Performance of Marigold in Harad (Terminalia chebula) Based Agroforestry System

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Akram, Meenakshi Gupta, L M Gupta, Mohd Javaid This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4878436/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The current study aims to determine the impact of tree components on Tagetes erecta development and yield, as well as to assess the economic feasibility of an agroforestry system based on Harad and marigold. Nine treatments, each with three replications, were included in the RBD (Randomized Block Design) experiment layout.Three marigold types, PusaBasantiGainda, PusaNarangiGainda, and Medium-M45, were planted under the canopy of a Harad (Terminaliachebula) tree at two different distances, D1: 0–1 m and D2: 1-2 m, with a single cropping of PusaBasantiGainda, PusaNarangiGainda, and Medium-M45 serving as the control.As a result of competition for light and other natural resources, the results showed that Harad (Terminalia chebula) inhibited the development and yield of the marigold cultivars Pusa Basanti Gainda, Pusa Narangi Gainda, and Medium-M45 at 0-1m and 1-2m relative to the tree. Under canopy, the MediumM45 outperformed the Pusa Narangi Gainda and Pusa Basanti Gainda at all tree distances.In control settings (open air), marigold variety growth and yield were at its highest.Furthermore, in open circumstances, MediumM45 outperformed the other two types.In the context of an agroforestry system, the highest B:C ratio was found in Harad + Medium-M45 (8.89), followed by Harad + PusaNarangiGainda (6.43) and Harad + PusaBasantiGainda (6.15). For a single crop, the highest B:C ratio was found in Medium-M45 (7.15), followed by PusaNarangiGainda (2.5) and PusaBasantiGainda (1.63).The three Gainda locations with the greatest LER values were PusaBasanti (2.89), PusaNarangi (2.62), and Medium-M45 (1.68).The findings of this investigation indicate that Marigold can be successfully integrated with the harad plantations. The bestvariety is Medium-M45 and PusaNarangiGainda has better growth and yield compared to PusaBasantiGainda. Since the three systems had LER >1 it could be recommended to farmers under sub-tropical region of Jammu,J&K. Terminaliachebula PusaBasantiGainda PusaNarangiGainda Medium-M45 Growth and yield B: C ratio LER Introduction Trees in agroforestry achieve numerous objectives, especially food, nutrition, employment, health, and environmental safety. To achieve the desired outcome out of agroforestry, multipurpose tree species like Azadirachta, Meliacomposita , Leucaena, Eucalyptus , Terminaliachebula , etc., are preferred by farmers as these species generate continuous income during a short period of time. They also help in mitigating the effect of global warming through carbon sequestration. Harad or Haritaki ( Terminaliachebula Retz.) is a very significant indigenous multi-purpose tree species that belongs to the Combretaceae family and is also known as Myrobalan, Harrar, Harra, Hirda, and Haritaki. It is a valuable plant in pharmaceuticals, because of its variety of therapeutic purposes. The agricultural component of the agroforestry system has already revealed its great potential to meet the various needs of farmers and farm-based industries.Besides pulses, grains, medicinal and aromatic plants, floriculture is poised to play a significant role in the socioeconomic transformation of marginal lands into more productive agrarian economies. Flower cultivation in agroforestry has opened up new research and development opportunities (Prakash, 2011 ). Marigold ( Tageteserecta ) belonging to family Asteraceae, is a widely used loose flower for producing garlands for religious and social functions in India. The crop has short life span, requires little investment and care. Due to its habit of free flowering, short duration, and wide spectrum of appealing colour, shape, and size it has picked the interest of flower growers (Singh et al., 2016 ). It can be grown as a single crop or intercropped with other crops/trees. The interspace between the trees can be effectively utilized by growing this short duration highly remunerative crop. In this endeavor, the present study was undertaken to find out the best variety of marigold that can be grown in haradplantation.Three varieties of Marigold (PusaBasantiGainda, PusaNarangiGainda and Medium-M45) were grown and assessed for their performance. Material and method The experiment was conducted at the experimental area of Division of Agroforestry of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu. The site falls under sub-tropical zone of Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir UT. It is located at an altitude of 332 m above mean sea level between 32 o -40 N latitude and 74 o -58 , E longitude. Summers are hot and dry, and winters are bitterly cold. The site receives roughly 1100 mm of rain on an annual basis. In June, the maximum temperature reaches 45°C, while the lowest temperature is 10°C in January. The summer season typically begins in April and ends in June. The rainy season (July to September) begins with South-West monsoon and is considered the most important climatologically event from agriculture point of view. The weather continues dry in the months of October and November, although the temperatures decrease. The winter season starts in December and lasts until the end of March. The Experiment was laid out in randomized block design during rabi season.The treatment consisted of three varieties of marigold, PusaNarangiGainda ,PusaBasantiGainda and Medium-M45 grown under 10 years old plantation of Terminaliachebula trees planted at a spacing of 5 m x 4 m. The three varieties of marigold PusaNarangiGainda, PusaBasantiGainda and Medium-M45 were planted in between the tree rows as well as in the open (without trees) to serve as control. The growth and yield performance was studied at two distances from the base of the tree (D 1 = 0–1 m and (D 2 = 1–2 m. Nine treatment combinations were studied: T 1 V 1 (PusaBasantiGainda) with 0-1m distance from the tree, T 2 V 1 (PusaBasantiGainda) with 1-2m distance from the tree, T 3 V 2 (PusaNarangiGainda) with 0-1m distance from the tree, T 4 V 2 (PusaNarangiGainda) with 1-2m distance from the tree, T 5 V 3 (M-45) with 0-1m distance from the tree, T 6 V 3 (M-45) with 1-2m distance from the tree, T 7 Control (PusaBasantiGainda) grown in open without tree, T 8 Control (PusaNarangiGainda) grown in open without tree and T 9 Control (M-45) grown in open without tree. Following growth and yield parameters were recorded to assess the performance of marigold: Plant height (cm), Plant spread (cm 2 ), No. of primary branches per plant, Days taken to 50% flowering, No. of flowers per plant, Flower size (Diameter) (cm), Av. fresh weight of flower (g), Duration of flowering (days), Flower yield per plant (g) and Shelf life of flowers (days) Results 3.1 Effect of harad trees on plant height, number of branches and plant spread in marigold varieties During the recording of growth parameters, there was 60–70% interception of light below the tree canopy. The shade affected the various parameters as described below: Shade affected the height of marigold species. The height of PusaBasantiGainda increased from 46.77cm at distance 0-1m to 49.07 cm at 1-2m distance. There was a reduction of 13.50%, and 9.24% in height under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1-2m distance respectively compared to open conditions (54.07cm). In PusaNarangiGainda, reduction of 9.91%, and 4.48% in height under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1-2m respectively compared to open conditions (60.02cm) was observed. In Medium-M45, there was a reduction of 15.47% and 7.36% in height under tree canopy at 0-1m; 1-2m distance respectively compared to open conditions (30.43cm). The plant height in all three species under canopy of trees at 1-2m distance was statistically higher than at 0-1m distance from the tree. The number of branches of PusaBasantiGainda was lower (6.20) at 0-1m distance compared to (6.80) at distance 1-2m respectively. The number of primary branches of PusaNarangiGainda increased from 5.20 at distance 0-1m to 6.13 at 1-2m. The number of primary branches of Medium-M45 increased from 8.13 at distance 0-1m to 9.13 at 1-2m. Under the canopy of trees, the number of primary branches at a distance of 1-2m was statistically higher than that of (0-1m) distance respectively. Under the tree canopy the spread of PusaBasantiGainda increased from 25.11 cm 2 at 0–1 m to 27.00 cm 2 at 1–2 m distance. While it was 30.77 cm 2 in control. In PusaNarangiGainda the plant spread was statistically lower at both distances from tree compared to its control (open condition). The spread of crop increased from 29.17 cm 2 at distance 0-1m to 31.35cm 2 at 1-2m distance, in open it was recorded to be 35.18 cm 2 the spread of crop under canopy at a distance of 1-2m was statistically higher than at 0-1m distance from the tree. Similarly in Medium-M45 the plant spread was statistically lower at both distances from tree compared to its control (open condition). The spread of crop increased from 33.05 cm 2 at distance 0-1m to 34.40 cm 2 at 1-2m distance. The spread of crop under canopy at a distance of 1-2m distance was statistically higher than 0-1m distance from the tree. (Table 1 ) 3.2 Effect of harad trees on flower growth and yield in marigold varieties At the time of maturity, the number of fully grown flowers per plant was counted, and the average number of flowers per plant was calculated. In PusaBasantiGainda, there was a significant increase in number of flowers from 22.33 at 0-1m to 27.00 at 1-2m distance. The highest number of flowers below tree canopy was at 1-2m distance which was statistically superior to 0–1 m distance respectively from the tree. Maximum number of flowers (28.67) was recorded in control. In PusaNarangiGainda, the numbers of flowers per plant was 30.00 and 33.33 at 0–1 m and 1–2 m distance from the tree under canopy respectively. The highest number of flowers under trees canopy was observed at 1–2 m distance which was statistically superior to 0-1m distance respectively from the tree. Again maximum number of flowers (34.67) was recorded in control. In Medium-M45, there was a significant increase in number of flowers from 37.67 at 0-1m to 38.67 at 1-2m distance. The highest number of flowers under canopy of trees at 1-2m distance was statistically superior to 0-1m distance respectively from the tree. The maximum (39.00) number of flower per plant was observed in Medium-M45 in control (T 9 ) and 38.67 at 1-2m distance from the tree in (T 6 ) among varieties. For calculating days taken to 50% flowering