Water quality evaluation by WQI and ICOs for the rivers of Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana

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Lowy" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": "A monitoring program enabled the evaluation of water quality and the simulation of the pollution dynamics of the rivers in the Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons in Ecuador. For this assessment one used the WQI (water quality index) and the pollution indices ICOMO (organics contamination), ICOSUS (suspended solids), ICOMI (mineralization), ICOTRO (trophy system), and ICOpH (pH Index). The mathematical model operates with several input parameters, including dissolved oxygen, fecal coliforms, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), turbidity, total solids, total phosphorus, pH, total nitrogen, suspended solids, alkalinity, conductivity, temperature, and the concentrations of nitrates, nitrites, and phosphates. WQI values were obtained from ICO pollution indices. The pollution of the Sacha area is significant, WQI = 0.292, which represents an advanced degree of pollution, since increased BOD values correspond to a high load of organic pollutants. They can originate from household, agricultural, industrial, and soil erosion waste. Likewise, the Sacha River has an ICOSUS = 0.16, which renders water treatment difficult, without impacting human health. Calculated WQI values reveal that the water quality of the Sacha, Basura and Coca rivers is low, being highly contaminated. In contrast, the Huamayacu, Jivino Rojo, Jivino Negro, and Jivino Blanco rivers are commonly polluted." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1325/v1", "name": "Water quality evaluation by WQI and ICOs for the rivers of Joya de..." } } ] } Home Browse Water quality evaluation by WQI and ICOs for the rivers of Joya de... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Burbano Salas DV, Ajila F, Poma Copa MP and Lowy DA. Water quality evaluation by WQI and ICOs for the rivers of Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1325 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155720.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Water quality evaluation by WQI and ICOs for the rivers of Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] Diego Vacili Burbano Salas 1,2 , Freddy Ajila 1 , Maria Paulina Poma Copa 1,3 , Daniel A. Lowy https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2210-6757 4,5 Diego Vacili Burbano Salas 1,2 , Freddy Ajila 1 , Maria Paulina Poma Copa 1,3 , Daniel A. Lowy https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2210-6757 4,5 PUBLISHED 05 Nov 2024 Author details Author details 1 Orellana Campus, Polytechnic College of Chimborazo University (ESPOCH), Riobamba, Ecuador 2 code SENESCYT 2271, José Ortega y Gasset Higher Technological Institute, Riobamba, Ecuador 3 Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain 4 Hungarian Innovation Agency, Budapest, Hungary 5 Keleti Károly Faculty for Business and Management, Department of Economics, Finance and Accounting, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary Diego Vacili Burbano Salas Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Freddy Ajila Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Maria Paulina Poma Copa Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Daniel A. Lowy Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Ecology and Global Change gateway. Abstract A monitoring program enabled the evaluation of water quality and the simulation of the pollution dynamics of the rivers in the Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons in Ecuador. For this assessment one used the WQI (water quality index) and the pollution indices ICOMO (organics contamination), ICOSUS (suspended solids), ICOMI (mineralization), ICOTRO (trophy system), and ICOpH (pH Index). The mathematical model operates with several input parameters, including dissolved oxygen, fecal coliforms, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), turbidity, total solids, total phosphorus, pH, total nitrogen, suspended solids, alkalinity, conductivity, temperature, and the concentrations of nitrates, nitrites, and phosphates. WQI values were obtained from ICO pollution indices. The pollution of the Sacha area is significant, WQI = 0.292, which represents an advanced degree of pollution, since increased BOD values correspond to a high load of organic pollutants. They can originate from household, agricultural, industrial, and soil erosion waste. Likewise, the Sacha River has an ICOSUS = 0.16, which renders water treatment difficult, without impacting human health. Calculated WQI values reveal that the water quality of the Sacha, Basura and Coca rivers is low, being highly contaminated. In contrast, the Huamayacu, Jivino Rojo, Jivino Negro, and Jivino Blanco rivers are commonly polluted. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Ecuador rivers, river water quality, ICOMI, ICOMO, water pollution index, and water quality index (WQI) Corresponding Author(s) Daniel A. Lowy ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Daniel A. Lowy Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2024 Burbano Salas DV et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Burbano Salas DV, Ajila F, Poma Copa MP and Lowy DA. Water quality evaluation by WQI and ICOs for the rivers of Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1325 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155720.1 ) First published: 05 Nov 2024, 13 :1325 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155720.1 ) Latest published: 05 Nov 2024, 13 :1325 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155720.1 ) Highlights • Water quality of Ecuadorian rivers. • Use of water quality index (WQI). • Application of pollution indices ICOMO, ICOSUS, ICOMI, ICOTRO, and ICOpH. • Pollution dynamics of rivers in the Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons. Introduction Freshwater quality today is an important concern of the habitats, as they are exposed to pollution originating from natural and anthropogenic sources ( Singh et al. 2020 ), including agricultural and industrial agents ( Aristizabal-Tique et al . 2024 ), namely, agricultural runoff and untreated sewage ( Kumar & Mishra 2024 ). Agriculture pollutes waters through the often-excessive application of fertilizers, composts, and pesticides, as well as by animal farming activities, incorrect irrigation practices, deforestation, and aquaculture ( Anh et al . 2023 ). Among industrial discharges, one should primarily mention industrial waste. Also, one cannot neglect the increasing quantity of household garbage. Natural causes may play an unwanted role, like biodegradation of plant and animal parts in clear water ( Bhosale et al . 2023 ), and natural events, which trigger erosion processes, such as siltation arising from riverbank erosion ( Wu et al . 2024 ). Therefore, aquatic ecosystems are exposed to threats. One should emphasize that these ecosystems are the most valuable and at the same time the most vulnerable habitats in the world ( Ribeiro et al . 2021 ). Humankind is confronted with the severe problem of scarcity of fresh water in rivers and lakes, which are exposed to pollutants produced by anthropic activities ( Gleick & Cooley 2021 ). Water quality relates to different uses therefore, it is important to collect quantitative information on the concentrations of organic, inorganic ( Teunen et al . 2021 ), radiological ( Asaduzzaman et al . 2022 ), and microbiological parameters of water ( Anggun et al . 2024 ). Based on the above theoretical assessment, the authors have identified several factors that affect inadequate water management in Ecuador. Among them, one should mention the scarcity of biophysical information, the absence of planning in agro-productive and industrial activities, the shortage of rural development agencies, and the sectionally organized governments. According to data from the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC) of Ecuador in 2020 a total of 5.2 million hectares were allocated to agricultural activities in the country. Such a large agricultural area demands an extensive use of agrochemicals. Because of bad practices, one uses an excessive quantity of pesticides. The latter constitutes a major pollutant; pesticides spread because of runoff and erosion severely affecting water quality. Beyond doubt, this endangers the cleanliness of surface water, human health, and the environment. The agricultural activities in the Joya de los Sachas area have intensified considerably over the years 2008-2015 owing to the drop in oil prices and the utilization of large native forest areas. Another identified problem is hydrocarbon activity, like in Block 60 where oil spills occurred. 