Research method and application of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to overlying reservoir distribution

Research method and application of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to overlying reservoir distribution | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Research method and application of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to overlying reservoir distribution Xiaomei Li, Liang Yang, Lidong Sun, Jiajun Liu, Guozheng Li, Zhuang Cai, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7120734/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Based on the study of the migration mechanism and form distribution of the source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas to the overlying reservoir, the source-fault coupling oil and gas migration parts of different types of sources are determined by using the oil and gas supply parts of different types of sources and the fracture migration parts;Using the relative thickness of ancient fault of mudstone caprock, the distribution position of fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration form is determined. The superposition of the two has established a set of research methods for the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to the overlying reservoir. It is used to study the distribution of oil and gas migration from the source rock of the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es 3 ), the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of the middle sub-member of the first member of Shahejie Formation(E s1 z ) to the third member of the Dongying Formation(Ed 2 ) in the Qikou Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin. The results show that there are four types of oil and gas migration from the source rock of Es 3 , the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of E s1 z to Ed 2 . The slow migration form of oil and gas, both inside and outside the source, to Ed 2 , is distributed exclusively at observation points 14–17. By contrast, the rapid migration form of oil and gas, outside the source, to Ed 2 , is primarily distributed at observation points 4–6, 7–8 and 9–11. The slow migration form of oil and gas outside the source to Ed 2 is primarily distributed at observation points 2 and 4. The slow migration form of oil and gas inside the source to the Ed 2 is predominantly distributed at observation point 17. The observation points 2, 4–6, 7–8, 9–11 and 14–17 appear to be particularly conducive to the accumulation of oil and gas, both inside and outside the source of the underlying Es 3 in Ed 2 . This observation is consistent with the distribution of oil and gas in Ed 2 , which is primarily concentrated at observation points 2–3, 8, 11–12, and 17–18, and is constrained by the Nandagang fault. It shows that this method is feasible to study the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to overlying reservoirs. source-fault-caprock matching hydrocarbon migration form distribution location research method Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Introduction The practice of oil and gas exploration shows that the accumulation of oil and gas in the reservoir is restricted by the source fault above the mudstone caprock of the hydrocarbon-bearing basin in the lower source rock. In addition to the influence of other hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, it is more important to be affected by the distribution of the migration form of the source fault cover coupling oil and gas to the overlying reservoir. Only in the favorable source fault cover coupling oil and gas to the overlying reservoir migration form distribution, the underlying source rock can discharge the oil and gas to accumulate in the overlying reservoir, and the oil and gas can be obtained by oil and gas drilling, otherwise no oil and gas can be obtained. It is not difficult to see that whether it can accurately study the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to the overlying reservoir is very important to clarify the distribution characteristics of oil and gas in the reservoir restricted by oil source faults and the exploration of favorable oil and gas targets on the mudstone caprock of the lower source rock development oil and gas basin. The predecessors have done research and discussion on the favorable parts of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration and accumulation. They mainly use the mature source rock distribution area and fault migration part to study the source-fault coupling oil and gas migration part [1-3] , and the coincidence part of the two is used as the source-fault coupling oil and gas migration part. Using the thickness of the cap rock and the relative size of the fault displacement, the fault-cap coupling sealing part [4-6] is studied, and the part where the ancient fault thickness of the mudstone cap rock is greater than the maximum threshold value of the fault thickness required by the fault failure cap rock in the study area is used as the fault-cap coupling sealing part. Finally, the source-fault coupling oil and gas migration part and the fault-cap coupling closed part are used to study the source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration and accumulation part [7-9] , and the overlapping part of the two is used as the favorable part of the source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration and accumulation. The above research results have played a very important role in clarifying the distribution characteristics of oil and gas restricted by oil source faults and exploring favorable oil and gas exploration targets in the reservoirs under the mudstone caprock of the lower source rock development oil and gas basin. However, so far, there has been no research on the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to the overlying reservoir, and there are only studies on the migration of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas to the overlying reservoir [1-3] .In addition, it does not consider the distribution of different types of source-fault coupling oil and gas migration sites and fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration forms, and cannot accurately reflect the oil and gas distribution sites restricted by oil source faults in the reservoirs above the mudstone caprock, and cannot accurately explore its oil and gas. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to the overlying reservoir to clarify the distribution characteristics of oil and gas in the reservoir restricted by oil source faults in the reservoir above the mudstone caprock of the lower source rock development oil and gas basin and to explore favorable oil and gas targets. 