the number of days taken from the date of transplanting to the date of completion of 50 percent flowering in the bed was recorded. In PusaBasantiGainda the days taken to 50 per cent flowering was in order 85.10 days (0-1m) and 81.93 days at 1-2m distance from the tree under canopy. This indicated that the days taken to 50 per cent flowering at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was more by 12.25%, and 8.86% respectively compared to open conditions. PusaNarangiGainda took 75.31 days at 0-1m and 72.73 days at 1-2m to reach 50 percent flowering. In open conditions it took 74.67 days. This indicated that the days taken to 50 per cent flowering at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was more by 4.99%, and 2.65% respectively compared to open conditions. Similarly in Medium-M45 days taken to 50 per cent flowering in this variety was 64.33days at 0-1m and 62.27 days at 1-2m distance from the tree. In open the 50% flowering was completed in 60.88 days. This indicated that the days taken to 50 per cent flowering at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was more by 5.36%, and 2.85% respectively compared to open conditions (Table 2 ). The flower size of PusaBasantiGainda was higher (6.73 cm) at 0-1m distances from the tree (T 1 ) but lower (6.27 cm) at 1-2m distance from the tree (T 2 ). The size was highest (6.84 cm) under control. In PusaNarangiGainda the flower size recorded was (6.71 cm) at 0-1m and at 1–2 m, it was found to be (5.20 cm). In control the same variety had attained the average size of (6.97cm). The flower size of Medium-M45 under the tree canopy was statistically lower under all distances from tree compared to its control (open condition). Maximum flower size (10.07 cm) was recorded in control followed by (9.17 cm) at distance 1–2 m (T 6 ) and (8.5 cm) (T 5 ). The average flower weight was estimated using the weight of freshly plucked flowers from the sample plants. Interestingly, under the tree canopy the flower weight of PusaBasantiGainda was statistically higher (8.21 g) at 0-1m distance from tree compared to (7.52 g) at 1-2m distance from the tree. In control the flower weight was recorded as 9.18 g. The flower weight of PusaNarangiGainda was statistically lower (7.63 g) at 1-2m and (7.36g) at 0–1 m from tree compared to its control (9.65 g -open condition). Similarly in Medium-M45 the flower weight was maximum (13.08 g) in control. Below the tree canopy, the flower weight was higher (10.42 g) at 1–2 m compared to 9.90 g at 0–1 m from the tree base. The total number of flowering days was calculated from the day of flower bud initiation to the day the plant stopped flowering completely. In PusaBasantiGainda, the highest duration of flowering (46.32 days) was found in control (T 7 ) followed by (43.57) days in T 2 and 43.00 days in T 1 . This indicated that the duration of flowering at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was less by 7.18%, and 5.95% respectively compared to open conditions. In PusaNarangiGainda, maximum duration (50.33 days) was recorded in T 8 (control) followed by 46.33 days in T 4 and 46.00 in T3 which were statistically at par. This showed reduction of 26.31% and 19.38% in flowering duration under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1-2m respectively compare to open conditions distance from the tree under canopy. Similar trend was found in Medium-M45. Treatments T 5 and T 6 were statistically at par with each other Maximum duration (52 days) was recorded in control. This shows reduction of 4.48%, and 3.21% in flowering duration under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1-2m respectively compared to open conditions. Number of flowers per plant, flower weight per plant and duration of flowering influenced the flower yield per plant. It was found to be maximum in Medium-M45 compared to PusaBasantiGainda and PusaNarangiGainda at each distance from the tree viz., 0-1m and 1-2m. The flower yield per plant in this variety increased from 369.57g at distance 0-1m to 401.94g at 1-2m distance. While in control maximum yield (510.99g) was registered. There was decrease of 27.67%, and 21.34% in flower yield per plant under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1–2 m respectively compared to open conditions. In PusaBasantiGainda, highest yield per plant (265.10g) was recorded in T 7 while under the tree canopy highest yield (200.50 g) was recorded in T 2 . There was decline of 30.97%, and 24.36% in flower yield per plant under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1–2 m respectively compared to open conditions. InPusaNarangiGainda, maximum yield (332.23 g) was registered in control T 8 . Under the tree canopy highest yield (249.94 g) was recorded in T 4 followed by 219.50 g in T 3 .There was a decrease of 33.93%, and 24.76% in flower yield per plant under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1–2 m respectively compared to open conditions. Shelf life is the total life of a flower from the time of its cutting to the point of onset of any of the following conditions loss of full colour, loss of petals etc. The economic benefit from the flower cultivation ultimately depends on flower yield and shelf life of the flower and hence it is important to have record of shelf life. The variety Medium-M45 had higher shelf life than PusaNarangiGainda and PusaBasantiGainda. The maximum shelf life (6.81 days ) in PusaBasantiGainda was observed in T 1 (0-1m distance) and minimum (5.00 days) was observed in T 7 . This indicate that the shelf life of flowers (days) at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was more by 26.57% and 13.79% respectively compare to open condition. In PusaNarangiGainda longest shelf life (9.67 days) was recorded in T 3 and minimum (7.67 days) in T 8 . This indicate that the shelf life of flowers (days) at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was more by 20.68% and 13.43% respectively compare to open condition The shelf life of the flowers of Medium-M45 was maximum (11.51 days) in T 5 followed by T 4 (10.10 days) and minimum in T 9 (control-9.67 days). This indicate that the shelf life of flowers (days) at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was more by 16.05% and 5.1% respectively compared to open condition 3.3 Economic analysis of the agro forestry system Labour expenditure was highest in each agroforestry system (Rs. 67925) followed by each sole marigold variety (Rs. 52975) respectively. Lowest cost of cultivation was recorded in Harad + PusaBasantiGainda and Harad + PusaNarangiGainda based agroforestry system (Rs.1, 00878.40) respectively but it was higher in Medium-M45 + Harad (104378.40). Gross returns (Rs. /ha) The gross returns per hectare were highest in case of tree + flower agroforestry system, maximum gross return were recorded in Harad + Medium-M45 based agroforestry system (Rs.10, 32,660) followed by Harad + PusaNarangiGainda based agroforestry system (Rs 7, 49,880/), and Harad + PusaBasantiGainda In Sole cropping the maximum gross return were found in Medium-M45 (Rs 7, 29,720), followed by PusaNarangiGainda (Rs 3, 03,080) and Pusa Basanti (Rs 2, 26,520). Net returns (Rs. /ha) The net returns per hectare were highest in agroforestry system Harad + Medium-M45crop (Rs.9, 28281.60) followed by Harad + PusaNarangiGainda based agroforestry system (Rs.6, 49001.60) and Harad + PudaBasantiGainda (Rs. 6, 20601.61.60) and in sole crop the maximum net return was recorded in Medium-M45(Rs 640291.60) followed by PusaNarangiGainda (217151.60) and PusaBasantgainda (Rs 140,591.60) B:C Ratio The B: C ratio was highest (8.89) in Harad + Medium-45 followed by Harad + PusaNarangiGainda (6.43), and Harad + PusaBasantiGainda based agroforestry system (6.15) and in case of sole crop the Maximum Benefit cost ratio was recorded in Medium-M45 (7.15) followed by PusaNarangiGainda (2.5) and PusaBasantiGainda (1.63) LER (Land Equivalent Ratio) Regarding land equivalent ratio (LER) (Table), the highest figure (2.89) was observed in Harad + PusaBasantiGainda followed By Harad + PusaNarangiGainda (2.26) and Harad + Medium-M45 (1.68) Discussion When trees are integrated into an agroforestry system, positive or negative interactions between trees and crops occur (Basavaraju and Gururaja, 2000). The impact of trees on under storey crops is complicated depending on the local environmental conditions; the tree canopy can have a positive, negative, or neutral effect on plant production (Schade et al., 2003 ). In the present study, Terminaliachebula trees affected the growth and yield of marigold growing beneath its canopy. Under the tree canopy the average number of primary branches, plant spread, duration of flowering days, flower weight, flower yield per plant, flower yield quintal per hectare and shelf life in Medium-M45 was significantly higher thanPusaNarangiGainda and PusaBasantiGainda at both the respective distances from the tree. Amongst PusaBasantiGainda and PusaNarangiGainda, the average plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of flowers per plant, flower size, flower yield per plot, duration of flowering, were statistically higher in PusaNarangiGaindathanPusaBasantiGainda at all distances from the tree. It might be due to the genetic variability and morphological adaptations of the three varieties to the microclimatic conditions. The variation has also been reported by Deepa and Patil(2016) and Manik and Sharma(2016). Kumar ( 2016 )has also reported better plant height inPusaNarangiGainda than PusaBasantiGainda. Study also revealed the higher average flower yield (6145.83-15187.50 kg/ha) in PusaNarangiGainda than PusaBasantiGainda(5604.16-13687.50 kg/ha). In open conditions the plant height, plant spread, flower size, flower weight, flower yield per plant, flower yield per plot, duration of flowering, flower yield quintal per hectare and shelf life were significantly higher in Medium-M45 than PusaNarangiGainda and PusaBasantiGainda, respectively (Table 1 , 2 ) Under the tree cover the plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, duration of flowering, number of flower per plant, flower size, flower weight, flower yield per plant, flower yield per plot, flower yield quintal per hectare, duration of flowering, in all the three varieties was statistically lower at 0-1m and 1–2 m distance respectively from the tree compared to the control (open). The possible reason could be low light interception (60–70%) at 0-1m and 1-2m distance from the tree compared to the control. The distance of 1-2m from the tree was superior to 0-1m. In PusaNarangiGainda and PusaBasantiGainda also the plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, duration of flowering, number of flower per plant, flower