58% of the oil spills happened in the parishes of San Carlos, and 42% in the parish Unión Milagreña, where four private companies and one public company function. These are environmental management companies, which handle hazardous wastes of the oil industry. Therefore, rivers are highly polluted. As reported in previous studies, several toxic metals are present in the Basura, including Cu, Cd, Ni, and Pb; Estero INIAP contains Cu, Ni, Pb, and TPH; Yanayacu has Cu, Ni, and Pb; Blanco identified the presence of TPH, while copper (Cu) was found in Sacha also known as the Quinchayacu River. There are significant problems of water pollution in the parishes Unión Milagreña with 66.2%, San Sebastián del Coca with 56.5%, and Enokanqui with 47.6% of the total available water ( Rocha-Gutiérrez et al . 2015 ; Lorenzo et al . 2016 ). The main reason for establishing a monitoring program is to check the physical, chemical, and biological parameters of rivers in the project area, and to rate, whether they represent a climate-smart production system. Also, one aims to determine synergies between mitigation, adaptation, and food security measures implemented since 2017 by the Causana Yachay Group. To establish such synergies, one should document that they meet requirements for agricultural use, conservation of aquatic life, and recreation ( Asaduzzaman et al . 2022 ). To assess water quality, representative indicators should be considered, which enable a comprehensive analysis of the state of rivers ( Torres et al . 2010 ). A widely used tool is the ICA water quality index (WQI) which identifies the quality trends by considering physicochemical, biological, and non-aquatic aspects. One evaluated the quality of river waters via mathematical models that revealed the approximate quality parameters at points where the water was monitored from October 2019 to February 2020. Models were used to simulate the dynamics of pollutants and compare different rivers. In addition, the natural variables of aquatic ecosystems ( Gleick & Cooley 2021 , Torres et al . 2010 , Morin-Crini et al . 2022 ) were tracked over time. Methods Study area The study area of this project included the experimental farms of the examined components in the Parishes San Carlos, San Sebastián del Coca, Tres de Noviembre, San José de Guayusa, the Joya de los Sachas and Francisco. Investigated were the experimental farms of Orellana components, in the Province of Orellana, which correspond to an area of 1205.6 km 2 . Four reference points have been selected for sampling on the Sacha River and Basura River experimental estates. Methods One sampled and characterized river water at the monitoring points to assess the water quality and simulate the pollution dynamics of the Joya de los Sachas canton for agricultural use, preservation of aquatic life, and recreation. Subsequently, one performed calculations and analysis of quality indices WQI, ICOMO, ICOSUS, ICOpH, ICOTRO, and ICOMI. Sampling and characterization of monitoring points The sampling points were selected by considering the use of oil, anthropogenic activities close to the rivers, and the accessibility, width, and depth of the rivers. By this approach, the authors designated 5 monitoring points at the Sacha River, 5 at the Basura River, 6 at the experimental farms assigned to zootechnics, and 5 at the sector for agronomy. At each monitoring point, one carried out an integrated sampling, according to the following criteria: for rivers over 10 m wide 1 sampling point was chosen for every 2 m of the river width ( Morales-Guzmán et al . 2022 ; Castle 2015 ), and a total of 21 points were monitored. To obtain better representativeness of the water bodies’ quality, the samples were collected monthly, from October 2019 to February 2020, to coincide with the rainy and dry seasons ( Alvarez et al . 2019 ). In each of the 21 points one determined: dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, dissolved total solids, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, temperature, and the concentration of three ions: ammonium (NH 4 + ), nitrates (NO 3 - ), and nitrites (NO 2 - ). All data were collected with the multiparameter meter HI 9829 (Hanna Instruments, Ltd., Bedfordshire, England). The coliforms were measured utilizing Petrifilm ® plates (Neogen, Lansing, Michigan, USA), following the procedure below: (i) the samples were diluted in a ratio of 1:10 with distilled water, (ii) then the sample was homogenized and (iii) with the help of a volumetric pipette of 1.0 mL the sample was sown onto the plate, and lastly, (iv) the plate was incubated in a stove at 105 °C. To measure phosphates a Compact photometer PF-12Plus (MACHEREY-NAGEL, Inc., Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA) was used and the 0-80 Nano colors test was conducted with reference 984 080. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) was analyzed by the test method ITE-AQLAB-07 (AQLAB Laboratorios Acosta y Compañía, Ecuador), with reference HACH 8000. Calculation and analysis of WQI, ICAUCA, ICOMO, ICOSUS, ICOPH, and ICOMI quality indices The WQI measure was used to evaluate water quality. First, the parameters were selected and then a mathematical equation was developed (see Eq. 1 ). The WQI value varied from 0 to 10, where “0” represented the lowest quality and “10” the highest. Value ranges were assigned to the obtained WQIs ( Miranda et al . 2016 ). Hence, WQI of 9.0-10.0 means excellent water quality, 7.0-9.0 represents good water quality, the 5.0-7.0 range corresponds to regularly contaminated waters, 2.5-5.0 is highly contaminated water, while 0.0-2.5 relates to an oversaturation of contaminants when the water resource is practically dead (see Table 1 ). All experimental data and the related calculations are available in the Dryad repository ( Lowy 2024 ). Figure 1. Sacha River, Basura River, Areas A and B; monitoring points (purple, blue, and green flags). Source: The authors’ ellaboration based on Google Maps. Table 1. WQI values for river water classification. Characteristics WQI value Assessment River water resource in its natural state 9.0-10.0 Excellent water quality Mildly contaminated river water 7.0 – 9.0 Water of good quality Regularly contaminated water resource 5.0 – 7.0 Regularly contaminated – reasonable quality Contaminated water resource 2.5 – 5.0 Highly contaminated – water of poor quality Dead river water resource 0.0 – 2.5 River water oversaturated with contaminants Therefore, the selected parameters are grouped according to the organic load (BOD 5 ) , recovery effect (expressed as dissolved oxygen, DO), fecal coliforms (FC), and aesthetic aspects (ST, turbidity) as dependent variables, while nutrients NO 3 - and PO 4 3- are considered independent variables ( Koch et al . 2023 ). The WQI factor weights are based on the importance of each parameter for human health, the environment, and the organoleptic properties of the water. For the variables in Eq. 2 , the weighting factors commonly used for comparison are the following: a = 1, b = 1.7, c = 1.5, d = 1.6, e = 1, f = 1, g = 1.2, and h = 1. (1) IQA = a ( DBO 5 ) + b ( OD ) + c ( CF ) + d ( ST ∙ Turbidity ) + e ( NO 3 − ) + f ( PO 4 3 − ) + g ( pH ) + h ( T 0 ) (2) a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h = 10 To calculate the pollution rate based on the performed monitoring, six pollution indices (ICOs) shall be used: the mineralization pollution index (ICOMI), which in its turn considers 3 parameters (conductivity, hardness, and alkalinity), the organic matter contamination index (ICOMO), BOD 5, total coliforms, percent of dissolved oxygen in water (%DO), suspended solids contamination (ICOSUS), total phosphorus contamination (ICOTRO), and the pH pollution index (ICOpH). The latter parameter is based on the pH and the temperature pollution index (ICOTEMP), i.e., the temperature of the receiving body and the pouring ( Lorenzo et al . 2016 , Gil-Marín et al . 2018 ). Also used is the ICAUCA index, a water quality index adapted from the WQI NSF, Dinius, CETESB, and ICOSUS indices ( Torres et al . 2010 ). ICAUCA considers the chemical, physical, and microbiological parameters, including %DO, Fecal coliforms, Turbidity, BOD 5 , Total solids, pH, Total phosphorus, and Total nitrogen for the weighting of each parameter of ICAUCA. The weightings of all these parameters are listed in Table 2 , developed for tropical rivers. Table 2. The weighting of ICAUCA parameters. Parameters Weighting (W i ), % Percent of dissolved oxygen (DO) 21 Fecal coliforms (FC) 16 Biochemical oxygen demand after 5 days (DBO 5 ) 15 Turbidity of water 7 Total solids content 7 pH of river water 8 Total phosphorus content 8 Total Nitrogen content 8 Suspended solids in water 5 Color of river water 5 The obtained values were compared with those listed in Table 3 , the latter corresponding to the water quality classification according to the ICAUCA value. Several equations shall be used for the calculation of pollution indices: ICOMI, which represents the average value of the three chosen variables, all being defined in the range from 0 to 1, where zero “0” indicates very-low contamination, while values close to the unity “1” correspond to very high contamination (see Eq. 3 ). Table 3. Water quality classification by ICAUCA value. ICAUCA value Overall rating of river water quality 0-20 Poor quality water 20-35 Inadequate quality water 35-50 Acceptable quality water 50-80 Good quality water 80–100 Optimal quality water When the conductivity values are greater than 210 μS cm −1 , the conductivity index takes the value I COND = 1; for hardness values that exceed 110 ppm, the hardness index will be I HARD = 1. For a hardness less than 30 ppm, the hardness index is I HARD = 0. When the alkalinity is equal to or greater than 250 ppm, the alkalinity index value becomes I ALK = 1, and for lower alkalinity, one has I ALK = 0 ( Asaduzzaman et al . 