1. Source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration mechanism and its form The reason why the source-fault-cap coupling allows oil and gas to migrate is that the source-fault coupling allows the source rock discharged oil and gas to migrate upward along the fault, the fault-cap coupling allows the oil and gas to migrate along the fault through the cap rock, and the source-fault-cap space coupling allows the source rock discharged oil and gas to migrate upward along the fault through the cap rock, as shown in Fig. 1 . In accordance with the diverse categories of oil and gas supply sources to faults (typically comprising active internal and external oil and gas supply, external oil and gas supply, and internal oil and gas supply), the various types of oil and gas migration sites of source-fault coupling can be categorised into the following: These are as follows: oil and gas migration sites inside and outside the source-fault coupling source, oil and gas migration sites outside the source-fault coupling source, and oil and gas migration sites inside the source-fault coupling source (see Fig. 2 ). It is evident from the relative size of the ancient fault thickness of the mudstone caprock (less than zero and greater than zero, less than the minimum threshold of the fault thickness required for the mudstone caprock in the study area) that the distribution parts of the fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration form can be divided into the following two types, which are the distribution parts of the rapid and slow migration forms of oil and gas, as shown in Fig. 3 . It can be deduced from the superposition of source-fault coupling, different types of source oil and gas migration sites, and the distribution of fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration forms that there are six types of distribution sites of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to overlying reservoirs. The initial type is characterised by the coupling of source-fault-caprock, source-inside-and-outside, and source-source oil and gas. It is further distinguished by the rapid migration of oil and gas from the distribution position to the fault supply. This migration is facilitated by the mudstone caprock, leading to the accumulation of oil and gas above the mudstone caprock. This phenomenon is exemplified in Fig. 4 ①;The second type is the source-fault-caprock coupling. The source oil and gas migrate slowly upwards through the overlying reservoir. The distribution parts of the source rock expulsion of oil and gas to the fault supply is sufficient, but along the fault, oil and gas slow migration through the mudstone caprock is more conducive to oil and gas accumulation on the mudstone caprock, as shown in Fig. 4 ②༛The third type is characterised by source-fault-caprock coupling, source-outside oil and gas, and rapid migration of the overlying reservoir. The form distribution position source rock discharge oil and gas to the fault supply is sufficient, along with rapid migration of oil and gas through the mudstone caprock. This is more conducive to oil and gas migration and accumulation on the mudstone caprock, as demonstrated in Fig. 4 ③༛The fourth type is characterised by the presence of a source fault cover coupling source outside the source of oil and gas to the overlying reservoir. The slow migration form of distribution is characterised by sufficient source rock discharge oil and gas to the fault supply, but along the fault, oil and gas slow migration through the mudstone caprock is not conducive to oil and gas accumulation on the mudstone caprock, as illustrated in Fig. 4 ④༛The fifth type is the distribution site of the rapid migration form of oil and gas in the source-fault-caprock coupling source to the overlying reservoir. The source rock discharges oil and gas at this form distribution site, and the supply of oil and gas to the fault is insufficient. The rapid migration of oil and gas along the fault passes through the mudstone caprock, which is also not conducive to the accumulation of oil and gas on the mudstone caprock (see Fig. 4 ⑤) ༛The sixth type is the distribution part of the slow migration form of oil and gas in the source-fault-caprock coupling source to the overlying reservoir. In this form, the source rock discharges oil and gas to the fault. The supply is not sufficient, and the oil and gas slowly migrates along the fault through the mudstone caprock, which is not conducive to the accumulation of oil and gas on the mudstone caprock, as demonstrated in Fig. 4 ⑥. 2. The present study sets out the research method for the source-fault-cap coupling of oil and gas upward migration from distribution parts. As demonstrated above, in order to study the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration upward to the overlying reservoir, it is necessary to determine the different types of source-fault coupling oil and gas migration sites and the distribution of fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration forms. In order to ascertain the source-fault coupling of disparate types of source oil and gas migration sites, it is necessary to determine the various types of source oil and gas supply areas and fracture migration sites. Pursuant to the drilling data, all the oil and gas wells above the source rock beneath the mudstone caprock are calculated, and the distribution area is designated as the oil and gas supply area outside the source, as illustrated in Fig. 2 . According to the test data of drilling, logging and geochemical analysis, according to the relationship between S1 + S2/TOC and depth, the oil and gas threshold of source rock is determined by the method in Reference [10–12] , and the oil and gas distribution area of source rock is determined by the buried depth of the bottom surface of source rock, which is the oil and gas supply area within the source, as shown in Fig. 2 . By superimposing the oil and gas supply area outside the source and the oil and gas supply area within the source, different types of source oil and gas supply areas can be obtained from Fig. 2 . The identification of fault displacement is facilitated by the three-dimensional seismic data, with the method outlined in References [13–15] being employed to calculate the displacement of the fault during the oil and gas accumulation period. The ancient activity rate of the fault in different regions is determined by dividing the time of fault activity. The method outlined in References [16–18] is employed to ascertain the location of fault migration, defined as the location where the ancient activity rate of the fault exceeds or equals the minimum threshold of the activity rate required by the fault to transport oil and gas within the study area. The superimposition of disparate types of source oil and gas distribution areas and fault migration sites is required for the identification of source-fault coupling. The different types of source oil and gas migration sites from Fig. 2 are to be identified, as shown in Fig. 2 . In order to ascertain the distribution of fault-cap rock coupling, oil and gas migration forms, the thickness of mudstone caprock and its internal fault distance must be identified. This is achieved by employing the method outlined in literature [19–21] to determine the ancient thickness of mudstone caprock and its internal fault distance during the oil and gas accumulation period. Subsequently, the former is subtracted from the latter to restore the ancient fault thickness of mudstone caprock. The method described in the literature [22–24] is then employed to identify the location of mudstone caprock damaged by an oil source fault. The distribution of fault-cap rock coupling oil and gas migration forms is then located at the location where the ancient fault thickness of mudstone caprock is less than zero, i.e. where the distribution of oil and gas rapid migration forms is located. Conversely, where the ancient fault thickness of mudstone caprock is greater than zero, the distribution of fault-cap rock coupling oil and gas migration forms is identified. The part of the mudstone caprock thickness that falls below the maximum threshold required by the oil source fault in the study area is designated as the distribution part of the slow migration of oil and gas, as illustrated in Fig. 4 . As demonstrated in Fig. 4 , the superimposed source-fault coupling of various types of source oil and gas migration parts, as well as fault-cap coupling of oil and gas migration form distribution parts, can be utilised for the identification of source-fault-cap coupling of oil and gas upward reservoir migration form distribution parts. 