GhCO and GhCRY1 accelerate floral meristem initiation in response to increased blue light to shorten cotton breeding

The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is a special category of tissue with pluripotency that forms new organs and individuals, especially floral individuals. However, little is known about the fate of cotton SAMs as a tunica corpus structure. Here, we demonstrate that cotton SAM fate decisions depend on light signals and circadian rhythms, and the genes GhFKF1 , GhGI , GhCRY1 and GhCO were responsible for SAM fate decisions and highlighted via RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of different cotton cultivars, as confirmed by genetic analysis via the CRISPR–Cas9 system. In situ hybridization (ISH) analysis showed that the GhCO gene, induced by a relatively high blue light proportion, was highly upregulated during the initiation of floral meristems (FMs). Further blue light treatment analysis showed that the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth of SAM was promoted by a high proportion of blue light, coupled with high expression of the blue light-responsive genes GhCO and GhCRY1 . Taken together, our study suggests that blue light signalling plays a key role in the fate decision of cotton SAM. These results provide a strategy to regulate the SAM differentiation of cotton by using the CRISPR–Cas9 system to change the ratio of red and blue light absorption to breed early-maturity cotton. One-sentence summary The SAM differentiation especially the initiation of floral meristem of upland cotton were mediated by genes GhCO and GhCRY1 which in response to blue light.