yield per plant, flower yield per plot, flower yield quintal per hectare, duration of flowering under canopy at all the distances i.e. 0-1m and 1-2m from the tree was statistically lower compared to the control. The overall lower growth performance of three varieties at 0-1m than at 1-2m away from tree (under canopy) and open (control) could be attributed to lower light intensity (shading effect) reaching the crop level at nearer distance from tree. Lower light intensity and poor resources such as moisture, nutrients and radiant energy reduced the growth performance of marigold varieties under canopy compared to the open (control). The results are in conformity with Solanki et al., 2014 ;Sanwalet al.;2016; Noman et al., 2018 ; Gupta et al., 2020. Prakash and Pant ( 2015 ) have also reported lower plant height, plant spread, and number of side stems in Godetia grandiflora crop grown closer to trees than in open conditions in Grewiaoptiva- based agroforestry system. The overall better growth and yield at 1-2m distance from tree under canopy in the three marigold varieties could be attributed to the higher photosynthesis rate at the said distance and in open compared to distance 0-1m. According to Zhuet al., 2017 , low light has a substantial impact on plant agronomic qualities and inhibits physiological metabolic activities such as photosynthesis and antioxidant properties, as well as carbon and nitrogen fixation. It causes a delay in growth, a decrease in leaf weight, and a decrease in flower buds. The distance from the harad trees had a significant impact on the shelf life of the marigold varieties. The maximum shelf life was recorded in variety Medium-M45 under canopy at both distance 0-1m and 1-2m compared to control (open) conditions. Similar results of higher shelf life in flowers growing at 0-1m distance from the tree were recorded in other two varieties. Lower light and lower temperature help to maintenance of cell turgidity because higher water absorption and lower temperature near the tree base. Lower light lead to higher water absorption, which in turn helps in maintain the cell turgidity and hence the longer shelf life. The result is in agreement with Jadhav and Gourav (2019) and Khanal ( 2014 ). 4.1 Economic analysis Labour employment was highest in Harad + marigold based agroforestry system (with three varieties) followed by sole crop (three varieties) respectively. The cost of cultivation was also highest in agroforestry system followed by sole crop respectively. The higher employability (mandays/ha) in agroforestry system could be attributed to labour employment in harvesting tree fruit, management of harad trees in addition to crop management. Due to cost incurred in agroforestry systems for tree basin management and orchard maintenance in addition to cost of cultivation of intercrop, the overall cost of cultivation in agroforestry as a whole was higher than sole crop. In current study the gross returns from Harad + Medium-M45 were higher than other agroforestry system (Table 3.0). This could be attributed to higher market price of flowers of this variety in the study area. Net returns were highest in Harad + Medium-M45 followed by PusaNarangiGainda + Harad and Harad + PusaBasantiGainda based agroforestry system. In sole marigold varities highest net return was of Medium M45 followed by PusaNarangiGainda andPusaBasantiGainda (Table 3.0). The higher net returns in Medium- M45 (sole crop) and agroforestry system (Harad + Medium- M45) could be attributed to higher market price of Medium-M45 in the study area. B:C ratios were higher in Harad + Medium-M45 (8.89) followed by Harad + PusaNarangiGainda (6.43 ) and Hard + PusaBasantiGainda(6.15). In sole cropping Medium-45(7.15) was followed by PusaNarangiGainda(2.5) and PusaBasantiGainda(1.63) respectively. Higher B:C in sole Medium M45 could be attributed to higher gross returns and higher market price compared to both the other varieties. Similar results have been recorded by Sujatha et al., 2010 in arecanut based agroforestry system, Patil et al., 2012 in soybean with meliaazadirach agroforestry system and Solanki et al., 2014 in sapota jatropha based agroforestry system. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) is defined as the relative land area required for polycultures to afford the same yield as monocultures (Altieri et al., 2003). In this study Higher LER was recorded in Harad + PusaBasantiGainda (2.89) followed by Harad + PusaNarangiGainda (2.62) and Harad + Medium-M45 (1.68). Harad and Marigold intercropping exhibited LER greater than 1.0, thus showing the viability of growing Marigold under Harad trees. Conclusion There was 30–40% reduction in yield in all three varieties of Marigold when grown under the canopy. The overall performance of Medium-M45 was better than PusaBasanti and PusaNarangi under agroforestry sysem as well as open condition. The maximum LER ratio was recorded in Medium-M45 + Harad( 0.62) followed by PusaBasantiGainda + harad (0.61) and minimum LER ratio was recorded in PusaNarangiGainda + Harad. Since LER > 1 in each of Variety + harad tree combination, the system proves economically viable and beneficial and can be successfully recommendedto the farmers. 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Int J Agricultural Sci 10(1):267–271 Sujatha S, Bhat R, KannanC,Balasimha D (2010) Impact of intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants with organic farming approach on resource use efficiency in arecanut ( Areca catechu L.) plantation in India. J Industrial Crops Prod 33:78–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.09.001 Zhu H, Li X, Zhai W, Liu Y, Gao Q, Liu J, Ren L, Chen H, Zhu (2017) Effects of Low light on photosynthetic properties, antioxidant enzyme activity, and anthocyanin accumulation in purple pak-choi ( Brassica campestris ssp. Chinensis Makino) Plos one Y(6):e0179305. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179305 Tables Table 1: Effect of harad trees on plant height, number of branches and plant spread in marigold varieties Variety Treatments Average plant height (cm) Average number of Primary branches per plant Average plant spread (cm 2 ) Pusa Basanti Gainda(V 1 ) T 1 46.77 c 6.20 bc 25.11 e T 2 49.07 bc 6.80 bc 27.00 de Pusa NarangiGainda(V 2 ) T 3 54.07 abc 5.20 c 29.17 cde T 4 57.33 ab 6.13 c 31.35 bcd Medium-M45(V 3 ) T 5 25.72 d 8.13 abc 33.05 abc T 6 28.19 d 9.13 ab 34.40 abc Control (Open)V 1 T 7 54.07 abc 7.40 abc 30.77 bcde Control (Open)V 2 T 8 60.02 a 6.43 bc 35.18 ab Control (Open)V 3 T 9 30.43 d 10.13 a 37.77 a CD 0.05 8.56 2.93 5.75 Means with the same letter are not significantly different Table 2: Effect of harad trees on flower growth and yield in marigold varieties Variety Treatments Average number of flowers per plant Average days taken to 50% flowering Average flower size (cm) Average fresh weight of flower (g) Average duration of flowering (days) Average flower yield per plant(g) Average shelf life of flowers(days) Pusa Basanti Gainda(V 1 ) T 1 22.33 d 85.10 a 6.73 bcd 8.21 b 43.00 c 182.99 e 6.81 bcd T 2 27.00 cd 81.93 a 6.27 cd 7.52 b 43.57 bc 200.50 e 5.80 cd Pusa NarangiGainda(V 2 ) T 3 30.00 abcd 75.31 b 5.20 d 7.36 b 46.00 b 219.50 e 9.67 abcd T 4 33.33 abc 72.73 b 6.71 bcd 7.63 b 46.33 b 249.94 de 8.86 abc Medium-M45(V 3 ) T 5 37.67 ab 64.33 c 8.57 abc 9.90 ab 49.67 a 369.57 bc 11.52 a T 6 38.67 a 62.67 c 9.17 ab 10.42 ab 50.33 a 401.94 ab 10.10 ab Control (Open)V 1 T 7 28.67 bcd 74.67 b 6.84 bcd 9.18 ab 46.33 b 265.10 cde 5.00 d Control (Open)V 2 T 8 34.67 abc 71.55 b 6.97 bcd 9.65 ab 50.33 a 332.23 bcd 7.67 bcd Control (Open)V 3 T 9 39.00 a 60.88 c 10.07 a 13.08 a 52.00 a 510.99 a 9.67 ab CD 0.05 9.30 4.94 2.79 4.04 2.82 109.94 3.44 Means with the same letter are not significantly different Table 3: Economics of sole marigold crop and in agroforestry system. System(crop/tree) Yield (q/ha) Price/q (Rs.) Gross returns( Rs. /ha) Cost of cultivation (Rs./ha) Net returns (Rs./ha) B:C ratio LER Ratio Solecrop (Pusa Basanti) 56.63 # 4000.00 226520 8,5928.40 1,40,591.60 1.63 - Sole crop (Pusa Narangi 75.77 # 4000.00 303080 8,5928.40 2,17,151.60 2.5 - Sole crop (Medium-M45) 121.62 # 6000.00 729,720 8,9428.40 6,40,291.60 7.15 - AFS (Pusa Basanti Gainda +Harad) *34.12 +**130 # 4000.00 $ 4500.00 1,36,480 +5,85,000 =7,21,480 1,00,878.40 6,20,601.60 6.15 2.89 AFS (Pusa NarangiGainda +Harad) *41.42 +**130 # 4000.00 $ 4500.00 1,65,680 +5,85,000 =7,49,880 1,00,878.40 6,49,001.60 6.43 2.26 AFS (Medium-M45+Harad) *74.61 +**130 # 6000.00 $ 4500.00 4,47,660 +5,85,000 =1,032660 1,04,378.40 9,28,281.60 8.89 1.68 (*-Flower yield of marigold **-Harad tree yield) ( # Marigold price/q, $ Harad fruit price) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Akram","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohd.","middleName":"","lastName":"Akram","suffix":""},{"id":339741698,"identity":"9e2b5335-68bf-4d45-832f-72a8f5f44989","order_by":1,"name":"Meenakshi Gupta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meenakshi","middleName":"","lastName":"Gupta","suffix":""},{"id":339741699,"identity":"02cc7b48-bc82-4b33-a614-dd3cb39062eb","order_by":2,"name":"L M Gupta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"L","middleName":"M","lastName":"Gupta","suffix":""},{"id":339741700,"identity":"7710f67e-f61a-43e5-8314-0727be2de31e","order_by":3,"name":"Mohd Javaid","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYgkcDGwGDAkHzgQEIFkMfM3ECslrTEBx/OgLQw4tcCAWAtOcaGM9vgxuAGzO1nDD88KNsmZ86eYybNO682mr8dqOVHxTbcDuvJMZZIOHfb2LLnWZk077bjuTMOMzYw9py5jccvaQkSiW23EzfcSN4G1HIstwGohZmxDY+W/mfJPyBaEoAOm3Msdz5BLTOSj0FtSQF6v6EmdwNhLY+PWYD8YnDmGTCQjx3I3QjUchCfXwz7E5tv/ii7LWdwHBSVNXW5884fPvjgRwUeLQ2o/MNg8gBO9UAgj8avw6d4FIyCUTAKRigAALwYZ4k59M6GAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohd","middleName":"","lastName":"Javaid","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-08 06:04:57","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4878436/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4878436/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":62423706,"identity":"d918b3dc-20a4-406b-b396-c0c5c6fd2e06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-14 04:28:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":738564,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4878436/v1/a5b86213-5e48-46e2-af9d-9e996093cfe0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Performance of Marigold in Harad (Terminalia chebula) Based Agroforestry System","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTrees in agroforestry achieve numerous objectives, especially food, nutrition, employment, health, and environmental safety. To achieve the desired outcome out of agroforestry, multipurpose tree species