3. Example application The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of the research method of the source-fault-caprock coupling oil and gas migration form distribution. To this end, the source rock of the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es 3 ), the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of the middle sub-member of the first member of Shahejie Formation(Es 1 z ) in the Qikou Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin as an example, and uses it to study the source rock of the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es 3 ), the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of the middle sub-member of the first member of Shahejie Formation(Es 1 z ). The distribution of the coupling oil and gas migration form to the third member of the Dongying Formation (Ed 2 ) is verified by the analysis of the relationship between the research results and the oil and gas of the third member of the Dongying Formation(Ed 2 ) restricted by the Nandagang fault. The stratigraphic succession exposed by oil and gas drilling in the vicinity of the Nandagang Fault exhibits a sequence of Paleogene strata (comprising the Kongshang Formation, Shahejie Formation, and Dongying Formation from base to summit), Neogene strata (consisting of the Guantao Formation and Minghuazhen Formation from base to summit), and Quaternary strata that are not well-developed. The Nandagang fault is distributed in the middle of the Qikou sag in the northeast direction, with a length of approximately 34.3 km. It extends upward from the basement to the top of the Minghuazhen formation. The fault is inclined to the southeast direction, and the dip angle remains relatively constant, ranging from 45° to 50°. This indicates that the fault belongs to a category of long-term development faults, as illustrated in Fig. 5 . Presently, oil and gas have been identified in the Nandagang fault zone. While these substances are predominantly concentrated the lower sub-member of the first member of Shahejie Formation (Es 1 x ), indications of oil and gas have also been observed in Ed 2 . The presence of oil and gas is primarily attributed to the dark mudstone that has developed in the third member of the Shahejie Formation, which is itself part of the underlying Hejie Formation. The source rock of Es 3 and the reservoir of Ed 2 are separated by the mudstone caprock of Es 1 z . As an oil source fault, the Nandagang fault migrates the oil and gas generated by the underlying source rock of Es 3 to Ed 2 , where they accumulate. As illustrated in Fig. 5 , the presence of oil and gas within Ed 2 of the Nandagang Fault is predominantly observed at observation points 2–3, 8, 11–12, and 17–18. These points are primarily influenced by the source rock of Es 3 , the Nandagang Fault, and the mudstone caprock of Es 1 z . It is therefore vital to ascertain whether it is possible to accurately study the source rock of Es 3 , the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of Es 1 z , coupled with the distribution of oil. The distribution of oil and gas migration to Ed 2 is pivotal in comprehending the distribution characteristics of oil and gas in Ed 2 , constrained by the Nandagang fault, and the optimal targets for oil and gas exploration. The three-dimensional seismic profile has been used to identify the fault distance of the Nandagang fault in Es 1 z . The method described in literature [25–27] has been used to identify the ancient fault of the Nandagang fault in Es 1 x in the middle and late sedimentary period of the Minghuazhen Formation (oil and gas accumulation period). A comparison of the time of fault activity with the ancient activity rate of the Nandagang fault in Es 1 x reveals a reduction in the latter. The methodology outlined in the extant literature [28–30] is employed to ascertain the migration position of the Nandagang fault within Es 1 x .As illustrated in Fig. 6 , it is evident that the Nandagang fault within Es 1 x is a site of oil and gas migration, with the exception of observation points 14–15 and 19–20. As demonstrated in Fig. 7 , the drilling, logging and analysis test data indicates that the threshold of oil and gas discharged from the source rock of Es 3 of the Qikou sag is approximately 3600m. According to the buried depth of the bottom boundary of the source rock of Es 3 , the oil and gas supply area in the source of Es 3 of the Nandagang fault distribution area is mainly distributed in the northeast, followed by the central part of the south, as shown in Fig. 7 . As demonstrated by the drilling test data, the oil and gas supply area located outside the source of Es3 in the Nandagang fault distribution area can be delineated. As illustrated in Fig. 7 , the distribution of oil and gas resources outside the source of Es3 is predominantly concentrated in the central and western regions of the north and south, with a minor distribution observed in the eastern periphery of the south. The Nandagang fault is overlaid on the migration position of Es 1 x , as well as the oil and gas supply area both inside and outside the source of Es 3 . This enables the identification of the source rock of Es 3 and the Nandagang fault, which couples different types of source oil and gas migration positions (see Fig. 8 ). As demonstrated in Fig. 8 , the oil and gas migration sites both inside and outside the coupling source of Es 3 and the Nandagang fault are predominantly distributed at the observation points 14–17. The distribution of oil and gas migration sites outside the source is predominantly concentrated at observation points 1–6, 7–9 and 9–11, while the sites within the source are primarily distributed at points 17–19 and 20–21. The thickness of mudstone caprock in Es 1 z , as well as the fault distance of the Nandagang fault within this section, should be identified on the basis of 3D seismic data. The method outlined in the literature [25–27] should be employed to reduce the ancient thickness of mudstone caprock in Es 1 z and the ancient fault distance of the Nandagang fault within this section. The former subtracts the latter to reduce the ancient fault thickness of mudstone caprock in Es 1 z , and then the method in the literature [34–36] is applied to identify the distribution of oil and gas migration forms coupled with Nandagang fault and mudstone caprock in Es 1 z , as shown in Fig. 9 . As illustrated in Fig. 9 , the rapid migration form of oil and gas, in conjunction with the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of Es 1 z , is predominantly concentrated at observation points 4–16. Conversely, the slow migration form of oil and gas is primarily distributed at observation points 2,3–4 and 16–17. The superimposition of the source rock of Es 3 , the coupling migration of different types of source oil and gas migration sites of the Nandagang fault, and the coupling migration of oil and gas forms of the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of Es 1 z , the source rock of Es 3 , the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of Es 1 z can be obtained. The distribution of the coupling oil and gas migration to Ed 2 is shown in Fig. 8 . As illustrated in Fig. 8 , the slow migration form of oil and gas within and surrounding the coupling source of the source rock of Es 3 , the Nandagang fault, and the mudstone caprock of Es 1 z to Ed 2 is predominantly observed at observation points 14–17. The rapid migration form of oil and gas outside the source to Ed 2 is primarily