The Relationship Between Psychological Resilience and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Levels of New Mothers

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Maternal psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy are key factors influencing breastfeeding success. Objective This study aimed to examine the association between psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy in new mothers. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2021 and July 2022 at a maternity unit in Istanbul, Turkey. A total of 311 new mothers aged 18–49 participated in the study. Data were collected through structured face-to-face interviews using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Psychological Resilience Scale for Adults (PRS), and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF). Results The mean PRS total score was 104.26 ± 10.4, and the mean BSES-SF score was 54.87 ± 8.9. Planned pregnancy, early initiation of breastfeeding, and positive breastfeeding attitudes in the social environment were significantly associated with higher scores on both scales (p < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was identified between the 'social competence' subscale of the PRS and BSES-SF scores (p < 0.001). Conclusion Enhancing psychological resilience through targeted support programs may improve breastfeeding self-efficacy among new mothers. Healthcare professionals should consider culturally sensitive approaches to identify and support vulnerable groups. Breastfeeding self-efficacy psychological resilience new mothers postpartum support Background Breastfeeding is a vital public health practice that significantly contributes to the short- and long-term health of both infants and mothers. However, the early postpartum period presents several physiological and psychological challenges that can interfere with breastfeeding success. Among these, psychological resilience—a person’s capacity to adapt positively in the face of adversity—and breastfeeding self-efficacy—a mother's confidence in her ability to breastfeed—have emerged as critical, yet underexplored, determinants [ 1 ]. Psychological resilience is defined by the American Psychological Association as the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, or significant stress. It is shaped by a combination of biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors, including family relationships, emotional support, and socioeconomic status. Resilient individuals are better equipped to cope with stress and maintain health-promoting behaviors such as breastfeeding [ 2 ]. Self-efficacy, as conceptualized by Bandura, refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations. Dennis extended this theory to breastfeeding, defining breastfeeding self-efficacy as a mother’s confidence in her ability to breastfeed her infant, cope with challenges, and persist through difficulties. High levels of self-efficacy are associated with improved breastfeeding outcomes and longer breastfeeding duration. Existing literature suggests that many mothers experience uncertainty and anxiety about breastfeeding, especially in the early postpartum period. This is particularly evident among new mothers, who are navigating new experiences with infant care. While various studies have independently examined the effects of psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy, few have explored the interaction between these two concepts [ 3 – 7 ]. Given the lack of research on this topic, the current study aims to fill this gap by examining the relationship between psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy in new mothers. Understanding this association can inform healthcare providers in designing culturally sensitive interventions to support and enhance maternal confidence and psychological strength during the postpartum period. Method Study Design and Setting This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted between July 2021 and July 2022 at the postpartum ward of a university hospital located in a district of Istanbul, Turkey. Participants The study population consisted of new mothers aged 18–49 who had recently given birth, were currently breastfeeding, could speak and understand Turkish, and agreed to participate voluntarily. Based on regional health directorate records, 1,286 new mothers gave birth in the district during the previous year. Using a sample size table for a known population, a minimum of 292 participants was deemed sufficient at a 5% margin of error and 95% confidence level. Allowing for possible attrition, the final sample included 311 mothers who met the inclusion criteria. Data Collection Data were collected through structured, face-to-face interviews conducted by the researchers. Each interview lasted approximately 15–20 minutes. Informed verbal and written consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. Instruments Introductory Information Form: Developed by the researchers, this 15-item form collected data on sociodemographic, obstetric, and socioeconomic characteristics of the participants. Psychological Resilience Scale for Adults (PRS): Developed by Friborg et al. (2005) and adapted into Turkish by Basım and Çetin (2011), this 33-item scale measures six subdimensions: self-perception, future perception, structural style, family harmony, social competence, and social resources [8]. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicate greater resilience. In this study, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.74. Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form (BSES-SF): Originally developed by Dennis, this 14-item scale assesses mothers’ confidence in their ability to breastfeed. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all confident, 5 = always confident). Higher scores indicate greater breastfeeding self-efficacy. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in this study was 0.85. Ethical Considerations Ethical approval was obtained from the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Istanbul Medipol University (Decision No: 698/17.06.2021). Written institutional permission was also obtained from the hospital administration. Participation was voluntary, and all data were anonymized prior to analysis. Data Analysis Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Since the data were not normally distributed, non-parametric tests were used. The Mann–Whitney U test was employed for two-group comparisons, and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used for more than two groups. When significant differences were found, post hoc comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to examine associations between scale scores. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.The research was conducted with new mothers who applied to a university hospital in a district of Istanbul between July 2021 and July 2022. Results Participant Characteristics The mean age of the participants was 28.22 ± 3.62 years. Most of the mothers (88.4%) and their spouses (80.1%) were university graduates. A majority of the mothers (58.5%) were not employed, whereas 83.9% of spouses were employed. Most participants (98.4%) reported average income levels and lived in nuclear family structures (94.9%) (Table 1 ). Table 1 Characteristics of the participants (n = 311) Min-Max Mean ± Sd Age 18–52 28,22 ± 3,62 n % Age 18–25 64 20,6 26–34 233 74,9 35 ve üzeri 14 4,5 Education status Secondary school 1 0,3 High school 35 11,3 University and up 275 88,4 Spouse’s education status Secondary school 11 3,5 High school 51 16,4 University and up 249 80,1 Working satatus No 182 58,5 Yes 129 41,5 Spouse’s working status No 50 16,1 Yes 261 83,9 Income rate Income less than expenses 5 1,6 Income equal to expenses 306 98,4 Income exceeds expenses - - Family structure Nucleer family 295 94,9 Extended family 14 4,5 Broken family 2 0,6 Marriage duration 1–9 years 306 98,4 10–19 years 3 1,0 20–27 years 2 0,6 min = Lowest value, max = Highest value, Sd = Standard deviation. Breastfeeding and Psychosocial Measures The mean total score on the Psychological Resilience Scale (PRS) was 104.26 ± 10.4, and the mean total score on the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form (BSES-SF) was 54.87 ± 8.9 (Table 2 ). Table 2 According to Participant’s Breastfeeding Status BSES and PRS Scores (n = 311) Variables (n) BSES PRS Structural style Future perception Family harmony Self-perception Social competence Social resources Mean ± Sd Mean ± Sd Mean ± Sd Mean ± Sd Mean ± Sd Mean ± Sd Mean ± Sd Mean ± Sd Breastfeeding status (n) Right after birth (113) 55.91 ± 7.76 ab 104.46 ± 11.06 13.94 ± 2.02 13.82 ± 2.49 15.78 ± 3.60 20.34 ± 2.76 19.69 ± 2.99 20.85 ± 3.58 in 60 minutes (123) 53.43 ± 9.63 a 104.03 ± 9.36 13.86 ± 2.12 14.17 ± 2.33 15.75 ± 3.08 20.61 ± 2.48 19.44 ± 2.86 20.17 ± 3.21 in 24 minutes (46) 53.47 ± 7.92 b 104.89 ± 12.09 14.58 ± 2.41 13.95 ± 2.78 15.89 ± 3.48 20.08 ± 2.63 19.23 ± 3.08 21.13 ± 3.91 after the first 24 hours (29) 55.17 ± 10.40 103.44 ± 9.86 14.10 ± 2.20 13.03 ± 2.66 15.48 ± 2.16 20.41 ± 3.52 19.37 ± 2.61 21.03 ± 2.95 Test χ 2 = 8.448; p = 0.038 χ 2 = 0.235; p = 0.972 χ 2 = 2.877; p = 0.441 χ 2 = 5.083; p = 0.166 χ 2 = 0.567; p = 0.904 χ 2 = 3.213; p = 0.360 χ 2 = 0.985; p = 0.805 χ 2 = 5.987; p = 0.112 Breastfeeding attitudes of the close circle (n) Positive (267) 55.88 ± 8.42 103.98 ± 10.50 13.91 ± 2.15 13.87 ± 2.50 15.71 ± 3.25 20.37 ± 2.69 19.50 ± 2.89 20.59 ± 3.38 Negative (44) 48.72 ± 9.57 105.90 ± 9.97 14.68 ± 2.02 14.11 ± 2.50 16.02 ± 3.34 20.68 ± 2.83 19.47 ± 3.04 20.93 ± 3.84 Test Z=-4.648; p = 0.000 Z=-1.411; p = 0.158 Z=-2.294; p = 0.022 Z=-0.964; p = 0.335 Z=-0.044; p = 0.965 Z=-0.356; p = 0.722 Z=-0.155; p = 0.877 Z=-0,123; p = 0,902 Idea of giving supplementary food (n) Yes (92) 49.52 ± 8.94 104.38 ± 9.02 14.11 ± 2.07 13.73 ± 2.63 15.66 ± 3.12 20.76 ± 2.67 19.43 ± 2.77 20.66 ± 3.34 No (219) 57.11 ± 7.93 104.21 ± 10.99 13.98 ± 2.17 13.98 ± 2.45 15.80 ± 3.31 20.27 ± 2.71 19.52 ± 2.97 20.63 ± 3.49 Test Z=-6.725; p = 0.000 Z=-1.007; p = 0.314 Z=-0.652; p = 0.515 Z=-0.696; p = 0.486 Z=-0.033; p = 0.973 Z=-1.592; p = 0.111 Z=-0.144; p = 0.886 Z=-0.172; p = 0.863 Pacifier use status (n) Yes (173) 53.06 ± 9.69 104.49 ± 9.82 14.17 ± 2.14 13.89 ± 2.37 15.57 ± 2.93 20.78 ± 2.58 19.43 ± 2.92 20.61 ± 3.39 No(138) 57.12 ± 7.29 103.97 ± 11.18 13.82 ± 2.14 13.92 ± 2.66 16.00 ± 3.61 19.96 ± 2.80 19.57 ± 2.91 20.67 ± 3.52 Test Z=-3.570; p = 0.000 Z=-0.713; p = 0.476 Z=-1.453; p = 0.146 Z=-0.90; p = 0.928 Z=-0.835; p = 0.404 Z=-2.627; p = 0.009 Z=-0.091; p = 0.928 Z=-0.219; p = 0.826 Z = Mann-Whitney U Testi, X² = Kruskal Wallis H Testi a, b = According to the Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction, there is a statistical difference between them, p < 0.05 Breastfeeding Timing and Self-Efficacy A statistically significant difference was observed between the timing of initial breastfeeding and BSES-SF scores (χ² = 8.448; p = 0.038). Mothers who initiated breastfeeding immediately after birth had significantly higher self-efficacy scores compared to those who initiated within 60 minutes or later (Table 2 ). Influence of Social Environment Participants who reported positive breastfeeding attitudes within their social environment had significantly higher BSES-SF scores (Z = -4.648; p < 0.001) and significantly higher structural style subscale scores of PRS (Z = -2.294; p = 0.022) compared to those with negative attitudes (Table 2 ). Supplementary Feeding and Pacifier Use Mothers who did not consider giving supplementary food other than breast milk had significantly higher BSES-SF scores than those who did (Z = -6.725; p < 0.001). Additionally, mothers who did not consider using pacifiers or bottles in the first two months postpartum had significantly higher self-efficacy (Z = -3.570; p < 0.001) and higher self-perception scores (Z = -2.627; p = 0.009) (Table 2 ). Correlation Analysis A significant but weak positive correlation was found