like \u003cem\u003eAzadirachta, Meliacomposita\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLeucaena, Eucalyptus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTerminaliachebula\u003c/em\u003e, etc., are preferred by farmers as these species generate continuous income during a short period of time. They also help in mitigating the effect of global warming through carbon sequestration. Harad or Haritaki (\u003cem\u003eTerminaliachebula\u003c/em\u003eRetz.) is a very significant indigenous multi-purpose tree species that belongs to the Combretaceae family and is also known as Myrobalan, Harrar, Harra, Hirda, and Haritaki. It is a valuable plant in pharmaceuticals, because of its variety of therapeutic purposes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe agricultural component of the agroforestry system has already revealed its great potential to meet the various needs of farmers and farm-based industries.Besides pulses, grains, medicinal and aromatic plants, floriculture is poised to play a significant role in the socioeconomic transformation of marginal lands into more productive agrarian economies. Flower cultivation in agroforestry has opened up new research and development opportunities (Prakash, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Marigold (\u003cem\u003eTageteserecta\u003c/em\u003e) belonging to family Asteraceae, is a widely used loose flower for producing garlands for religious and social functions in India. The crop has short life span, requires little investment and care. Due to its habit of free flowering, short duration, and wide spectrum of appealing colour, shape, and size it has picked the interest of flower growers (Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). It can be grown as a single crop or intercropped with other crops/trees. The interspace between the trees can be effectively utilized by growing this short duration highly remunerative crop. In this endeavor, the present study was undertaken to find out the best variety of marigold that can be grown in haradplantation.Three varieties of Marigold (PusaBasantiGainda, PusaNarangiGainda and Medium-M45) were grown and assessed for their performance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and method","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted at the experimental area of Division of Agroforestry of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu. The site falls under sub-tropical zone of Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir UT. It is located at an altitude of 332 m above mean sea level between 32\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e-40 N latitude and 74\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e -58\u003csup\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e E longitude. Summers are hot and dry, and winters are bitterly cold. The site receives roughly 1100 mm of rain on an annual basis. In June, the maximum temperature reaches 45\u0026deg;C, while the lowest temperature is 10\u0026deg;C in January. The summer season typically begins in April and ends in June. The rainy season (July to September) begins with South-West monsoon and is considered the most important climatologically event from agriculture point of view. The weather continues dry in the months of October and November, although the temperatures decrease. The winter season starts in December and lasts until the end of March.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Experiment was laid out in randomized block design during rabi season.The treatment consisted of three varieties of marigold, PusaNarangiGainda ,PusaBasantiGainda and Medium-M45 grown under 10 years old plantation of \u003cem\u003eTerminaliachebula\u003c/em\u003e trees planted at a spacing of 5 m x 4 m. The three varieties of marigold PusaNarangiGainda, PusaBasantiGainda and Medium-M45 were planted in between the tree rows as well as in the open (without trees) to serve as control. The growth and yield performance was studied at two distances from the base of the tree (D\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u0026ndash;1 m and (D\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u0026ndash;2 m. Nine treatment combinations were studied: T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eV\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (PusaBasantiGainda) with 0-1m distance from the tree, T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eV\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (PusaBasantiGainda) with 1-2m distance from the tree, T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eV\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (PusaNarangiGainda) with 0-1m distance from the tree, T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eV\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (PusaNarangiGainda) with 1-2m distance from the tree, T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eV\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (M-45) with 0-1m distance from the tree, T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eV\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (M-45) with 1-2m distance from the tree, T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eControl (PusaBasantiGainda) grown in open without tree, T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eControl (PusaNarangiGainda) grown in open without tree and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eControl (M-45) grown in open without tree.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing growth and yield parameters were recorded to assess the performance of marigold: Plant height (cm), Plant spread (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), No. of primary branches per plant, Days taken to 50% flowering, No. of flowers per plant, Flower size (Diameter) (cm), Av. fresh weight of flower (g), Duration of flowering (days), Flower yield per plant (g) and Shelf life of flowers (days)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e3.1 Effect of harad trees on plant height, number of branches and plant spread in marigold varieties\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the recording of growth parameters, there was 60\u0026ndash;70% interception of light below the tree canopy. The shade affected the various parameters as described below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShade affected the height of marigold species. The height of PusaBasantiGainda increased from 46.77cm at distance 0-1m to 49.07 cm at 1-2m distance. There was a reduction of 13.50%, and 9.24% in height under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1-2m distance respectively compared to open conditions (54.07cm). In PusaNarangiGainda, reduction of 9.91%, and 4.48% in height under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1-2m respectively compared to open conditions (60.02cm) was observed. In Medium-M45, there was a reduction of 15.47% and 7.36% in height under tree canopy at 0-1m; 1-2m distance respectively compared to open conditions (30.43cm). The plant height in all three species under canopy of trees at 1-2m distance was statistically higher than at 0-1m distance from the tree.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of branches of PusaBasantiGainda was lower (6.20) at 0-1m distance compared to (6.80) at distance 1-2m respectively. The number of primary branches of PusaNarangiGainda increased from 5.20 at distance 0-1m to 6.13 at 1-2m. The number of primary branches of Medium-M45 increased from 8.13 at distance 0-1m to 9.13 at 1-2m. Under the canopy of trees, the number of primary branches at a distance of 1-2m was statistically higher than that of (0-1m) distance respectively. Under the tree canopy the spread of PusaBasantiGainda increased from 25.11 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at 0\u0026ndash;1 m to 27.00 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at 1\u0026ndash;2 m distance. While it was 30.77 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e in control. In PusaNarangiGainda the plant spread was statistically lower at both distances from tree compared to its control (open condition). The spread of crop increased from 29.17 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at distance 0-1m to 31.35cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at 1-2m distance, in open it was recorded to be 35.18 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e the spread of crop under canopy at a distance of 1-2m was statistically higher than at 0-1m distance from the tree.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly in Medium-M45 the plant spread was statistically lower at both distances from tree compared to its control (open condition). The spread of crop increased from 33.05 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at distance 0-1m to 34.40 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at 1-2m distance. The spread of crop under canopy at a distance of 1-2m distance was statistically higher than 0-1m distance from the tree. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Effect of harad trees on flower growth and yield in marigold varieties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the time of maturity, the number of fully grown flowers per plant was counted, and the average number of flowers per plant was calculated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn PusaBasantiGainda, there was a significant increase in number of flowers from 22.33 at 0-1m to 27.00 at 1-2m distance. The highest number of flowers below tree canopy was at 1-2m distance which was statistically superior to 0\u0026ndash;1 m distance respectively from the tree. Maximum number of flowers (28.67) was recorded in control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn PusaNarangiGainda, the numbers of flowers per plant was 30.00 and 33.33 at 0\u0026ndash;1 m and 1\u0026ndash;2 m distance from the tree under canopy respectively. The highest number of flowers under trees canopy was observed at 1\u0026ndash;2 m distance which was statistically superior to 0-1m distance respectively from the tree. Again maximum number of flowers (34.67) was recorded in control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Medium-M45, there was a significant increase in number of flowers from 37.67 at 0-1m to 38.67 at 1-2m distance. The highest number of flowers under canopy of trees at 1-2m distance was statistically superior to 0-1m distance respectively from the tree. The maximum (39.00) number of flower per plant was observed in Medium-M45 in control (T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e) and 38.67 at 1-2m distance from the tree in (T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e) among