distributed at observation points 4–6, 7–8 and 9–11. In contrast, the slow migration form of oil and gas outside the source is predominantly observed at observation points 2 and 4. Finally, the slow migration form of oil and gas inside the source to Ed 2 is mainly distributed at observation point 17. It is evident that the rapid migration form of oil and gas inside and outside the source to Ed 2 and the rapid migration form of oil and gas inside the source are not developed. As illustrated in Fig. 5 , the distribution of oil and gas within Ed 2 is predominantly concentrated at observation points 2–3, 8, 11–12, and 17–18. These points are situated within the source rock of Es 3 , a region of particular interest due to its association with the coupling of the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of Es 1 z . The slow migration form of oil and gas inside and outside the source to Ed 2 , the rapid migration form of oil and gas outside the source to Ed 2 , the slow migration form of oil and gas outside the source to Ed 2 and the slow The slow migration form of oil and gas inside the source to Ed 2 is more conducive to the accumulation of oil and gas inside and outside the source of Es 3 along the Nandagang fault through the mudstone caprock of Es 1 z . 4. Conclusion There are six types of migration forms of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas to the overlying reservoir. They are the source fault cover coupling source inside and outside the source of oil and gas to the overlying reservoir fast migration form distribution parts, inside and outside the source of oil and gas to the overlying reservoir slow migration form distribution parts, outside the source of oil and gas to the overlying reservoir fast migration form distribution parts, outside the source of oil and gas to the overlying reservoir slow migration form distribution parts, inside the source of oil and gas to the overlying reservoir fast migration form distribution parts and inside the source of oil and gas slow migration form distribution parts. Using different types of source oil and gas supply areas and fault migration sites, the source-fault coupling different types of source oil and gas migration sites are determined. Using the relative thickness of the ancient fault of the mudstone caprock, the distribution of the source-fault coupling oil and gas migration form is determined. The two are superimposed to establish a set of research methods for the distribution of source-fault-capping coupling oil and gas migration forms to overlying reservoirs. Through the application of examples, the results confirm that the method is feasible to study the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to overlying reservoirs. There are four types of oil and gas migration from the source rock of Es 3 , the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of Es 1 z to the third member of Ed 2 in the Qikou Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin. The slow migration form of oil and gas, both inside and outside the source, to Ed 2 , is distributed exclusively at observation points 14–17. By contrast, the rapid migration form of oil and gas, outside the source, to Ed 2 , is primarily distributed at observation points 4–6, 7–8 and 9–11. The slow migration form of oil and gas outside the source to Ed 2 is primarily distributed at observation points 2 and 4. The slow migration form of oil and gas inside the source to the Ed 2 is predominantly distributed at observation point 17. The observation points 2, 4–6, 7–8, 9–11 and 14–17 appear to be particularly conducive to the accumulation of oil and gas, both inside and outside the source of the underlying Es3 in Ed 2 . This observation is consistent with the distribution of oil and gas in Ed 2 , which is primarily concentrated at observation points 2–3, 8, 11–12, and 17–18, and is constrained by the Nandagang fault. This method is mainly suitable for the study of the distribution of the source rock, tensile normal fault and mudstone caprock coupling oil and gas migration to the overlying reservoir in the sandstone-mudstone petroliferous basin where the lower source rock is developed. Declarations Author Contribution A.B. and C.D. wrote the main manuscript text and E.F. prepared figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript. References Li, Z.; Xiao, Y.; Tian, J.; et al. 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fault - caprock matching.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7120734/v1/91a3622fba3926aa7be9ee7e.png"},{"id":87729340,"identity":"9f798e35-16f8-46f7-9b6b-d769e3ad1b05","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-28 11:21:18","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":432653,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eschematic diagram for determining the hydrocarbon migration location in the source - fault matching.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7120734/v1/7df781985f346dcb0c2def32.png"},{"id":87729343,"identity":"011755b0-fd7b-4a3b-bdd7-037b74eefa9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-28 11:21:18","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":208701,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eschematic diagram for determining the distribution location of the hydrocarbon migration form in the fault - caprock matching\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7120734/v1/d1d8a9ccda12497ab90946a5.png"},{"id":87729342,"identity":"718f9c0f-104c-4a76-b4b2-283cf43c834e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-28 11:21:18","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":368925,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eschematic diagram for determining the distribution location of the hydrocarbon upward migration form in the source - fault - caprock matching.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7120734/v1/415e50d83a0d4fb10045f4f1.png"},{"id":87729350,"identity":"c54a62cf-eda7-4ddf-ba6d-5d801221c863","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-28 11:21:18","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":994364,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003erelationship diagram between the Nandagang Fault and the hydrocarbon distribution in the third member of the Dongying Formation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7120734/v1/e5ddac7cccfb4ba6f57685d2.png"},{"id":87729356,"identity":"52483394-8334-4597-bfb7-b982dbef773f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-28 11:21:18","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":260840,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003edetermination diagram of the migration location of the Nandagang Fault in the lower sub - member of the first member of the Shahejie Formation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7120734/v1/62c2e8262f0652d281572b28.png"},{"id":87729360,"identity":"8f69608a-37d9-4187-98f6-600349218027","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-28 11:21:18","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":440783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003erelationship diagram between the Nandagang Fault and the hydrocarbon supply areas inside and outside the third member of the Shahejie Formation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7120734/v1/1c39d3b788c1cb927ac004d6.png"},{"id":87729347,"identity":"4dedd25c-e2bf-4a18-b963-88c9be68107e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-28 11:21:18","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":440783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003edetermination