Modeling and Optimization of Penetration Depth in Submerged Arc Welding: Focused on Boehmite Nanoparticles

Abstract The depth of penetration, a crucial metric representing the distance from the plate surface to the pool bottom, holds pivotal significance in determining the weld metal's strength. This investigation delves into the influence of various factors, such as arc voltage, electric current intensity, electrode stick-out, welding speed, and nanoparticle layer thickness, on penetration depth. Utilizing methodologies like the Central Composite Rotatable Design and analysis of variance facilitates a methodical examination of how input variables impact output results, optimizing both time and cost efficiency. Additionally, the implementation of the Genetic Algorithm helps identify the optimal levels of these parameters. The findings reveal that heightened arc voltage and electric current intensity contribute to increased input heat transfer, leading to more extensive melting of the base metal and subsequently augmenting the penetration depth. The dissimilarity in thermal conductivity between the base metal and nanoparticles results in decreased heat transfer to the inner layers of the workpiece, culminating in a reduction in penetration depth with a higher thickness of the nanoparticle layer. Conversely, an increased thickness of the nanoparticle layer is associated with heightened weld dimensions, including both height and width.