2022 , Trikoilidou et al . 2017 ). For Equation 4 to calculate ICOMO, the values greater than BOD of 30 g m −3 correspond to a biochemical oxygen demand index I BOD = 1; if BOD is less than 2 g m −3 , I BOD = 0. When the total coliforms are greater than 20,000 NMP.100 cm −3 the I TOT COL = 1, while in case the total coliforms are less than 500 NMP.100 cm −3 , I TOT COL = 0. If the percent of oxygen is greater than 100%, then I O% = 0. Therefore, in chaotic systems, percent-saturations greater than 100% indicate re-aeration of water resources; in lentic systems, this reflects the eutrophication problem ( Gil-Marín et al . 2018 ). The ICOSUS calculation was performed according to Eq. 5 . One considers that suspended solids greater than 340 g m −3 correspond to ICOSUS = 1, while suspended solids less than 10 g m −3 are assigned an ICOSUS = 0. For the ICOTRO calculations, values between 0 and 1 are determined, where the total phosphorus concentration defines the oligotrophic 1 g m −3 waters. (3) ICOMI = 1 3 ( I COND + I HARD + I ALK ) where: I COND is the conductivity index, I HARD – is the hardness index, and I ALK – is the alkalinity index. (4) ICOMI = 1 3 ( I BOD + I TOT COL + I % O ) where: I BOD is the biochemical oxygen demand index, I TOT COL – total coliforms index, and I %O – the percent oxygen index. ICOpH calculations were performed based on Eq. 6 , where contamination values of 0 and 1 are assigned to the low and high limits of the pH scale ( Mokhtar et al. 2021 ). When Eq. 7 was used for the calculation of ICOTEMP, at a temperature difference (ΔT) less than 2.5 °C, the ICOTEMP value was 0, and when ΔT was greater than 15.0 °C the assigned ICOTEMP value was equal to the unity. (5) ICOSUS = − 0.02 + 0.003 ∙ ( suspended solids , g m − 3 ) (6) ICOpH = e − 31.08 + 3.45 ∙ pH 1 + e − 31.08 + 3.45 ∙ pH (7) ICOTEMP = − 0.49 + 1.27 ∙ log ( T DCH 0 + T RB 0 ) where: T DCH 0 is the temperature of discharge and T RB 0 – the temperature of the receiving body. Results and Discussion In total 16 parameters were monitored to calculate contamination rates for the analyzed samples. These parameters were ICOMO, ICOSUS, ICOPH, ICOTRO, and ICOMI, the latter being derived from values of conductivity, hardness, and alkalinity (see Table 4 ). Table 4. Pollution index based on monitoring ICOs. ICOs Rivers Sacha Basura Coca Huamayacu Red Jivino Jivino Negro Blanco Chico ICOMI 0.030 0.031 0.006 0.010 0.015 0.060 0.016 ICOMO 0.292 0.242 0.253 0.255 0.220 0.270 0.275 ICOpH 0.002 0.004 0.009 0.002 0.001 0.008 0.003 ICOSUS 0.160 0.099 0.109 0.080 0.086 0.119 0.098 ICOTRO 0.039 0.033 0.024 0.026 0.033 0.036 0.013 The Sacha, Basura, Coca, Huamayacu, Jivino Rojo, Jivino Negro, and Blanco Chico rivers presented low ICOMI values, except for the Jivino Negro River, which has a greater value (this parameter is related to hardness). The ICOMO pollution rate with values as high as 0.292 can be explained by correlating the rate of trophic contamination with the rate of contamination by organic matter already present in the river. A phenomenon of eutrophication originating from the high phosphorus content was revealed. The analysis concluded that because of this phenomenon, the amount of organic matter in the water increased the biological demand for oxygen, generating an oxygen shortage in the environment. Therefore, the excess nutrients and organic matter deteriorate water quality, as revealed in Figure 2a ; Figure 2b shows the quantification of phosphorus in the water samples. Figure 2c documents how fecal coliforms were analyzed, while Figure 2d is a picture taken during NO 3 - and PO 4 3- measurements. Figure 2. Composite picture with 4 connected panels – a, b, c, and d. a. Jivino Negro River eutrophic quality, b. Total P determination in the laboratory, c. Determination of fecal coliforms, d. Determination of NO 3 - and PO 4 3- . The ICOpH values, on the 0-1 to 1-0 scale (Quality-Pollution), were determined for the Sacha, Coca, Basura, Huamayacu, Jivino Rojo, Jivino Negro, and Blanco Chico rivers. On the scale established for this parameter ( Ramos-Pacheco et al . 2023 ) they all present low ICOpH values, which reveals that the water quality of these rivers is not altered. This means that no corrosion problems are expected in the pipes. Nonetheless, pH adjustment is needed because of the coagulant used in the flocculation-coagulation stage. Doing so will enable efficient water purification. The ICOSUS parameter, which indicates the suspended solid contamination rates of the Sacha, Coca, Basura, Huamayacu, Red Jivino, Black Jivino, and Blanco Chico rivers arise from a low half-basin, as displayed in Figure 3a . The phosphorus concentration in water affects the Hash Pollution Index (ICOTRO) shown in Figure 3b . Figure 3. a. The ICOSUS Index; b. The ICOTRO Index. Therefore, the Sacha, Red Jivino, Black Jivino, Coca, and Basura rivers are of eutrophic quality, a phenomenon caused by an excessive concentration of dissolved or suspended nutrients in the water. Plants and organisms are abundant; upon dying they deplete the water quality. By contrast, mesotrophic quality presents a certain abundance of nitrogen and phosphorus. Nevertheless, Huamayacu and Blanco Chico rivers remain of desirable quality. Wastewater discharges, solid waste, and uncontrolled spills of hydrocarbons are likely responsible for pollution. From the comparison of ICOs pollution rates, one assigns the Sacha River the value of 0.292, the highest relative to the other rivers investigated in this study; it corresponds to an elevated degree of pollution. Increased BOD values reveal the presence of a large load of organic pollutants, which can originate from household, agricultural, industrial, or soil erosion waste. Likewise, the Sacha River has an ICOSUS value of 0.16, the highest of the rivers examined here. It causes problems when it enters through the pipes of the water purification system; fortunately, it does not pose any health issues, not affecting the daily activities of people. The water quality of the Sacha, Basura, and Coca Rivers, characterized by the water quality index, WQI, assesses high contamination, the Huamayacu, Jivino Rojo, Jivino Negro, and Blanco Chico rivers being regularly contaminated ( Koch et al . 2023 ). The identified problems are related to the hydrocarbon activity of Block 60, where several oil spills happened. Examples include accidental oil spills, which occurred in the parishes of San Carlos and Unión Milagreña (reported above). In these places 4 private companies and one public company operate, all being environmental managers, which handle the hazardous waste in the oil industry ( Table 5 ). Table 5. The water quality indices of six Ecuadorian rivers. Name of the river WQI Sacha River 4.48 Huamayacu River 5.48 Jivino Rojo River 5.06 Jivino Negro River 5.14 Rio Blanco Chico 6.07 Basura River P1 - P5 4.43 Coca River 3.03 The results reported in this paper document water quality when remarkable anthropic activity and a strong incidence of contamination are present. The observed chemical, microbiological, and physical parameters show local variations at certain points in the aquatic systems. Wastewater discharges, solid waste, and uncontrolled spills of hydrocarbons (oils) are likely responsible for the contamination of these rivers. The comparison of ICOs pollution rates reveals that Sacha River has an ICO = 0.292, which is the highest of the investigated rivers. This value corresponds to an advanced degree of pollution since increased values of BOD indicate a strong load of organic pollutants. Likewise, the Sacha River has an ICOSUS value of 0.16, the most elevated of all the examined rivers. Nonetheless, it does not pose problems in water treatment, and it does not affect the health or the daily activities of people who get in touch with the water. The pollution problem of the Sacha, Basura, and Coca rivers is severe and constitutes a concern, as according to our WQI results, these rivers are significantly contaminated. The pollution was mainly caused by the hydrocarbons-related activity in Block 60, where oil spills were reported. It is alarming that most oil spills occurred in the San Carlos parish and in the Unión Milagreña parish. This demonstrates that the environmental management of companies in this area is not effective, therefore, these companies cause severe damage to the water quality of nearby rivers. In April 2000, shortly after the timeframe of the water quality monitoring reported in this paper, a major oil spill occurred in the Ecuadorian Amazon, which severely polluted the Coca River. It affected the area over the entire year, posing serious health problems to the indigenous Kichwa ( Flores & Josefsen Hermann 2020 ). This harsh event demands for urgent measures taken by the authorities in charge to control and prevent pollution in this area. Oil companies must comply with environmental standards and be held accountable for the harm caused to the ecosystem. Furthermore, it is essential to strengthen surveillance and to monitor oil-related activities to prevent new spills and environmental damage. It is also important to involve and motivate the community in protecting the rivers and to encourage local people to report polluting activities. The health of people and the ecosystem depends largely on water quality, so it is vital to reverse environmental decay, and to act for securing a beneficial and safe environment. As revealed by WQI values, the investigated Ecuadorian rivers are polluted. Basura River contains Cu, Cd, Ni, and Pb; Estero INIAP has Cu, Ni, Pb, and TPH; pollutants of Yanayacu River are Cu, Ni, and Pb; Blanco contains TPH, while Sacha or Quinchaya has toxic Cu. The water in the parishes is also contaminated: Unión Milagreña parish with 66.2%, San Sebastián del Coca with 56.5% and Enokanqui with 47.6% of the total water available in natural surface water sources ( Rocha-Gutiérrez et al . 