varieties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor calculating days taken to 50% flowering the number of days taken from the date of transplanting to the date of completion of 50 percent flowering in the bed was recorded. In PusaBasantiGainda the days taken to 50 per cent flowering was in order 85.10 days (0-1m) and 81.93 days at 1-2m distance from the tree under canopy. This indicated that the days taken to 50 per cent flowering at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was more by 12.25%, and 8.86% respectively compared to open conditions. PusaNarangiGainda took 75.31 days at 0-1m and 72.73 days at 1-2m to reach 50 percent flowering. In open conditions it took 74.67 days. This indicated that the days taken to 50 per cent flowering at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was more by 4.99%, and 2.65% respectively compared to open conditions. Similarly in Medium-M45 days taken to 50 per cent flowering in this variety was 64.33days at 0-1m and 62.27 days at 1-2m distance from the tree. In open the 50% flowering was completed in 60.88 days. This indicated that the days taken to 50 per cent flowering at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was more by 5.36%, and 2.85% respectively compared to open conditions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe flower size of PusaBasantiGainda was higher (6.73 cm) at 0-1m distances from the tree (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) but lower (6.27 cm) at 1-2m distance from the tree (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e). The size was highest (6.84 cm) under control. In PusaNarangiGainda the flower size recorded was (6.71 cm) at 0-1m and at 1\u0026ndash;2 m, it was found to be (5.20 cm). In control the same variety had attained the average size of (6.97cm).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe flower size of Medium-M45 under the tree canopy was statistically lower under all distances from tree compared to its control (open condition). Maximum flower size (10.07 cm) was recorded in control followed by (9.17 cm) at distance 1\u0026ndash;2 m (T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e) and (8.5 cm) (T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average flower weight was estimated using the weight of freshly plucked flowers from the sample plants. Interestingly, under the tree canopy the flower weight of PusaBasantiGainda was statistically higher (8.21 g) at 0-1m distance from tree compared to (7.52 g) at 1-2m distance from the tree. In control the flower weight was recorded as 9.18 g.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe flower weight of PusaNarangiGainda was statistically lower (7.63 g) at 1-2m and (7.36g) at 0\u0026ndash;1 m from tree compared to its control (9.65 g -open condition). Similarly in Medium-M45 the flower weight was maximum (13.08 g) in control. Below the tree canopy, the flower weight was higher (10.42 g) at 1\u0026ndash;2 m compared to 9.90 g at 0\u0026ndash;1 m from the tree base.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total number of flowering days was calculated from the day of flower bud initiation to the day the plant stopped flowering completely. In PusaBasantiGainda, the highest duration of flowering (46.32 days) was found in control (T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e ) followed by (43.57) days in T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 43.00 days in T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e. This indicated that the duration of flowering at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was less by 7.18%, and 5.95% respectively compared to open conditions. In PusaNarangiGainda, maximum duration (50.33 days) was recorded in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (control) followed by 46.33 days in T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and 46.00 in T3 which were statistically at par. This showed reduction of 26.31% and 19.38% in flowering duration under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1-2m respectively compare to open conditions distance from the tree under canopy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilar trend was found in Medium-M45. Treatments T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e were statistically at par with each other Maximum duration (52 days) was recorded in control. This shows reduction of 4.48%, and 3.21% in flowering duration under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1-2m respectively compared to open conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of flowers per plant, flower weight per plant and duration of flowering influenced the flower yield per plant. It was found to be maximum in Medium-M45 compared to PusaBasantiGainda and PusaNarangiGainda at each distance from the tree viz., 0-1m and 1-2m. The flower yield per plant in this variety increased from 369.57g at distance 0-1m to 401.94g at 1-2m distance. While in control maximum yield (510.99g) was registered. There was decrease of 27.67%, and 21.34% in flower yield per plant under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1\u0026ndash;2 m respectively compared to open conditions. In PusaBasantiGainda, highest yield per plant (265.10g) was recorded in T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e while under the tree canopy highest yield (200.50 g) was recorded in T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. There was decline of 30.97%, and 24.36% in flower yield per plant under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1\u0026ndash;2 m respectively compared to open conditions. InPusaNarangiGainda, maximum yield (332.23 g) was registered in control T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e. Under the tree canopy highest yield (249.94 g) was recorded in T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e followed by 219.50 g in T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.There was a decrease of 33.93%, and 24.76% in flower yield per plant under tree canopy at 0-1m, 1\u0026ndash;2 m respectively compared to open conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShelf life is the total life of a flower from the time of its cutting to the point of onset of any of the following conditions loss of full colour, loss of petals etc. The economic benefit from the flower cultivation ultimately depends on flower yield and shelf life of the flower and hence it is important to have record of shelf life. The variety Medium-M45 had higher shelf life than PusaNarangiGainda and PusaBasantiGainda.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe maximum shelf life (6.81 days ) in PusaBasantiGainda was observed in T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (0-1m distance) and minimum (5.00 days) was observed in T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e. This indicate that the shelf life of flowers (days) at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was more by 26.57% and 13.79% respectively compare to open condition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn PusaNarangiGainda longest shelf life (9.67 days) was recorded in T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and minimum (7.67 days) in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e. This indicate that the shelf life of flowers (days) at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was more by 20.68% and 13.43% respectively compare to open condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe shelf life of the flowers of Medium-M45 was maximum (11.51 days) in T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e followed by T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (10.10 days) and minimum in T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (control-9.67 days). This indicate that the shelf life of flowers (days) at distance 0-1m, 1-2m was more by 16.05% and 5.1% respectively compared to open condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Economic analysis of the agro forestry system\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour expenditure was highest in each agroforestry system (Rs. 67925) followed by each sole marigold variety (Rs. 52975) respectively. Lowest cost of cultivation was recorded in Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PusaBasantiGainda and Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PusaNarangiGainda based agroforestry system (Rs.1, 00878.40) respectively but it was higher in Medium-M45\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Harad (104378.40).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGross returns (Rs. /ha)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gross returns per hectare were highest in case of tree \u003csub\u003e+\u003c/sub\u003e flower agroforestry system, maximum gross return were recorded in Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Medium-M45 based agroforestry system (Rs.10, 32,660) followed by Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PusaNarangiGainda based agroforestry system (Rs 7, 49,880/), and Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PusaBasantiGainda\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Sole cropping the maximum gross return were found in Medium-M45 (Rs 7, 29,720), followed by PusaNarangiGainda (Rs 3, 03,080) and Pusa Basanti (Rs 2, 26,520).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNet returns (Rs. /ha)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe net returns per hectare were highest in agroforestry system Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Medium-M45crop (Rs.9, 28281.60) followed by Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PusaNarangiGainda based agroforestry system (Rs.6, 49001.60) and Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PudaBasantiGainda (Rs. 6, 20601.61.60) and in sole crop the maximum net return was recorded in Medium-M45(Rs 640291.60) followed by PusaNarangiGainda (217151.60) and PusaBasantgainda (Rs 140,591.60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eB:C Ratio\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe B: C ratio was highest (8.89) in Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Medium-45 followed by Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PusaNarangiGainda (6.43), and Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PusaBasantiGainda based agroforestry system (6.15) and in case of sole crop the Maximum Benefit cost ratio was recorded in Medium-M45 (7.15) followed by PusaNarangiGainda (2.5) and PusaBasantiGainda (1.