between the “social competence” subdimension of PRS and BSES-SF scores (r = 0.147; p 0.05) (Table 3 ). Table 3 Correlations BSES and PRS Scores (n = 311) Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. PRS Total 1 2. Self-perception 0.549** 3. Future perception 0.523** 0.219** 4. Structural style 0.417** 0.191** 0.187** 5. Social competence 0.549** 0.321** 0.076 0.135* 6. Family harmony 0.517** 0.082 0.236** 0.044 0.019 7. Social resources 0.638** 0.177** 0.165** 0.152* 0.257** 0.356** 8. BSES 0.017 0.05 -0.04 0.086 0.147** -0.101 0.014 1 *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001. Discussion This study investigated the relationship between psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy in new mothers during the early postpartum period. Our findings contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting that psychosocial factors—such as maternal confidence, social support, and coping capacity—play a critical role in breastfeeding outcomes. The mean breastfeeding self-efficacy score (54.87 ± 8.9) observed in this study aligns with previous research conducted in Turkey and internationally, confirming the consistency of self-efficacy levels among first-time mothers across different populations [ 9 , 10 ]. Notably, self-efficacy was significantly higher in mothers who initiated breastfeeding immediately after birth and in those surrounded by positive breastfeeding attitudes. These findings underscore the importance of immediate postpartum practices and a supportive social environment in enhancing maternal confidence. Similarly, mothers who chose not to introduce supplementary food or pacifiers in the early postpartum period reported higher self-efficacy. This aligns with prior evidence indicating that increased self-efficacy leads to greater confidence in exclusive breastfeeding, reducing reliance on alternatives [ 11 , 12 ]. Regarding psychological resilience, our findings revealed a significant association between the “social competence” subdimension of the PRS and breastfeeding self-efficacy. While total PRS scores did not correlate significantly with BSES-SF scores, the social competence dimension—which reflects the ability to seek and benefit from support—emerged as a key factor. This supports the findings of Guo et al. and Ma et al., who highlighted that environmental and social support systems are crucial in fostering both resilience and successful breastfeeding [ 7 , 12 – 16 ]. Interestingly, mothers with planned pregnancies showed higher social competence scores, possibly reflecting their preparedness for motherhood and greater psychological resources. These results suggest that beyond clinical support, interventions should address broader social and emotional determinants of breastfeeding behavior [ 17 – 19 ]. Although studies on the direct relationship between resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy are limited, our results are consistent with literature indicating that greater psychological resilience enhances coping strategies, emotional regulation, and maternal self-confidence [ 19 , 20 ]. This further justifies the integration of resilience-building strategies into maternal and child health programs. Limitations of the Research This study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. Firstly, the cross-sectional design precludes the establishment of causal relationships between psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess changes over time and determine causality. Secondly, the study was conducted in a single urban hospital in Istanbul, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other settings or populations, particularly rural areas or different cultural contexts. Thirdly, data were collected through self-reported questionnaires, which may be subject to social desirability bias or recall bias. Participants might have overestimated their resilience or self-efficacy levels. Additionally, the study did not account for potential confounding variables such as postpartum depression, anxiety levels, or social support systems, which could influence both psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Lastly, the exclusion of multiparous mothers limits the applicability of the findings to first-time mothers only. Future research should include diverse maternal experiences to enhance the comprehensiveness of the results. Conclusions and Practice Implications This study highlights the important role of psychological resilience—particularly social competence—in shaping breastfeeding self-efficacy among new mothers. While overall psychological resilience was not directly correlated with breastfeeding self-efficacy, the ability to access and benefit from social support significantly influenced maternal confidence and breastfeeding behavior. These findings suggest that healthcare providers should assess not only the clinical needs of postpartum mothers but also their psychological strengths and vulnerabilities. Integrating resilience-focused education and psychosocial support into routine postpartum care may empower mothers, promote exclusive breastfeeding, and enhance maternal well-being. Targeted interventions should prioritize at-risk groups such as mothers of premature or ill infants, those with limited social support, and individuals with unplanned pregnancies. Screening tools that evaluate both breastfeeding self-efficacy and resilience may assist healthcare professionals in identifying those who require additional support early in the postpartum period. Investing in culturally appropriate support programs that foster maternal resilience and self-efficacy can contribute to sustained breastfeeding outcomes and improved maternal-child health. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethics committee approval for this study was received from the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of a university in Istanbul (Decision Number: 698/17.06.2021). Then, permission was obtained from the institution where the research was conducted. The purpose of the study was explained to the mothers who participated in the study voluntarily, they were informed that their data would be anonymized, and their verbal and written consent was obtained. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declared no competing of interest. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors' contributions - provide individual author contribution Z..Y.B. and Y.Y.V. conceptualized and designed the study, drafted the initial manuscript, interpreted the data, and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. Z.Y.B. and Y.Y.V. carried out the data analyses and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript, reviewed and summarized literature and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Acknowledgements We thank all women who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. This study did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. References Meredith LS, Sherbourne CD, Gaillot SJ et al. 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Int Breastfeed J. 2022;17(1):1–15. 10.1186/s13006-022-00459-8 . Basım HN, Çetin F. Yetişkinler için psikolojik dayanıklılık ölçeği’nin güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2011;22(2):104–14. Palancı Ay Ö, Aktaş S. The effect of maternal functional and postpartum depression status on breastfeeding self-efficacy of the mothers: A cross-sectional study. Health Care Women Int. 2024;45(2):236–50. Mercan Y, Tari Selcuk K. Association between postpartum depression level, social support level and breastfeeding attitude and breastfeeding self-efficacy in early postpartum women.PloS one. 2021;16(4):e0249538. Faridvand F, Mirghafourvand M, Malakouti J, et al. Relationship between social support and breastfeeding self-efficacy among women in Tabriz, Iran. Br J Midwifery. 2017;25(2):103–9. Maleki-Saghooni N, Amel Barez M, Karimi FZ. Investigation of the relationship between social support and breastfeeding self-efficacy in primiparous breastfeeding mothers. 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Pharmacol Ther. 2020;214:107602. 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107602 . Handayani L, Kosnin AM, Jiar YK. The role of social support, knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy in breastfeeding: Social cognitive perspective. Buletin Psikologi. 2010;18(1):13–8. Ma R, Yang F, Zhang L, et al. Resilience mediates the effect of self-efficacy on symptoms of prenatal anxiety among pregnant women: a nationwide smart phone cross-sectional study in China. BMC pregnancy child birth. 2021;21(1):1–9. 10.1186/s12884-021-03911-5 . Basiri B, Barati M, Khazaei S et al. Effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care by Role-Playing Method on Mother’s Resilience and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, a Randomized Controlled Trial. 2021; 10.21203/rs.3.rs-453688/v1 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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However, the early postpartum period presents several physiological and psychological challenges that can interfere with breastfeeding success. Among these, psychological resilience\u0026mdash;a person\u0026rsquo;s capacity to adapt positively in the face of adversity\u0026mdash;and breastfeeding self-efficacy\u0026mdash;a mother's confidence in her ability to breastfeed\u0026mdash;have emerged as critical, yet underexplored, determinants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological resilience is defined by the American Psychological Association as the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, or significant stress. It is shaped by a combination of biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors, including family relationships, emotional support, and socioeconomic status. Resilient individuals are better equipped to cope with stress and maintain health-promoting behaviors such as breastfeeding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-efficacy, as conceptualized by Bandura, refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations. Dennis extended this theory to breastfeeding, defining breastfeeding self-efficacy as a mother\u0026rsquo;s confidence in her ability to breastfeed her infant, cope with challenges, and persist through difficulties. High levels of self-efficacy are associated with improved breastfeeding outcomes and longer breastfeeding duration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExisting literature suggests that many mothers experience uncertainty and anxiety about breastfeeding, especially in the early postpartum period. This is particularly evident among new mothers, who are navigating new experiences with infant care. While various studies have independently examined the effects of psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy, few have explored the interaction between these two concepts [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4 CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the lack of research on this topic, the current study aims to fill this gap by examining the relationship between psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy in new mothers. Understanding this association can inform healthcare providers in designing culturally sensitive interventions to support and enhance maternal confidence and psychological strength during the postpartum period.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy Design and Setting\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted between July 2021 and July 2022 at the postpartum ward of a university hospital located in a district of Istanbul, Turkey.