2015 ; Lorenzo et al . 2016 ). Conclusions Sampling and 4-point analysis were carried out on the experimental farms. Seven points in specific settlements, 5 points in the Sacha River, and 5 points in the Basura River, which correspond to the sampling points, identified with the names of the owners and belonged to the Sacha, Huamayacu, Jivino Rojo, Jivino Negro, Coca, and Garbage rivers. From October 2019 to February 2020, 6 rivers in the Joya de los Sacha Canton and 1 river in the Francisco de Orellana Canton were examined. The ICO pollution rate of Sacha River was found 0.292. This is the highest value among the investigated rivers, and corresponds to a significant degree of pollution, since increased BOD indicates a strong load of organic pollutants originating from household, agricultural, industrial, and soil erosion waste. Likewise, the Sacha River has an ICOSUS value of 0.16, the most elevated of the examined rivers. This poses corrosion problems, when water enters the pipes for water treatment, as the moving solid particles act as abrasives, wearing down the metal surface of the pipes, weakening the pipe wall, and making it more susceptible to chemical corrosion. Fortunately, it does not pose health problem and does not affect the daily activities of people, who get in contact with the water. The pollution index study represents an easy-to-understand quantitative assessment, which conveys important information of water quality and pollution. An advantage of this method is that it integrates and correlates essential parameters via straightforward equations. Among the considered parameters one finds water hardness, total coliforms, and the total amount of phosphorus present in water. After completing the calculations, one can effortlessly interpret the process, since the values from 0 to 1 provide a good estimate of the other indices. The water quality was described quantitatively by the water quality index (WQI) and yielded the following classification: (i) the Sacha, Basura and Coca rivers are highly contaminated, while (ii) the Huamayacu, Jivino Rojo, Jivino Negro, and Blanco Chico are regularly contaminated. Importantly, the authors seek to provide incentive, support, and continuity to similar studies, since they provide useful data to improve the general environmental conditions of the province of Orellana. These findings can also promote and generate new legislation that would serve to regulate all company activities in the area. Results reported here also recommend good practices for farmers, who dispense bodies of water. Such streams can yield minimum amounts allowed for the content of potentially harmful substances over the dumping and, in general, can stimulate the dissemination of the results obtained in such studies. Ethics statement of the authors The research reported in this manuscript did not involve human participants and no animals were used. Our manuscript adheres to the reporting standards: the submitted manuscript is accurate and objective. The authors have written an entirely original research article, and the work and/or words of others have been appropriately cited or quoted. No permissions were needed. Proper acknowledgment of the work of others was given, all information contained in the manuscript is cited properly. No privately obtained information was used or reported. No forms of plagiarism are present in the submitted manuscript. No information obtained in the course of confidential services was used. Neither this paper, nor its topic have been submitted for consideration in another journal. Authorship is limited to exclusively the four named authors who have contributed to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study. No other experts have contributed to the article. Comprehensive data availability statement: all data collected and processed in this paper are available in the following repository. Data availability Underlying data Dyrad: River water quality measurement in Ecuador, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2ngf1vhz7 ( Lowy 2024 ). This project contains the following underlying data: • README.md – Abstract of the project, Description of the data and file structure, list of variables used in the paper, Methods: Study Area, Methodology, Sampling and characterization of monitoring points. • River_water_quality_in_Ecuador.xls – Excel file with all data acquired over the research. Data is available under the terms of the Creative Commons CC0 Universal license (CC0 1.0). Acknowledgment The authors thank the authorities of the Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo Sede Orellana for supporting the implementation of equipment and materials in the laboratory, which enabled the analysis of water samples. We appreciate the farm owners, who granted access to their facilities, and we praise the contribution made by seventh-grade students of the Department of Environmental Engineering, from September 2019 to March 2020, who collaborated in monitoring and taking water samples from the rivers. 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PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (6) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 05 Nov 2024 Reader Comment 25 Nov 2025 Nelson Fernández , Universidad de Pamplona Departamento de Biologia, Pamplona, Colombia 25 Nov 2025 Reader Comment The article presents valuable field data and a relevant application of pollution indices (ICOMI, ICOMO, ICOSUS, ICOTRO, ICOpH) for Ecuadorian rivers. However, it contains a central academic oversight by omitting ... Continue reading The article presents valuable field data and a relevant application of pollution indices (ICOMI, ICOMO, ICOSUS, ICOTRO, ICOpH) for Ecuadorian rivers. However, it contains a central academic oversight by omitting the seminal works of Dr. Alberto Ramírez and Dr. Nelson Fernández, who are the original authors of the ICO system. These indices were first proposed by Ramírez, Restrepo & Viña (1997) in Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro (CT&F), further developed in Ramírez et al. (1999), and later validated and disseminated by Fernández and colleagues in comparative reviews and the ICATEST tool. The authors use these indices extensively but cite later or unrelated works (e.g., Gil-Marín 2018, Lorenzo 2016), attributing methodologies without referencing their original formulation. This misattribution is a serious issue that should be corrected for academic integrity. The foundational works, particularly Ramírez et al. (1997, 1999), provide the mathematical basis and rationale for each index and have been widely cited across Latin America in both scientific literature and national monitoring programs. I suggest that the authors revise the manuscript to include proper citations to the ICO originators. This would align the study with established academic standards and give due credit to the scholars who developed and advanced these critical water quality assessment tools. Please review at least the next references: Ramírez González, A., Restrepo, R., & Viña-Vizcaíno, G. (1997). Cuatro índices de contaminación para caracterización de aguas continentales: Formulaciones y aplicación. CT&F – Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 1 (3), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.593 Ramírez González, A., Restrepo, R., & Cardeñosa, M. (1999). Índices de contaminación para caracterización de aguas continentales y vertimientos: Formulaciones. CT&F – Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 1 (5), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.572 Fernández, N., Ramírez, A., & Solano, F. (2004). Physico-chemical water quality indices: A comparative review. Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, 2 (1), 19–30. (Redalyc PDF available). Fernández, N., Ramos, G., & Solano, F. (2004). ICATEST v1.0: Una herramienta informática para el análisis y valoración de la calidad del agua. Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, 2 (2), 88–97. Ramírez González, A., & Viña Vizcaíno, G. (1998). Limnología colombiana: Aportes a su conocimiento y estadísticas de análisis. Bogotá: Fundación Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano; BP Exploration Company (Colombia) Limited. ISBN 958-9029-06-X The article presents valuable field data and a relevant application of pollution indices (ICOMI, ICOMO, ICOSUS, ICOTRO, ICOpH) for Ecuadorian rivers. However, it contains a central academic oversight by omitting the seminal works of Dr. Alberto Ramírez and Dr. Nelson Fernández, who are the original authors of the ICO system. These indices were first proposed by Ramírez, Restrepo & Viña (1997) in Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro (CT&F), further developed in Ramírez et al. (1999), and later validated and disseminated by Fernández and colleagues in comparative reviews and the ICATEST tool. The authors use these indices extensively but cite later or unrelated works (e.g., Gil-Marín 2018, Lorenzo 2016), attributing methodologies without referencing their original formulation. This misattribution is a serious issue that should be corrected for academic integrity. The foundational works, particularly Ramírez et al. (1997, 1999), provide the mathematical basis and rationale for each index and have been widely cited across Latin America in both scientific literature and national monitoring programs. I suggest that the authors revise the manuscript to include proper citations to the ICO originators. This would align the study with established academic standards and give due credit to the scholars who developed and advanced these critical water quality assessment tools. Please review at least the next references: Ramírez González, A., Restrepo, R., & Viña-Vizcaíno, G. (1997). Cuatro índices de contaminación para caracterización de aguas continentales: Formulaciones y aplicación. CT&F – Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 1 (3), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.593 Ramírez González, A., Restrepo, R., & Cardeñosa, M. (1999). Índices de contaminación para caracterización de aguas continentales y vertimientos: Formulaciones. CT&F – Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 1 (5), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.572 Fernández, N., Ramírez, A., & Solano, F. (2004). Physico-chemical water quality indices: A comparative review. Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, 2 (1), 19–30. (Redalyc PDF available). Fernández, N., Ramos, G., & Solano, F. (2004). ICATEST v1.0: Una herramienta informática para el análisis y valoración de la calidad del agua. Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, 2 (2), 88–97. Ramírez González, A., & Viña Vizcaíno, G. (1998). Limnología colombiana: Aportes a su conocimiento y estadísticas de análisis. Bogotá: Fundación Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano; BP Exploration Company (Colombia) Limited. ISBN 958-9029-06-X Competing Interests: I declare that I have no competing interests. Close Report a concern Reader Comment 23 Jan 2025 Elod Gyenge , The University of British Columbia Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Vancouver, Canada 23 Jan 2025 Reader Comment This is a well-executed and comprehensive study of water quality in some of Ecuador's major rivers. Its impact is expected to reach beyond the scientific and engineering community by influencing ... Continue reading This is a well-executed and comprehensive study of water quality in some of Ecuador's major rivers. Its impact is expected to reach beyond the scientific and engineering community by influencing environmental policy and protection. Continuous monitoring of water quality is vital for the local communities' health and well-being and for ensuring sustainable development in the area. This is a well-executed and comprehensive study of water quality in some of Ecuador's major rivers. Its impact is expected to reach beyond the scientific and engineering community by influencing environmental policy and protection. Continuous monitoring of water quality is vital for the local communities' health and well-being and for ensuring sustainable development in the area. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Reader Comment 03 Dec 2024 Paul Serban Agachi , Chemical Engineering, University Babes-Bolyai, Cluj Napoca, Romania 03 Dec 2024 Reader Comment The paper describes a method for the identification of pollution sources along rivers in Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons in Ecuador, using WQI (water quality index) and ... Continue reading The paper describes a method for the identification of pollution sources along rivers in Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons in Ecuador, using WQI (water quality index) and the pollution indices ICOMO (organics contamination), ICOSUS (suspended solids), ICOMI (mineralization), ICOTRO (trophy system), and ICOpH (pH Index). A very complex characterization based on the long-term monitoring data. The sampling points were selected by considering the use of oil, anthropogenic activities close to the rivers, and the accessibility, width, and depth of the rivers. Results show that the method used enables detection of the majority of sources, and it could be used to investigate the seasonal existence of pollution sources. Moreover, the technique can help guide the definition of the structure of mathematical models for the transport of pollutants in rivers. It is a good and useful paper The paper describes a method for the identification of pollution sources along rivers in Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons in Ecuador, using WQI (water quality index) and the pollution indices ICOMO (organics contamination), ICOSUS (suspended solids), ICOMI (mineralization), ICOTRO (trophy system), and ICOpH (pH Index). A very complex characterization based on the long-term monitoring data. The sampling points were selected by considering the use of oil, anthropogenic activities close to the rivers, and the accessibility, width, and depth of the rivers. Results show that the method used enables detection of the majority of sources, and it could be used to investigate the seasonal existence of pollution sources. Moreover, the technique can help guide the definition of the structure of mathematical models for the transport of pollutants in rivers. It is a good and useful paper Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Reader Comment 28 Nov 2024 Levente Várkonyi PhD , National Research Development and Innovation Office, Budapest, Hungary 28 Nov 2024 Reader Comment Various indices and models provide a comprehensive view of the pollution dynamics in the rivers, offering valuable insights for local water treatment strategies. I find it especially helpful how the ... Continue reading Various indices and models provide a comprehensive view of the pollution dynamics in the rivers, offering valuable insights for local water treatment strategies. I find it especially helpful how the different pollution indices allow for more precise identification of the critical areas. Various indices and models provide a comprehensive view of the pollution dynamics in the rivers, offering valuable insights for local water treatment strategies. I find it especially helpful how the different pollution indices allow for more precise identification of the critical areas. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Reader Comment 23 Nov 2024 Alpar Fodor , Analytical Chemistry, Babeş-Bolyai University Department of Chemistry, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 23 Nov 2024 Reader Comment Ecuador has over 2,000 rivers, which represent an asset for the economy. The country has as much as 442 km 3 of renewable water resources, most of it being used ... Continue reading Ecuador has over 2,000 rivers, which represent an asset for the economy. The country has as much as 442 km 3 of renewable water resources, most of it being used by agriculture. About 90% of the urban residents and three quarters of people living in rural areas are supplied with high quality drinking water. Nonetheless, there is severe water pollution caused by excessive use of pesticides and inappropriate disposal of domestic waste. Therefore, the country’s water supply has become improper for daily consumption or use, the tap water is Ecuador being deemed not to be safe. Given these reasons, there is both a scientific and social need for monitoring program described in this paper, which allowed to evaluate the water quality of several rivers in Ecuador. Authors performed a simulation of the dynamics of rivers water pollution in the Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons. Assessment of the experimental findings utilized several parameters adopted in water quality studies, primarily the water quality index (WQI). The obtained WQI values demonstrate that the Sacha, Basura, and Coca rivers are highly contaminated, while the Huamayacu, Jivino Rojo, Jivino Negro, and Jivino Blanco rivers are commonly polluted. I am confident that this study will serve for combating the pollution of river waters, providing