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLER (Land Equivalent Ratio)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding land equivalent ratio (LER) (Table), the highest figure (2.89) was observed in Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PusaBasantiGainda followed By Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PusaNarangiGainda (2.26) and Harad\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Medium-M45 (1.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWhen trees are integrated into an agroforestry system, positive or negative interactions between trees and crops occur (Basavaraju and Gururaja, 2000). The impact of trees on under storey crops is complicated depending on the local environmental conditions; the tree canopy can have a positive, negative, or neutral effect on plant production (Schade et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, \u003cem\u003eTerminaliachebula\u003c/em\u003etrees affected the growth and yield of marigold growing beneath its canopy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder the tree canopy the average number of primary branches, plant spread, duration of flowering days, flower weight, flower yield per plant, flower yield quintal per hectare and shelf life in Medium-M45 was significantly higher thanPusaNarangiGainda and PusaBasantiGainda at both the respective distances from the tree. Amongst PusaBasantiGainda and PusaNarangiGainda, the average plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of flowers per plant, flower size, flower yield per plot, duration of flowering, were statistically higher in PusaNarangiGaindathanPusaBasantiGainda at all distances from the tree. It might be due to the genetic variability and morphological adaptations of the three varieties to the microclimatic conditions. The variation has also been reported by Deepa and Patil(2016) and Manik and Sharma(2016). Kumar (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)has also reported better plant height inPusaNarangiGainda than PusaBasantiGainda. Study also revealed the higher average flower yield (6145.83-15187.50 kg/ha) in PusaNarangiGainda than PusaBasantiGainda(5604.16-13687.50 kg/ha).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn open conditions the plant height, plant spread, flower size, flower weight, flower yield per plant, flower yield per plot, duration of flowering, flower yield quintal per hectare and shelf life were significantly higher in Medium-M45 than PusaNarangiGainda and PusaBasantiGainda, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder the tree cover the plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, duration of flowering, number of flower per plant, flower size, flower weight, flower yield per plant, flower yield per plot, flower yield quintal per hectare, duration of flowering, in all the three varieties was statistically lower at 0-1m and 1–2 m distance respectively from the tree compared to the control (open). The possible reason could be low light interception (60–70%) at 0-1m and 1-2m distance from the tree compared to the control. The distance of 1-2m from the tree was superior to 0-1m. In PusaNarangiGainda and PusaBasantiGainda also the plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, duration of flowering, number of flower per plant, flower yield per plant, flower yield per plot, flower yield quintal per hectare, duration of flowering under canopy at all the distances i.e. 0-1m and 1-2m from the tree was statistically lower compared to the control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall lower growth performance of three varieties at 0-1m than at 1-2m away from tree (under canopy) and open (control) could be attributed to lower light intensity (shading effect) reaching the crop level at nearer distance from tree. Lower light intensity and poor resources such as moisture, nutrients and radiant energy reduced the growth performance of marigold varieties under canopy compared to the open (control). The results are in conformity with Solanki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e;Sanwalet al.;2016; Noman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Gupta et al., 2020. Prakash and Pant (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) have also reported lower plant height, plant spread, and number of side stems in \u003cem\u003eGodetia grandiflora\u003c/em\u003e crop grown closer to trees than in open conditions in \u003cem\u003eGrewiaoptiva-\u003c/em\u003ebased agroforestry system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall better growth and yield at 1-2m distance from tree under canopy in the three marigold varieties could be attributed to the higher photosynthesis rate at the said distance and in open compared to distance 0-1m. According to Zhuet al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, low light has a substantial impact on plant agronomic qualities and inhibits physiological metabolic activities such as photosynthesis and antioxidant properties, as well as carbon and nitrogen fixation. It causes a delay in growth, a decrease in leaf weight, and a decrease in flower buds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distance from the harad trees had a significant impact on the shelf life of the marigold varieties. The maximum shelf life was recorded in variety Medium-M45 under canopy at both distance 0-1m and 1-2m compared to control (open) conditions. Similar results of higher shelf life in flowers growing at 0-1m distance from the tree were recorded in other two varieties. Lower light and lower temperature help to maintenance of cell turgidity because higher water absorption and lower temperature near the tree base. Lower light lead to higher water absorption, which in turn helps in maintain the cell turgidity and hence the longer shelf life. The result is in agreement with Jadhav and Gourav (2019) and Khanal (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Economic analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour employment was highest in Harad + marigold based agroforestry system (with three varieties) followed by sole crop (three varieties) respectively. The cost of cultivation was also highest in agroforestry system followed by sole crop respectively. The higher employability (mandays/ha) in agroforestry system could be attributed to labour employment in harvesting tree fruit, management of harad trees in addition to crop management. Due to cost incurred in agroforestry systems for tree basin management and orchard maintenance in addition to cost of cultivation of intercrop, the overall cost of cultivation in agroforestry as a whole was higher than sole crop.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn current study the gross returns from Harad + Medium-M45 were higher than other agroforestry system (Table\u0026nbsp;3.0). This could be attributed to higher market price of flowers of this variety in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet returns were highest in Harad + Medium-M45 followed by PusaNarangiGainda + Harad and Harad + PusaBasantiGainda based agroforestry system. In sole marigold varities highest net return was of Medium M45 followed by PusaNarangiGainda andPusaBasantiGainda (Table\u0026nbsp;3.0). The higher net returns in Medium- M45 (sole crop) and agroforestry system (Harad + Medium- M45) could be attributed to higher market price of Medium-M45 in the study area. B:C ratios were higher in Harad + Medium-M45 (8.89) followed by Harad + PusaNarangiGainda (6.43 ) and Hard + PusaBasantiGainda(6.15). In sole cropping Medium-45(7.15) was followed by PusaNarangiGainda(2.5) and PusaBasantiGainda(1.63) respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher B:C in sole Medium M45 could be attributed to higher gross returns and higher market price compared to both the other varieties. Similar results have been recorded by Sujatha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e in arecanut based agroforestry system, Patil et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e in soybean with \u003cem\u003emeliaazadirach\u003c/em\u003eagroforestry system and Solanki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e in sapota jatropha based agroforestry system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) is defined as the relative land area required for polycultures to afford the same yield as monocultures (Altieri et al., 2003). In this study Higher LER was recorded in Harad + PusaBasantiGainda (2.89) followed by Harad + PusaNarangiGainda (2.62) and Harad + Medium-M45 (1.68). Harad and Marigold intercropping exhibited LER greater than 1.0, thus showing the viability of growing Marigold under Harad trees.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere was 30–40% reduction in yield in all three varieties of Marigold when grown under the canopy. The overall performance of Medium-M45 was better than PusaBasanti and PusaNarangi under agroforestry sysem as well as open condition. The maximum LER ratio was recorded in Medium-M45 + Harad( 0.62) followed by PusaBasantiGainda + harad (0.61) and minimum LER ratio was recorded in PusaNarangiGainda + Harad. Since LER \u0026gt; 1 in each of Variety + harad tree combination, the system proves economically viable and beneficial and can be successfully recommendedto the farmers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll the authors viz Meenakshi Gupta, LM Gupta, Mohd Akram and Mohd Javaid contributed equally in all the research work and the writing part of the manuscrip.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAltieriMA (2003) Opapel da biodiversidade no manejo de pragas. Holos, Ribeir\u0026atilde;oPreto, p 226\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBasavarajuTB PM, Maheswarappa HP (2018) Productivity and economic advantages of flower crops in coconut based intercropping system. 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J Industrial Crops Prod 33:78\u0026ndash;83. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.09.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.09.001\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhu H, Li X, Zhai W, Liu Y, Gao Q, Liu J, Ren L, Chen H, Zhu (2017) Effects of Low light on photosynthetic properties, antioxidant enzyme activity, and anthocyanin accumulation in purple pak-choi (\u003cem\u003eBrassica campestris\u003c/em\u003e ssp. Chinensis Makino) Plos one Y(6):e0179305. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179305\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1371/journal.pone.0179305\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of harad trees on plant height, number of branches and plant spread in marigold varieties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"662\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.637462235649547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.19939577039275%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.673716012084594%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage plant height (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.205438066465256%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage number of Primary branches per \u0026nbsp;plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.283987915407856%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage plant spread (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.637462235649547%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePusa Basanti Gainda(V\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.19939577039275%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.673716012084594%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.77\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.205438066465256%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;6.20\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.283987915407856%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.11\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.669172932330827%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.992481203007518%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 49.07\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.63157894736842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;6.80\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.70676691729323%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 27.00\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.637462235649547%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePusa NarangiGainda(V\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.19939577039275%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.673716012084594%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 54.07\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.205438066465256%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.283987915407856%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;29.17\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.669172932330827%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.992481203007518%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;57.33\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.63157894736842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.70676691729323%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 31.35\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.637462235649547%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium-M45(V\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.19939577039275%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.673716012084594%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 25.72\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.205438066465256%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;8.13\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.283987915407856%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 33.05\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.669172932330827%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.992481203007518%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 28.19\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.63157894736842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 9.13\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.70676691729323%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 34.40\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.637462235649547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl (Open)V\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.19939577039275%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.673716012084594%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;54.07\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.205438066465256%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 7.40\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.283987915407856%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;30.77\u003csup\u003ebcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.637462235649547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl (Open)V\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.19939577039275%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.673716012084594%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 60.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.205438066465256%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;6.43\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.283987915407856%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 35.18\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.637462235649547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl (Open)V\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.19939577039275%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.673716012084594%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;30.43\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.205438066465256%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 10.13\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.283987915407856%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;37.77\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.637462235649547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD \u003csub\u003e0.05\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.19939577039275%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.673716012084594%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.205438066465256%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.283987915407856%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMeans with the same letter are not significantly different\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Effect of harad trees on flower growth and yield in marigold varieties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"743\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.537012113055182%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage number of flowers per plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.516823687752355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage days \u0026nbsp;taken to 50% flowering\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage flower size (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage \u0026nbsp;fresh weight of flower (g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage duration of flowering (days)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage flower yield per plant(g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage shelf life of flowers(days)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePusa Basanti Gainda(V\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.537012113055182%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.33\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.516823687752355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;85.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 6.73\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;8.21\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182.99\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.81\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.736349453978159%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.912636505460219%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.00\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.508580343213728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;81.93\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.544461778471138%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;6.27\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.544461778471138%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;7.52\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.104524180967239%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;43.57\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.104524180967239%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200.50\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.544461778471138%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.80\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePusa NarangiGainda(V\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.537012113055182%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.00\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.516823687752355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;75.31\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;7.36\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219.50\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;9.67\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.736349453978159%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.912636505460219%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.508580343213728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;72.73\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.544461778471138%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 6.71\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.544461778471138%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;7.63\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.104524180967239%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.104524180967239%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e249.94\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.544461778471138%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.86\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium-M45(V\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.537012113055182%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.67\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.516823687752355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;64.33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.57\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;9.90\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e369.57\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.52\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.736349453978159%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.912636505460219%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.508580343213728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;62.67\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.544461778471138%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 9.17\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.544461778471138%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.42\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.104524180967239%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.104524180967239%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401.94\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.544461778471138%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.10\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl (Open)V\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.537012113055182%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.67\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.516823687752355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;74.