diagram of the distribution location of the migrating hydrocarbon forms in the third member of the Dongying Formation matched by the mudstone of the third member of the Shahejie Formation, the Nandagang Fault and the mudstone caprock of the middle sub - member of the first member of the Shahejie Formation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7120734/v1/77c7bf6c68ca5f2321dc3587.png"},{"id":87730668,"identity":"6a6783bc-5214-4905-814c-ecf92e7535d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-28 11:37:18","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":279070,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003edetermination diagram of the distribution location of the hydrocarbon migration forms in the fault - caprock matching of the Nandagang Fault and the mudstone caprock of the middle sub - member of the first member of the Shahejie Formation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7120734/v1/c62d3db462ff11195718d14b.png"},{"id":91056468,"identity":"017a4df8-bfad-4d31-b1d8-b62526c740d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 08:02:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3771906,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7120734/v1/b1c5ca4e-c13d-4e19-ae47-3d0599f76b2b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Research method and application of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to overlying reservoir distribution","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe practice of oil and gas exploration shows that the accumulation of oil and gas in the reservoir is restricted by the source fault above the mudstone caprock of the hydrocarbon-bearing basin in the lower source rock. In addition to the influence of other hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, it is more important to be affected by the distribution of the migration form of the source fault cover coupling oil and gas to the overlying reservoir. Only in the favorable source fault cover coupling oil and gas to the overlying reservoir migration form distribution, the underlying source rock can discharge the oil and gas to accumulate in the overlying reservoir, and the oil and gas can be obtained by oil and gas drilling, otherwise no oil and gas can be obtained. It is not difficult to see that whether it can accurately study the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to the overlying reservoir is very important to clarify the distribution characteristics of oil and gas in the reservoir restricted by oil source faults and the exploration of favorable oil and gas targets on the mudstone caprock of the lower source rock development oil and gas basin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe predecessors have done research and discussion on the favorable parts of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration and accumulation. They mainly use the mature source rock distribution area and fault migration part to study the source-fault coupling oil and gas migration part\u003csup\u003e[1-3]\u003c/sup\u003e, and the coincidence part of the two is used as the source-fault coupling oil and gas migration part. Using the thickness of the cap rock and the relative size of the fault displacement, the fault-cap coupling sealing part\u003csup\u003e[4-6]\u003c/sup\u003e is studied, and the part where the ancient fault thickness of the mudstone cap rock is greater than the maximum threshold value of the fault thickness required by the fault failure cap rock in the study area is used as the fault-cap coupling sealing part. Finally, the source-fault coupling oil and gas migration part and the fault-cap coupling closed part are used to study the source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration and accumulation part\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[7-9]\u003c/sup\u003e, and the overlapping part of the two is used as the favorable part of the source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration and accumulation. The above research results have played a very important role in clarifying the distribution characteristics of oil and gas restricted by oil source faults and exploring favorable oil and gas exploration targets in the reservoirs under the mudstone caprock of the lower source rock development oil and gas basin. However, so far, there has been no research on the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to the overlying reservoir, and there are only studies on the migration of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas to the overlying reservoir\u003csup\u003e[1-3]\u003c/sup\u003e.In addition, it does not consider the distribution of different types of source-fault coupling oil and gas migration sites and fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration forms, and cannot accurately reflect the oil and gas distribution sites restricted by oil source faults in the reservoirs above the mudstone caprock, and cannot accurately explore its oil and gas. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to the overlying reservoir to clarify the distribution characteristics of oil and gas in the reservoir restricted by oil source faults in the reservoir above the mudstone caprock of the lower source rock development oil and gas basin and to explore favorable oil and gas targets.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"1. Source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration mechanism and its form","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe reason why the source-fault-cap coupling allows oil and gas to migrate is that the source-fault coupling allows the source rock discharged oil and gas to migrate upward along the fault, the fault-cap coupling allows the oil and gas to migrate along the fault through the cap rock, and the source-fault-cap space coupling allows the source rock discharged oil and gas to migrate upward along the fault through the cap rock, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn accordance with the diverse categories of oil and gas supply sources to faults (typically comprising active internal and external oil and gas supply, external oil and gas supply, and internal oil and gas supply), the various types of oil and gas migration sites of source-fault coupling can be categorised into the following: These are as follows: oil and gas migration sites inside and outside the source-fault coupling source, oil and gas migration sites outside the source-fault coupling source, and oil and gas migration sites inside the source-fault coupling source (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). It is evident from the relative size of the ancient fault thickness of the mudstone caprock (less than zero and greater than zero, less than the minimum threshold of the fault thickness required for the mudstone caprock in the study area) that the distribution parts of the fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration form can be divided into the following two types, which are the distribution parts of the rapid and slow migration forms of oil and gas, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt can be deduced from the superposition of source-fault coupling, different types of source oil and gas migration sites, and the distribution of fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration forms that there are six types of distribution sites of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to overlying reservoirs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe initial type is characterised by the coupling of source-fault-caprock, source-inside-and-outside, and