a valuable input to authorities in charge for making appropriate decisions to improve water safety and environmental protection. Ecuador has over 2,000 rivers, which represent an asset for the economy. The country has as much as 442 km 3 of renewable water resources, most of it being used by agriculture. About 90% of the urban residents and three quarters of people living in rural areas are supplied with high quality drinking water. Nonetheless, there is severe water pollution caused by excessive use of pesticides and inappropriate disposal of domestic waste. Therefore, the country’s water supply has become improper for daily consumption or use, the tap water is Ecuador being deemed not to be safe. Given these reasons, there is both a scientific and social need for monitoring program described in this paper, which allowed to evaluate the water quality of several rivers in Ecuador. Authors performed a simulation of the dynamics of rivers water pollution in the Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons. Assessment of the experimental findings utilized several parameters adopted in water quality studies, primarily the water quality index (WQI). The obtained WQI values demonstrate that the Sacha, Basura, and Coca rivers are highly contaminated, while the Huamayacu, Jivino Rojo, Jivino Negro, and Jivino Blanco rivers are commonly polluted. I am confident that this study will serve for combating the pollution of river waters, providing a valuable input to authorities in charge for making appropriate decisions to improve water safety and environmental protection. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Reader Comment 11 Nov 2024 Enikö Kaszoni , Water, Environmental Protection Institute of Lower Austria, Maria Enzersdorf, Austria 11 Nov 2024 Reader Comment This paper represents an extensive study of the water quality of several Ecuadorian rivers. The authors have chosen carefully the sampling sites; therefore, the sampling sites can be considered representative ... Continue reading This paper represents an extensive study of the water quality of several Ecuadorian rivers. The authors have chosen carefully the sampling sites; therefore, the sampling sites can be considered representative for the evaluation of each examined river. The parameters used for river water characterization are adequate and widely accepted by the scientific community. All aspects of natural and especially environmental-anthropic activities and their impact on water quality are addressed in this comprehensive, high-level evaluation. Based on the results of this study, important measures can be taken to improve the water quality of these valuable ecosystems. Enikő Kászoni, MSc This paper represents an extensive study of the water quality of several Ecuadorian rivers. The authors have chosen carefully the sampling sites; therefore, the sampling sites can be considered representative for the evaluation of each examined river. The parameters used for river water characterization are adequate and widely accepted by the scientific community. All aspects of natural and especially environmental-anthropic activities and their impact on water quality are addressed in this comprehensive, high-level evaluation. Based on the results of this study, important measures can be taken to improve the water quality of these valuable ecosystems. Enikő Kászoni, MSc Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Comment ADD YOUR COMMENT Author details Author details 1 Orellana Campus, Polytechnic College of Chimborazo University (ESPOCH), Riobamba, Ecuador 2 code SENESCYT 2271, José Ortega y Gasset Higher Technological Institute, Riobamba, Ecuador 3 Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain 4 Hungarian Innovation Agency, Budapest, Hungary 5 Keleti Károly Faculty for Business and Management, Department of Economics, Finance and Accounting, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary Diego Vacili Burbano Salas Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Freddy Ajila Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Maria Paulina Poma Copa Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Daniel A. Lowy Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 05 Nov 2024, 13:1325 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155720.1 Copyright © 2024 Burbano Salas DV et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Burbano Salas DV, Ajila F, Poma Copa MP and Lowy DA. Water quality evaluation by WQI and ICOs for the rivers of Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1325 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155720.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 05 Nov 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Hussein Hamed M. Reviewer Report For: Water quality evaluation by WQI and ICOs for the rivers of Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1325 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.170925.r344444 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1325/v1#referee-response-344444 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 16 Jan 2025 Masoud Hussein Hamed , Salahaddin university-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.170925.r344444 The manuscript has been accepted and includes innovative research focusing on the Joya River. However, I recommend enhancing the quality of the included figures to ensure they effectively convey the research findings and support the study’s conclusions. Additionally, it would ... Continue reading READ ALL The manuscript has been accepted and includes innovative research focusing on the Joya River. However, I recommend enhancing the quality of the included figures to ensure they effectively convey the research findings and support the study’s conclusions. Additionally, it would be beneficial to incorporate recent and relevant literature to provide a more comprehensive context for the research. This will not only strengthen the manuscript's credibility but also align it with the current state of knowledge in the field Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Environmental ,water, soil, air pollution, waste water treatment, ecology and risk assessment I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Hussein Hamed M. Reviewer Report For: Water quality evaluation by WQI and ICOs for the rivers of Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1325 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.170925.r344444 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1325/v1#referee-response-344444 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 17 Jan 2025 Daniel A. Lowy , Keleti Károly Faculty for Business and Management, Department of Economics, Finance and Accounting, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary 17 Jan 2025 Author Response On behalf of the Authors I would like to thank Professor Masoud Hussein Hamed for his valuable comments and useful recommendations! Given that river water quality if of high environmental ... Continue reading On behalf of the Authors I would like to thank Professor Masoud Hussein Hamed for his valuable comments and useful recommendations! Given that river water quality if of high environmental impact and the pollution of river waters may cause significant health problems to the population, the authors intend to continue their research and to keep monitoring river waters in a continuous and sustainable manner. Our next account will incororate, indeed, Professor Hamed's suggestions. On behalf of the Authors I would like to thank Professor Masoud Hussein Hamed for his valuable comments and useful recommendations! Given that river water quality if of high environmental impact and the pollution of river waters may cause significant health problems to the population, the authors intend to continue their research and to keep monitoring river waters in a continuous and sustainable manner. Our next account will incororate, indeed, Professor Hamed's suggestions. Competing Interests: There are no competing interests. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 17 Jan 2025 Daniel A. Lowy , Keleti Károly Faculty for Business and Management, Department of Economics, Finance and Accounting, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary 17 Jan 2025 Author Response On behalf of the Authors I would like to thank Professor Masoud Hussein Hamed for his valuable comments and useful recommendations! Given that river water quality if of high environmental ... Continue reading On behalf of the Authors I would like to thank Professor Masoud Hussein Hamed for his valuable comments and useful recommendations! Given that river water quality if of high environmental impact and the pollution of river waters may cause significant health problems to the population, the authors intend to continue their research and to keep monitoring river waters in a continuous and sustainable manner. Our next account will incororate, indeed, Professor Hamed's suggestions. On behalf of the Authors I would like to thank Professor Masoud Hussein Hamed for his valuable comments and useful recommendations! Given that river water quality if of high environmental impact and the pollution of river waters may cause significant health problems to the population, the authors intend to continue their research and to keep monitoring river waters in a continuous and sustainable manner. Our next account will incororate, indeed, Professor Hamed's suggestions. Competing Interests: There are no competing interests. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (6) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 05 Nov 2024 Reader Comment 25 Nov 2025 Nelson Fernández , Universidad de Pamplona Departamento de Biologia, Pamplona, Colombia 25 Nov 2025 Reader Comment The article presents valuable field data and a relevant application of pollution indices (ICOMI, ICOMO, ICOSUS, ICOTRO, ICOpH) for Ecuadorian rivers. However, it contains a central academic oversight by omitting ... Continue reading The article presents valuable field data and a relevant application of pollution indices (ICOMI, ICOMO, ICOSUS, ICOTRO, ICOpH) for Ecuadorian rivers. However, it contains a central academic oversight by omitting the seminal works of Dr. Alberto Ramírez and Dr. Nelson Fernández, who are the original authors of the ICO system. These indices were first proposed by Ramírez, Restrepo & Viña (1997) in Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro (CT&F), further developed in Ramírez et al. (1999), and later validated and disseminated by Fernández and colleagues in comparative reviews and the ICATEST tool. The authors use these indices extensively but cite later or unrelated works (e.g., Gil-Marín 2018, Lorenzo 2016), attributing methodologies without referencing their original formulation. This misattribution is a serious issue that should be corrected for academic integrity. The foundational works, particularly Ramírez et al. (1997, 1999), provide the mathematical basis and rationale for each index and have been widely cited across Latin America in both scientific literature and national monitoring programs. I suggest that the authors revise the manuscript to include proper citations to the ICO originators. This would align the study with established academic standards and give due credit to the scholars who developed and advanced these critical water quality assessment tools. Please review at least the next references: Ramírez González, A., Restrepo, R., & Viña-Vizcaíno, G. (1997). Cuatro índices de contaminación para caracterización de aguas continentales: Formulaciones y aplicación. CT&F – Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 1 (3), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.593 Ramírez González, A., Restrepo, R., & Cardeñosa, M. (1999). Índices de contaminación para caracterización de aguas continentales y vertimientos: Formulaciones. CT&F – Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 1 (5), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.572 Fernández, N., Ramírez, A., & Solano, F. (2004). Physico-chemical water quality indices: A comparative review. Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, 2 (1), 19–30. (Redalyc PDF available). Fernández, N., Ramos, G., & Solano, F. (2004). ICATEST v1.0: Una herramienta informática para el análisis y valoración de la calidad del agua. Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, 2 (2), 88–97. Ramírez González, A., & Viña Vizcaíno, G. (1998). Limnología colombiana: Aportes a su conocimiento y estadísticas de análisis. Bogotá: Fundación Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano; BP Exploration Company (Colombia) Limited. ISBN 958-9029-06-X The article presents valuable field data and a relevant application of pollution indices (ICOMI, ICOMO, ICOSUS, ICOTRO, ICOpH) for Ecuadorian rivers. However, it contains a central academic oversight by omitting the seminal works of Dr. Alberto Ramírez and Dr. Nelson Fernández, who are the original authors of the ICO system. These indices were first proposed by Ramírez, Restrepo & Viña (1997) in Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro (CT&F), further developed in Ramírez et al. (1999), and later validated and disseminated by Fernández and colleagues in comparative reviews and the ICATEST tool. The authors use these indices extensively but cite later or unrelated works (e.g., Gil-Marín 2018, Lorenzo 2016), attributing methodologies without referencing their original formulation. This misattribution is a serious issue that should be corrected for academic integrity. The foundational works, particularly Ramírez et al. (1997, 1999), provide the mathematical basis and rationale for each index and have been widely cited across Latin America in both scientific literature and national monitoring programs. I suggest that the authors revise the manuscript to include proper citations to the ICO originators. This would align the study with established academic standards and give due credit to the scholars who developed and advanced these critical water quality assessment tools. Please review at least the next references: Ramírez González, A., Restrepo, R., & Viña-Vizcaíno, G. (1997). Cuatro índices de contaminación para caracterización de aguas continentales: Formulaciones y aplicación. CT&F – Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 1 (3), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.593 Ramírez González, A., Restrepo, R., & Cardeñosa, M. (1999). Índices de contaminación para caracterización de aguas continentales y vertimientos: Formulaciones. CT&F – Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 1 (5), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.572 Fernández, N., Ramírez, A., & Solano, F. (2004). Physico-chemical water quality indices: A comparative review. Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, 2 (1), 19–30. (Redalyc PDF available). Fernández, N., Ramos, G., & Solano, F. (2004). ICATEST v1.0: Una herramienta informática para el análisis y valoración de la calidad del agua. Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, 2 (2), 88–97. Ramírez González, A., & Viña Vizcaíno, G. (1998). Limnología colombiana: Aportes a su conocimiento y estadísticas de análisis. Bogotá: Fundación Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano; BP Exploration Company (Colombia) Limited. ISBN 958-9029-06-X Competing Interests: I declare that I have no competing interests. Close Report a concern Reader Comment 23 Jan 2025 Elod Gyenge , The University of British Columbia Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Vancouver, Canada 23 Jan 2025 Reader Comment This is a well-executed and comprehensive study of water quality in some of Ecuador's major rivers. Its impact is expected to reach beyond the scientific and engineering community by influencing ... Continue reading This is a well-executed and comprehensive study of water quality in some of Ecuador's major rivers. Its impact is expected to reach beyond the scientific and engineering community by influencing environmental policy and protection. Continuous monitoring of water quality is vital for the local communities' health and well-being and for ensuring sustainable development in the area. This is a well-executed and comprehensive study of water quality in some of Ecuador's major rivers. Its impact is expected to reach beyond the scientific and engineering community by influencing environmental policy and protection. Continuous monitoring of water quality is vital for the local communities' health and well-being and for ensuring sustainable development in the area. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Reader Comment 03 Dec 2024 Paul Serban Agachi , Chemical Engineering, University Babes-Bolyai, Cluj Napoca, Romania 03 Dec 2024 Reader Comment The paper describes a method for the identification of pollution sources along rivers in Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons in Ecuador, using WQI (water quality index) and ... Continue reading The paper describes a method for the identification of pollution sources along rivers in Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons in Ecuador, using WQI (water quality index) and the pollution indices ICOMO (organics contamination), ICOSUS (suspended solids), ICOMI (mineralization), ICOTRO (trophy system), and ICOpH (pH Index). A very complex characterization based on the long-term monitoring data. The sampling points were selected by considering the use of oil, anthropogenic activities close to the rivers, and the accessibility, width, and depth of the rivers. Results show that the method used enables detection of the majority of sources, and it could be used to investigate the seasonal existence of pollution sources. Moreover, the technique can help guide the definition of the structure of mathematical models for the transport of pollutants in rivers. It is a good and useful paper The paper describes a method for the identification of pollution sources along rivers in Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons in Ecuador, using WQI (water quality index) and the pollution indices ICOMO (organics contamination), ICOSUS (suspended solids), ICOMI (mineralization), ICOTRO (trophy system), and ICOpH (pH Index). A very complex characterization based on the long-term