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.84\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;9.18\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265.10\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl (Open)V\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.537012113055182%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;34.67\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.516823687752355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 71.55\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;6.97\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;9.65\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e332.23\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl (Open)V\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.537012113055182%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 39.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.516823687752355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 60.88\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 10.07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;13.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;510.99\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.67\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.537012113055182%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.728129205921938%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.516823687752355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.305518169582772%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.959623149394348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMeans with the same letter are not significantly different\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomics of sole marigold crop and in agroforestry system.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"629\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.69059011164274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSystem(crop/tree)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYield (q/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrice/q (Rs.)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.237639553429027%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGross returns(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRs.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCost of cultivation (Rs./ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNet returns (Rs./ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB:C ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.293460925039872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLER Ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.69059011164274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSolecrop (Pusa Basanti)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e4000.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.237639553429027%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226520\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,5928.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,40,591.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.293460925039872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.69059011164274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSole crop (Pusa Narangi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e4000.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.237639553429027%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e303080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,5928.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,17,151.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.293460925039872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.69059011164274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSole crop (Medium-M45)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e6000.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.237639553429027%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e729,720\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,9428.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,40,291.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.293460925039872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.69059011164274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAFS (Pusa Basanti Gainda +Harad)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*34.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+**130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e4000.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e$\u003c/sup\u003e4500.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.237639553429027%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,36,480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+5,85,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=7,21,480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,00,878.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,20,601.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.293460925039872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.69059011164274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAFS (Pusa NarangiGainda \u0026nbsp;+Harad)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*41.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+**130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e4000.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e$\u003c/sup\u003e4500.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.237639553429027%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,65,680\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+5,85,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=7,49,880\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,00,878.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,49,001.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.293460925039872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.69059011164274%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAFS (Medium-M45+Harad)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.047846889952153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*74.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+**130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e6000.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e$\u003c/sup\u003e4500.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.237639553429027%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,47,660\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+5,85,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1,032660\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,04,378.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.354066985645932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,28,281.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.293460925039872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(*-Flower yield of marigold \u0026nbsp; **-Harad tree yield) \u0026nbsp; (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarigold price/q,\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e$\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHarad fruit price)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Terminaliachebula, PusaBasantiGainda, PusaNarangiGainda, Medium-M45, Growth and yield, B: C ratio, LER","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4878436/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4878436/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study aims to determine the impact of tree components on Tagetes erecta development and yield, as well as to assess the economic feasibility of an agroforestry system based on Harad and marigold. Nine treatments, each with three replications, were included in the RBD (Randomized Block Design) experiment layout.Three marigold types, PusaBasantiGainda, PusaNarangiGainda, and Medium-M45, were planted under the canopy of a Harad (Terminaliachebula) tree at two different distances, D1: 0–1 m and D2: 1-2 m, with a single cropping of PusaBasantiGainda, PusaNarangiGainda, and Medium-M45 serving as the control.As a result of competition for light and other natural resources, the results showed that Harad (Terminalia chebula) inhibited the development and yield of the marigold cultivars Pusa Basanti Gainda, Pusa Narangi Gainda, and Medium-M45 at 0-1m and 1-2m relative to the tree.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnder canopy, the MediumM45 outperformed the Pusa Narangi Gainda and Pusa Basanti Gainda at all tree distances.In control settings (open air), marigold variety growth and yield were at its highest.Furthermore, in open circumstances, MediumM45 outperformed the other two types.In the context of an agroforestry system, the highest B:C ratio was found in Harad + Medium-M45 (8.89), followed by Harad + PusaNarangiGainda (6.43) and Harad + PusaBasantiGainda (6.15). For a single crop, the highest B:C ratio was found in Medium-M45 (7.15), followed by PusaNarangiGainda (2.5) and PusaBasantiGainda (1.63).The three Gainda locations with the greatest LER values were PusaBasanti (2.89), PusaNarangi (2.62), and Medium-M45 (1.68).The findings of this investigation indicate that Marigold can be successfully integrated with the harad plantations. The bestvariety is Medium-M45 and PusaNarangiGainda has better growth and yield compared to PusaBasantiGainda. Since the three systems had LER \u0026gt;1 it could be recommended to farmers under sub-tropical region of Jammu,J\u0026amp;K.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Performance of Marigold in Harad (Terminalia chebula) Based Agroforestry System","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-14 04:20:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4878436/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"40fcc97a-0240-4e93-80df-7b76716f1379","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-14T04:20:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-14 04:20:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4878436","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4878436","identity":"rs-4878436","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}