source-source oil and gas. It is further distinguished by the rapid migration of oil and gas from the distribution position to the fault supply. This migration is facilitated by the mudstone caprock, leading to the accumulation of oil and gas above the mudstone caprock. This phenomenon is exemplified in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e①;The second type is the source-fault-caprock coupling. The source oil and gas migrate slowly upwards through the overlying reservoir. The distribution parts of the source rock expulsion of oil and gas to the fault supply is sufficient, but along the fault, oil and gas slow migration through the mudstone caprock is more conducive to oil and gas accumulation on the mudstone caprock, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e②༛The third type is characterised by source-fault-caprock coupling, source-outside oil and gas, and rapid migration of the overlying reservoir. The form distribution position source rock discharge oil and gas to the fault supply is sufficient, along with rapid migration of oil and gas through the mudstone caprock. This is more conducive to oil and gas migration and accumulation on the mudstone caprock, as demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e③༛The fourth type is characterised by the presence of a source fault cover coupling source outside the source of oil and gas to the overlying reservoir. The slow migration form of distribution is characterised by sufficient source rock discharge oil and gas to the fault supply, but along the fault, oil and gas slow migration through the mudstone caprock is not conducive to oil and gas accumulation on the mudstone caprock, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e④༛The fifth type is the distribution site of the rapid migration form of oil and gas in the source-fault-caprock coupling source to the overlying reservoir. The source rock discharges oil and gas at this form distribution site, and the supply of oil and gas to the fault is insufficient. The rapid migration of oil and gas along the fault passes through the mudstone caprock, which is also not conducive to the accumulation of oil and gas on the mudstone caprock (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e⑤) ༛The sixth type is the distribution part of the slow migration form of oil and gas in the source-fault-caprock coupling source to the overlying reservoir. In this form, the source rock discharges oil and gas to the fault. The supply is not sufficient, and the oil and gas slowly migrates along the fault through the mudstone caprock, which is not conducive to the accumulation of oil and gas on the mudstone caprock, as demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e⑥.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. The present study sets out the research method for the source-fault-cap coupling of oil and gas upward migration from distribution parts.","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs demonstrated above, in order to study the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration upward to the overlying reservoir, it is necessary to determine the different types of source-fault coupling oil and gas migration sites and the distribution of fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration forms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to ascertain the source-fault coupling of disparate types of source oil and gas migration sites, it is necessary to determine the various types of source oil and gas supply areas and fracture migration sites. Pursuant to the drilling data, all the oil and gas wells above the source rock beneath the mudstone caprock are calculated, and the distribution area is designated as the oil and gas supply area outside the source, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. According to the test data of drilling, logging and geochemical analysis, according to the relationship between S1 + S2/TOC and depth, the oil and gas threshold of source rock is determined by the method in Reference \u003csup\u003e[10–12]\u003c/sup\u003e, and the oil and gas distribution area of source rock is determined by the buried depth of the bottom surface of source rock, which is the oil and gas supply area within the source, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. By superimposing the oil and gas supply area outside the source and the oil and gas supply area within the source, different types of source oil and gas supply areas can be obtained from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The identification of fault displacement is facilitated by the three-dimensional seismic data, with the method outlined in References\u003csup\u003e[13–15]\u003c/sup\u003e being employed to calculate the displacement of the fault during the oil and gas accumulation period. The ancient activity rate of the fault in different regions is determined by dividing the time of fault activity. The method outlined in References\u003csup\u003e[16–18]\u003c/sup\u003eis employed to ascertain the location of fault migration, defined as the location where the ancient activity rate of the fault exceeds or equals the minimum threshold of the activity rate required by the fault to transport oil and gas within the study area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe superimposition of disparate types of source oil and gas distribution areas and fault migration sites is required for the identification of source-fault coupling. The different types of source oil and gas migration sites from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e are to be identified, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to ascertain the distribution of fault-cap rock coupling, oil and gas migration forms, the thickness of mudstone caprock and its internal fault distance must be identified. This is achieved by employing the method outlined in literature\u003csup\u003e[19–21]\u003c/sup\u003e to determine the ancient thickness of mudstone caprock and its internal fault distance during the oil and gas accumulation period. Subsequently, the former is subtracted from the latter to restore the ancient fault thickness of mudstone caprock. The method described in the literature\u003csup\u003e[22–24]\u003c/sup\u003eis then employed to identify the location of mudstone caprock damaged by an oil source fault. The distribution of fault-cap rock coupling oil and gas migration forms is then located at the location where the ancient fault thickness of mudstone caprock is less than zero, i.e. where the distribution of oil and gas rapid migration forms is located. Conversely, where the ancient fault thickness of mudstone caprock is greater than zero, the distribution of fault-cap rock coupling oil and gas migration forms is identified. The part of the mudstone caprock thickness that falls below the maximum threshold required by the oil source fault in the study area is designated as the distribution part of the slow migration of oil and gas, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the superimposed source-fault coupling of various types of source oil and gas migration parts, as well as fault-cap coupling of oil and gas migration form distribution parts, can be utilised for the identification of source-fault-cap coupling of oil and gas upward reservoir migration form distribution parts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Example application","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe objective of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of the research method of the source-fault-caprock coupling oil and gas migration form distribution. To this end, the source rock of the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of the middle sub-member of the first member of Shahejie Formation(Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e) in the Qikou Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin as an example, and uses it to study the source rock of the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of the middle sub-member of the first member of Shahejie Formation(Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e). The distribution of the coupling oil and gas migration form to the third member of the Dongying Formation (Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) is verified by the analysis of the relationship between the research results and the oil and gas of the third member of the Dongying Formation(Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) restricted by the Nandagang fault.