monitoring data. The sampling points were selected by considering the use of oil, anthropogenic activities close to the rivers, and the accessibility, width, and depth of the rivers. Results show that the method used enables detection of the majority of sources, and it could be used to investigate the seasonal existence of pollution sources. Moreover, the technique can help guide the definition of the structure of mathematical models for the transport of pollutants in rivers. It is a good and useful paper Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Reader Comment 28 Nov 2024 Levente Várkonyi PhD , National Research Development and Innovation Office, Budapest, Hungary 28 Nov 2024 Reader Comment Various indices and models provide a comprehensive view of the pollution dynamics in the rivers, offering valuable insights for local water treatment strategies. I find it especially helpful how the ... Continue reading Various indices and models provide a comprehensive view of the pollution dynamics in the rivers, offering valuable insights for local water treatment strategies. I find it especially helpful how the different pollution indices allow for more precise identification of the critical areas. Various indices and models provide a comprehensive view of the pollution dynamics in the rivers, offering valuable insights for local water treatment strategies. I find it especially helpful how the different pollution indices allow for more precise identification of the critical areas. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Reader Comment 23 Nov 2024 Alpar Fodor , Analytical Chemistry, Babeş-Bolyai University Department of Chemistry, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 23 Nov 2024 Reader Comment Ecuador has over 2,000 rivers, which represent an asset for the economy. The country has as much as 442 km 3 of renewable water resources, most of it being used ... Continue reading Ecuador has over 2,000 rivers, which represent an asset for the economy. The country has as much as 442 km 3 of renewable water resources, most of it being used by agriculture. About 90% of the urban residents and three quarters of people living in rural areas are supplied with high quality drinking water. Nonetheless, there is severe water pollution caused by excessive use of pesticides and inappropriate disposal of domestic waste. Therefore, the country’s water supply has become improper for daily consumption or use, the tap water is Ecuador being deemed not to be safe. Given these reasons, there is both a scientific and social need for monitoring program described in this paper, which allowed to evaluate the water quality of several rivers in Ecuador. Authors performed a simulation of the dynamics of rivers water pollution in the Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons. Assessment of the experimental findings utilized several parameters adopted in water quality studies, primarily the water quality index (WQI). The obtained WQI values demonstrate that the Sacha, Basura, and Coca rivers are highly contaminated, while the Huamayacu, Jivino Rojo, Jivino Negro, and Jivino Blanco rivers are commonly polluted. I am confident that this study will serve for combating the pollution of river waters, providing a valuable input to authorities in charge for making appropriate decisions to improve water safety and environmental protection. Ecuador has over 2,000 rivers, which represent an asset for the economy. The country has as much as 442 km 3 of renewable water resources, most of it being used by agriculture. About 90% of the urban residents and three quarters of people living in rural areas are supplied with high quality drinking water. Nonetheless, there is severe water pollution caused by excessive use of pesticides and inappropriate disposal of domestic waste. Therefore, the country’s water supply has become improper for daily consumption or use, the tap water is Ecuador being deemed not to be safe. Given these reasons, there is both a scientific and social need for monitoring program described in this paper, which allowed to evaluate the water quality of several rivers in Ecuador. Authors performed a simulation of the dynamics of rivers water pollution in the Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons. Assessment of the experimental findings utilized several parameters adopted in water quality studies, primarily the water quality index (WQI). The obtained WQI values demonstrate that the Sacha, Basura, and Coca rivers are highly contaminated, while the Huamayacu, Jivino Rojo, Jivino Negro, and Jivino Blanco rivers are commonly polluted. I am confident that this study will serve for combating the pollution of river waters, providing a valuable input to authorities in charge for making appropriate decisions to improve water safety and environmental protection. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Reader Comment 11 Nov 2024 Enikö Kaszoni , Water, Environmental Protection Institute of Lower Austria, Maria Enzersdorf, Austria 11 Nov 2024 Reader Comment This paper represents an extensive study of the water quality of several Ecuadorian rivers. The authors have chosen carefully the sampling sites; therefore, the sampling sites can be considered representative ... Continue reading This paper represents an extensive study of the water quality of several Ecuadorian rivers. The authors have chosen carefully the sampling sites; therefore, the sampling sites can be considered representative for the evaluation of each examined river. The parameters used for river water characterization are adequate and widely accepted by the scientific community. All aspects of natural and especially environmental-anthropic activities and their impact on water quality are addressed in this comprehensive, high-level evaluation. Based on the results of this study, important measures can be taken to improve the water quality of these valuable ecosystems. Enikő Kászoni, MSc This paper represents an extensive study of the water quality of several Ecuadorian rivers. The authors have chosen carefully the sampling sites; therefore, the sampling sites can be considered representative for the evaluation of each examined river. The parameters used for river water characterization are adequate and widely accepted by the scientific community. All aspects of natural and especially environmental-anthropic activities and their impact on water quality are addressed in this comprehensive, high-level evaluation. Based on the results of this study, important measures can be taken to improve the water quality of these valuable ecosystems. Enikő Kászoni, MSc Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Comment ADD YOUR COMMENT keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 Version 1 05 Nov 24 read Masoud Hussein Hamed , Salahaddin university-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq Comments on this article All Comments (6) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Hussein Hamed M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 16 Jan 2025 | for Version 1 Masoud Hussein Hamed , Salahaddin university-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq 0 Views copyright © 2025 Hussein Hamed M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The manuscript has been accepted and includes innovative research focusing on the Joya River. However, I recommend enhancing the quality of the included figures to ensure they effectively convey the research findings and support the study’s conclusions. Additionally, it would be beneficial to incorporate recent and relevant literature to provide a more comprehensive context for the research. This will not only strengthen the manuscript's credibility but also align it with the current state of knowledge in the field Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Environmental ,water, soil, air pollution, waste water treatment, ecology and risk assessment I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 17 Jan 2025 Daniel A. Lowy, Keleti Károly Faculty for Business and Management, Department of Economics, Finance and Accounting, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary On behalf of the Authors I would like to thank Professor Masoud Hussein Hamed for his valuable comments and useful recommendations! Given that river water quality if of high environmental impact and the pollution of river waters may cause significant health problems to the population, the authors intend to continue their research and to keep monitoring river waters in a continuous and sustainable manner. Our next account will incororate, indeed, Professor Hamed's suggestions. View more View less Competing Interests There are no competing interests. reply Respond Report a concern Hussein Hamed M. Peer Review Report For: Water quality evaluation by WQI and ICOs for the rivers of Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1325 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.170925.r344444) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1325/v1#referee-response-344444 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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