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study population consisted of new mothers aged 18\u0026ndash;49 who had recently given birth, were currently breastfeeding, could speak and understand Turkish, and agreed to participate voluntarily. Based on regional health directorate records, 1,286 new mothers gave birth in the district during the previous year. Using a sample size table for a known population, a minimum of 292 participants was deemed sufficient at a 5% margin of error and 95% confidence level. Allowing for possible attrition, the final sample included 311 mothers who met the inclusion criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Collection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected through structured, face-to-face interviews conducted by the researchers. Each interview lasted approximately 15\u0026ndash;20 minutes. Informed verbal and written consent was obtained from all participants before data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInstruments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntroductory Information Form: Developed by the researchers, this 15-item form collected data on sociodemographic, obstetric, and socioeconomic characteristics of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePsychological Resilience Scale for Adults (PRS): Developed by Friborg et al. (2005) and adapted into Turkish by Basım and \u0026Ccedil;etin (2011), this 33-item scale measures six subdimensions: self-perception, future perception, structural style, family harmony, social competence, and social resources\u0026nbsp;[8]. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicate greater resilience. In this study, the Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient was 0.74.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale\u0026ndash;Short Form (BSES-SF): Originally developed by Dennis, this 14-item scale assesses mothers\u0026rsquo; confidence in their ability to breastfeed. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all confident, 5 = always confident). Higher scores indicate greater breastfeeding self-efficacy. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient in this study was 0.85.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was obtained from the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Istanbul Medipol University (Decision No: 698/17.06.2021). Written institutional permission was also obtained from the hospital administration. Participation was voluntary, and all data were anonymized prior to analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Since the data were not normally distributed, non-parametric tests were used. The Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U test was employed for two-group comparisons, and the Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis test was used for more than two groups. When significant differences were found, post hoc comparisons were performed using the Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to examine associations between scale scores. Statistical significance was set at p\u0026lt;0.05.The research was conducted with new mothers who applied to a university hospital in a district of Istanbul between July 2021 and July 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eParticipant Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the participants was 28.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.62 years. Most of the mothers (88.4%) and their spouses (80.1%) were university graduates. A majority of the mothers (58.5%) were not employed, whereas 83.9% of spouses were employed. Most participants (98.4%) reported average income levels and lived in nuclear family structures (94.9%) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the participants (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;311)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28,22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 ve \u0026uuml;zeri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity and up\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpouse\u0026rsquo;s education status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity and up\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorking satatus\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpouse\u0026rsquo;s working status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncome rate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncome less than expenses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncome equal to expenses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncome exceeds expenses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily structure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNucleer family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtended family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroken family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarriage duration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;9 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;19 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;27 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003emin\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Lowest value, max\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Highest value, Sd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard deviation.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding and Psychosocial Measures\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean total score on the Psychological Resilience Scale (PRS) was 104.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.4, and the mean total score on the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale\u0026ndash;Short Form (BSES-SF) was 54.