye, Alexa Fluor™ 488 (A488). Meanwhile, the variation in the fluorescence intensity ( I fluor .) with respect to d was normalized, showing that although d reached 90% of the value at which wavelength overlap occurred ( d overl .), I fluor . increased to only 59%. However, when d increased to 110% and 125% the value of d overl ., I fluor reached only 75.6% and 77.1%, respectively. This suggested that the overlap effect was a kye factor contributing to the enhancement of the I fluor . compared to the contribution from an increase in d . In addition, this result highlighted for the potential application of the IOPC with overlapping between λ PSB and λ emi to the detection of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ). Although IOPC samples with d reached 110% and 125% the value of d overl were used, I fluor . only reached 71.6% and 78.4%, respectively, of the value at which the overlap occurs. This indicated the potential application of the hydrogel IOPC exhibiting the overlap effect in the analytical field through fluorescence imaging. photonic crystals inverse opal fluorescence E. coli wavelength overlap Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Fluorescence → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 29 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 21 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 19 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7406737","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":508512522,"identity":"d0f43bc6-19d8-482f-841e-35a3d04244df","order_by":0,"name":"Phong Pham Hong","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQY2EFXfxt4ApAwsiNfC2MdzAKRFggQt8yQSIFyCwFy699iDjztqmdkkn1/d8KNAgoG/vTsBrxbLOefSDWeeOc7GJp1TdrMH6DCJM2c34NVicCPHTJq37RgPUEvaDR6gFgOJXOK0SLBJnkm7+YcELTUGbBLsx24TZYvljLw0yZltBxLYeHLYbssYSPAQ9Iu5RO4xiY9tdQny7cef3Xzzx0aOv72XgMMYeEDUYSDmMQCxePAqR9JSB8TsDwiqHgWjYBSMgpEJAICXRFhYwUBNAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Phong","middleName":"Pham","lastName":"Hong","suffix":""},{"id":508512523,"identity":"0164b151-bf56-44d8-8b70-9107d654ff21","order_by":1,"name":"Duy Bui Khac","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Thuyloi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Duy","middleName":"Bui","lastName":"Khac","suffix":""},{"id":508512524,"identity":"1a0577d5-5388-476a-9212-9d576287bec6","order_by":2,"name":"Hanh Nguyen Thi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hanh","middleName":"Nguyen","lastName":"Thi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-19 09:08:40","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7406737/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7406737/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-025-04617-z","type":"published","date":"2025-11-14T15:57:59+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96105047,"identity":"b6faa21b-6737-4963-a86c-d1c3679dfdc4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 16:07:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":531124,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7406737/v1_covered_e0bc42a3-e2f8-4d24-abfe-f723231dd184.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Photonic stop band - Fluorophore Overlap in inverse structure Enhances E. coli Detection via Fluorescence Imaging","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-fluorescence","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jofl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Fluorescence](https://www.springer.com/journal/10895)","snPcode":"10895","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10895/3","title":"Journal of Fluorescence","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"photonic crystals, inverse opal, fluorescence, E. coli, wavelength overlap","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7406737/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7406737/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEnhancing fluorescence image brightness is critical for improving the detection sensitivity in analytical applications. In this study, we evaluated the respective contributions of (\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e) the overlap between the photonic stop band (PSB) wavelength (λ\u003csub\u003ePSB\u003c/sub\u003e) of a hydrogel-based inverse opal photonic crystal (IOPC) and the emission wavelength (λ\u003csub\u003eemi\u003c/sub\u003e) of a fluorescent dye, and (\u003cem\u003eii\u003c/em\u003e) the pore diameter (\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e) of the IOPC, which determines the fluorophore loading capacity, to the overall fluorescence intensity. The overlap was selected by employing a consistent \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e and a specific dye, Alexa Fluor\u0026trade; 488 (A488). Meanwhile, the variation in the fluorescence intensity (\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003efluor\u003c/sub\u003e.) with respect to \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e was normalized, showing that although \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e reached 90% of the value at which wavelength overlap occurred (\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eoverl\u003c/sub\u003e.), \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003efluor\u003c/sub\u003e. increased to only 59%. However, when \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e increased to 110% and 125% the value of \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eoverl\u003c/sub\u003e., \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003efluor\u003c/sub\u003e reached only 75.6% and 77.1%, respectively. This suggested that the overlap effect was a kye factor contributing to the enhancement of the \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003efluor\u003c/sub\u003e. compared to the contribution from an increase in \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e. In addition, this result highlighted for the potential application of the IOPC with overlapping between λ\u003csub\u003ePSB\u003c/sub\u003e and λ\u003csub\u003eemi\u003c/sub\u003e to the detection \u003cem\u003eof Escherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e). Although IOPC samples with \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e reached 110% and 125% the value of \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eoverl\u003c/sub\u003e were used, \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003efluor\u003c/sub\u003e. only reached 71.6% and 78.4%, respectively, of the value at which the overlap occurs. 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