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe stratigraphic succession exposed by oil and gas drilling in the vicinity of the Nandagang Fault exhibits a sequence of Paleogene strata (comprising the Kongshang Formation, Shahejie Formation, and Dongying Formation from base to summit), Neogene strata (consisting of the Guantao Formation and Minghuazhen Formation from base to summit), and Quaternary strata that are not well-developed. The Nandagang fault is distributed in the middle of the Qikou sag in the northeast direction, with a length of approximately 34.3 km. It extends upward from the basement to the top of the Minghuazhen formation. The fault is inclined to the southeast direction, and the dip angle remains relatively constant, ranging from 45\u0026deg; to 50\u0026deg;. This indicates that the fault belongs to a category of long-term development faults, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. Presently, oil and gas have been identified in the Nandagang fault zone. While these substances are predominantly concentrated the lower sub-member of the first member of Shahejie Formation (Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ex\u003c/sup\u003e), indications of oil and gas have also been observed in Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The presence of oil and gas is primarily attributed to the dark mudstone that has developed in the third member of the Shahejie Formation, which is itself part of the underlying Hejie Formation. The source rock of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and the reservoir of Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are separated by the mudstone caprock of Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e. As an oil source fault, the Nandagang fault migrates the oil and gas generated by the underlying source rock of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, where they accumulate. As illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, the presence of oil and gas within Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e of the Nandagang Fault is predominantly observed at observation points 2\u0026ndash;3, 8, 11\u0026ndash;12, and 17\u0026ndash;18. These points are primarily influenced by the source rock of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, the Nandagang Fault, and the mudstone caprock of Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e. It is therefore vital to ascertain whether it is possible to accurately study the source rock of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e, coupled with the distribution of oil. The distribution of oil and gas migration to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is pivotal in comprehending the distribution characteristics of oil and gas in Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, constrained by the Nandagang fault, and the optimal targets for oil and gas exploration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe three-dimensional seismic profile has been used to identify the fault distance of the Nandagang fault in Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e. The method described in literature \u003csup\u003e[25\u0026ndash;27]\u003c/sup\u003e has been used to identify the ancient fault of the Nandagang fault in Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ex\u003c/sup\u003e in the middle and late sedimentary period of the Minghuazhen Formation (oil and gas accumulation period). A comparison of the time of fault activity with the ancient activity rate of the Nandagang fault in Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ex\u003c/sup\u003e reveals a reduction in the latter. The methodology outlined in the extant literature \u003csup\u003e[28\u0026ndash;30]\u003c/sup\u003e is employed to ascertain the migration position of the Nandagang fault within Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ex\u003c/sup\u003e.As illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, it is evident that the Nandagang fault within Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ex\u003c/sup\u003e is a site of oil and gas migration, with the exception of observation points 14\u0026ndash;15 and 19\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, the drilling, logging and analysis test data indicates that the threshold of oil and gas discharged from the source rock of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e of the Qikou sag is approximately 3600m. According to the buried depth of the bottom boundary of the source rock of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, the oil and gas supply area in the source of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e of the Nandagang fault distribution area is mainly distributed in the northeast, followed by the central part of the south, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs demonstrated by the drilling test data, the oil and gas supply area located outside the source of Es3 in the Nandagang fault distribution area can be delineated. As illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, the distribution of oil and gas resources outside the source of Es3 is predominantly concentrated in the central and western regions of the north and south, with a minor distribution observed in the eastern periphery of the south.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Nandagang fault is overlaid on the migration position of Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ex\u003c/sup\u003e, as well as the oil and gas supply area both inside and outside the source of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. This enables the identification of the source rock of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and the Nandagang fault, which couples different types of source oil and gas migration positions (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). As demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, the oil and gas migration sites both inside and outside the coupling source of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and the Nandagang fault are predominantly distributed at the observation points 14\u0026ndash;17. The distribution of oil and gas migration sites outside the source is predominantly concentrated at observation points 1\u0026ndash;6, 7\u0026ndash;9 and 9\u0026ndash;11, while the sites within the source are primarily distributed at points 17\u0026ndash;19 and 20\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe thickness of mudstone caprock in Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e, as well as the fault distance of the Nandagang fault within this section, should be identified on the basis of 3D seismic data. The method outlined in the literature \u003csup\u003e[25\u0026ndash;27]\u003c/sup\u003e should be employed to reduce the ancient thickness of mudstone caprock in Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e and the ancient fault distance of the Nandagang fault within this section. The former subtracts the latter to reduce the ancient fault thickness of mudstone caprock in Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e, and then the method in the literature \u003csup\u003e[34\u0026ndash;36]\u003c/sup\u003e is applied to identify the distribution of oil and gas migration forms coupled with Nandagang fault and mudstone caprock in Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. As illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, the rapid migration form of oil and gas, in conjunction with the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e, is predominantly concentrated at observation points 4\u0026ndash;16. Conversely, the slow migration form of oil and gas is primarily distributed at observation points 2,3\u0026ndash;4 and 16\u0026ndash;17.