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Participant\u0026rsquo;s Breastfeeding Status BSES and PRS Scores (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;311)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables (n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructural style\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture perception\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily harmony\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-perception\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial competence Social resources\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding status (n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight after birth (113)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.76\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ein 60 minutes (123)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.63\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ein 24 minutes (46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.92\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eafter the first 24 hours (29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTest\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eχ\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u0026thinsp;8.448; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.235; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.877; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.083; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.567; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.213; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.985; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.805\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.987; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBreastfeeding attitudes of the close circle (n)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive (267)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative (44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTest\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZ=-4.648; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-1.411; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZ=-2.294; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.022\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.964; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.044; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.356; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.722\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.155; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.877\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0,123; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIdea of giving supplementary food (n)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (219)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTest\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZ=-6.725; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-1.007; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.314\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.652; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.696; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.486\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.033; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-1.592; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.144; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.886\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.172; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.863\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePacifier use status (n)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (173)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo(138)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTest\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZ=-3.570; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.713; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-1.453; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.90; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.835; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZ=-2.627; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.091; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.219; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.826\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eZ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mann-Whitney U Testi, X\u0026sup2; = Kruskal Wallis H Testi a, b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;According to the Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction, there is a statistical difference between them, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding Timing and Self-Efficacy\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA statistically significant difference was observed between the timing of initial breastfeeding and BSES-SF scores (χ\u0026sup2; = 8.448; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038). Mothers who initiated breastfeeding immediately after birth had significantly higher self-efficacy scores compared to those who initiated within 60 minutes or later (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of Social Environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants who reported positive breastfeeding attitudes within their social environment had significantly higher BSES-SF scores (Z = -4.648; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and significantly higher structural style subscale scores of PRS (Z = -2.294; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.022) compared to those with negative attitudes (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupplementary Feeding and Pacifier Use\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers who did not consider giving supplementary food other than breast milk had significantly higher BSES-SF scores than those who did (Z = -6.725; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Additionally, mothers who did not consider using pacifiers or bottles in the first two months postpartum had significantly higher self-efficacy (Z = -3.570; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and higher self-perception scores (Z = -2.627; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA significant but weak positive correlation was found between the \u0026ldquo;social competence\u0026rdquo; subdimension of PRS and BSES-SF scores (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.147; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). No significant correlation was found between the total PRS score and BSES-SF (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelations BSES and PRS Scores (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;311)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. PRS Total\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Self-perception\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.549**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Future perception\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.523**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.219**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Structural style\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.417**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.191**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.187**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Social competence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.549**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.321**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Family harmony\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.517**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.236**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. Social resources\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.638**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.177**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.165**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.152*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.257**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.356**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. BSES\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.147**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e*p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the relationship between psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy in new mothers during the early postpartum period. Our findings contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting that psychosocial factors\u0026mdash;such as maternal confidence, social support, and coping capacity\u0026mdash;play a critical role in breastfeeding outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean breastfeeding self-efficacy score (54.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9) observed in this study aligns with previous research conducted in Turkey and internationally, confirming the consistency of self-efficacy levels among first-time mothers across different populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Notably, self-efficacy was significantly higher in mothers who initiated breastfeeding immediately after birth and in those surrounded by positive breastfeeding attitudes. These findings underscore the importance of immediate postpartum practices and a supportive social environment in enhancing maternal confidence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, mothers who chose not to introduce supplementary food or pacifiers in the early postpartum period reported higher self-efficacy. This aligns with prior evidence indicating that increased self-efficacy leads to greater confidence in exclusive breastfeeding, reducing reliance on alternatives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding psychological resilience, our findings revealed a significant association between the \u0026ldquo;social competence\u0026rdquo; subdimension of the PRS and breastfeeding self-efficacy. While total PRS scores did not correlate significantly with BSES-SF scores, the social competence dimension\u0026mdash;which reflects the ability to seek and benefit from support\u0026mdash;emerged as a key factor. This supports the findings of Guo et al. and Ma et al., who highlighted that environmental and social support systems are crucial in fostering both resilience and successful breastfeeding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterestingly, mothers with planned pregnancies showed higher social competence scores, possibly reflecting their preparedness for motherhood and greater psychological resources. These results suggest that beyond clinical support, interventions should address broader social and emotional determinants of breastfeeding behavior [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Although studies on the direct relationship between resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy are limited, our results are consistent with literature indicating that greater psychological resilience enhances coping strategies, emotional regulation, and maternal self-confidence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. This further justifies the integration of resilience-building strategies into maternal and child health programs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLimitations of the Research\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. Firstly, the cross-sectional design precludes the establishment of causal relationships between psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess changes over time and determine causality. Secondly, the study was conducted in a single urban hospital in Istanbul, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other settings or populations, particularly rural areas or different cultural contexts. Thirdly, data were collected through self-reported questionnaires, which may be subject to social desirability bias or recall bias. Participants might have overestimated their resilience or self-efficacy levels. Additionally, the study did not account for potential confounding variables such as postpartum depression, anxiety levels, or social support systems, which could influence both psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Lastly, the exclusion of multiparous mothers limits the applicability of the findings to first-time mothers only. Future research should include diverse maternal experiences to enhance the comprehensiveness of the results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions and Practice Implications","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights the important role of psychological resilience\u0026mdash;particularly social competence\u0026mdash;in shaping breastfeeding self-efficacy among new mothers. While overall psychological resilience was not directly correlated with breastfeeding self-efficacy, the ability to access and benefit from social support significantly influenced maternal confidence and breastfeeding behavior.