Enhanced human sensorimotor integration via self-modulation of the somatosensory activity

Kinesthetic motor imagery, the mental rehearsal of movement and its associated sensations 1,2 , activates somatosensory and motor cortices 3,4 . Motor imagery improves performance in neurorehabilitation 5 , sports 6 , and instrument play 7 . However, the mechanism that enhances performance through repetitive motor imagery remains unclear. Here, we combined individually tailored motor imagery training combined with closed-loop neurofeedback training, neurophysiology, and behavioral assessment to characterize how the training can modulate the somatosensory system and improve performance. The closed-loop training using real-time feedback of human electroencephalogram (EEG) signals enhanced participants’ self-modulation ability of intrinsic neural oscillations in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) within 30 minutes. Further, the short-term reorganization in S1 was corroborated by the post-training reactivity enhancement revealed by changes in somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) amplitude of early component originating from S1 8 . Meanwhile those derived from peripheral sensory fibers were maintained, suggesting that the closed-loop training manipulated cortical activities. Behavioral evaluation demonstrated improved performance during keyboard touch-typing indexed by resolved the speed-accuracy trade-off 9 . Collectively, our results provide evidence that mentally rehearsed movement during kinesthetic motor imagery induces functional reorganization of S1 activities that can contribute to performance improvement.