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings suggest that healthcare providers should assess not only the clinical needs of postpartum mothers but also their psychological strengths and vulnerabilities. Integrating resilience-focused education and psychosocial support into routine postpartum care may empower mothers, promote exclusive breastfeeding, and enhance maternal well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTargeted interventions should prioritize at-risk groups such as mothers of premature or ill infants, those with limited social support, and individuals with unplanned pregnancies. Screening tools that evaluate both breastfeeding self-efficacy and resilience may assist healthcare professionals in identifying those who require additional support early in the postpartum period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvesting in culturally appropriate support programs that foster maternal resilience and self-efficacy can contribute to sustained breastfeeding outcomes and improved maternal-child health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics committee approval for this study was received from the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of a university in Istanbul (Decision Number: 698/17.06.2021). Then, permission was obtained from the institution where the research was conducted. The purpose of the study was explained to the mothers who participated in the study voluntarily, they were informed that their data would be anonymized, and their verbal and written consent was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declared no competing of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions - provide individual author contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZ..Y.B. and Y.Y.V. conceptualized and designed the study, drafted the initial manuscript, interpreted the data, and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. Z.Y.B. and Y.Y.V. carried out the data analyses and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript, reviewed and summarized literature and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank all women who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeredith LS, Sherbourne CD, Gaillot SJ et al. Promoting Psychological Resilience in the U.S. Military. 2011. 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Effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care by Role-Playing Method on Mother\u0026rsquo;s Resilience and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, a Randomized Controlled Trial. 2021; \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.21203/rs.3.rs-453688/v1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-453688/v1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Breastfeeding, self-efficacy, psychological resilience, new mothers, postpartum support","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6601005/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6601005/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe early postpartum period is often marked by psychological and physiological challenges that can affect breastfeeding outcomes. Maternal psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy are key factors influencing breastfeeding success.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to examine the association between psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy in new mothers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2021 and July 2022 at a maternity unit in Istanbul, Turkey. A total of 311 new mothers aged 18\u0026ndash;49 participated in the study. Data were collected through structured face-to-face interviews using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Psychological Resilience Scale for Adults (PRS), and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean PRS total score was 104.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.4, and the mean BSES-SF score was 54.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9. Planned pregnancy, early initiation of breastfeeding, and positive breastfeeding attitudes in the social environment were significantly associated with higher scores on both scales (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). A significant positive correlation was identified between the 'social competence' subscale of the PRS and BSES-SF scores (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnhancing psychological resilience through targeted support programs may improve breastfeeding self-efficacy among new mothers. Healthcare professionals should consider culturally sensitive approaches to identify and support vulnerable groups.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Relationship Between Psychological Resilience and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Levels of New Mothers","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-07 03:32:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6601005/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2ebd40c0-28f2-4238-86d5-6020f22d4a49","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-14T05:24:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-07 03:32:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6601005","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6601005","identity":"rs-6601005","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}