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe superimposition of the source rock of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, the coupling migration of different types of source oil and gas migration sites of the Nandagang fault, and the coupling migration of oil and gas forms of the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e, the source rock of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e can be obtained. The distribution of the coupling oil and gas migration to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. As illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, the slow migration form of oil and gas within and surrounding the coupling source of the source rock of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, the Nandagang fault, and the mudstone caprock of Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is predominantly observed at observation points 14\u0026ndash;17. The rapid migration form of oil and gas outside the source to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is primarily distributed at observation points 4\u0026ndash;6, 7\u0026ndash;8 and 9\u0026ndash;11. In contrast, the slow migration form of oil and gas outside the source is predominantly observed at observation points 2 and 4. Finally, the slow migration form of oil and gas inside the source to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is mainly distributed at observation point 17. It is evident that the rapid migration form of oil and gas inside and outside the source to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and the rapid migration form of oil and gas inside the source are not developed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, the distribution of oil and gas within Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is predominantly concentrated at observation points 2\u0026ndash;3, 8, 11\u0026ndash;12, and 17\u0026ndash;18. These points are situated within the source rock of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, a region of particular interest due to its association with the coupling of the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e. The slow migration form of oil and gas inside and outside the source to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, the rapid migration form of oil and gas outside the source to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, the slow migration form of oil and gas outside the source to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and the slow The slow migration form of oil and gas inside the source to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is more conducive to the accumulation of oil and gas inside and outside the source of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e along the Nandagang fault through the mudstone caprock of Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are six types of migration forms of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas to the overlying reservoir. They are the source fault cover coupling source inside and outside the source of oil and gas to the overlying reservoir fast migration form distribution parts, inside and outside the source of oil and gas to the overlying reservoir slow migration form distribution parts, outside the source of oil and gas to the overlying reservoir fast migration form distribution parts, outside the source of oil and gas to the overlying reservoir slow migration form distribution parts, inside the source of oil and gas to the overlying reservoir fast migration form distribution parts and inside the source of oil and gas slow migration form distribution parts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing different types of source oil and gas supply areas and fault migration sites, the source-fault coupling different types of source oil and gas migration sites are determined. Using the relative thickness of the ancient fault of the mudstone caprock, the distribution of the source-fault coupling oil and gas migration form is determined. The two are superimposed to establish a set of research methods for the distribution of source-fault-capping coupling oil and gas migration forms to overlying reservoirs. Through the application of examples, the results confirm that the method is feasible to study the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to overlying reservoirs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are four types of oil and gas migration from the source rock of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of Es\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e to the third member of Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the Qikou Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin. The slow migration form of oil and gas, both inside and outside the source, to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, is distributed exclusively at observation points 14\u0026ndash;17. By contrast, the rapid migration form of oil and gas, outside the source, to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, is primarily distributed at observation points 4\u0026ndash;6, 7\u0026ndash;8 and 9\u0026ndash;11. The slow migration form of oil and gas outside the source to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is primarily distributed at observation points 2 and 4. The slow migration form of oil and gas inside the source to the Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is predominantly distributed at observation point 17. The observation points 2, 4\u0026ndash;6, 7\u0026ndash;8, 9\u0026ndash;11 and 14\u0026ndash;17 appear to be particularly conducive to the accumulation of oil and gas, both inside and outside the source of the underlying Es3 in Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. This observation is consistent with the distribution of oil and gas in Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, which is primarily concentrated at observation points 2\u0026ndash;3, 8, 11\u0026ndash;12, and 17\u0026ndash;18, and is constrained by the Nandagang fault.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis method is mainly suitable for the study of the distribution of the source rock, tensile normal fault and mudstone caprock coupling oil and gas migration to the overlying reservoir in the sandstone-mudstone petroliferous basin where the lower source rock is developed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA.B. and C.D. wrote the main manuscript text and E.F. prepared figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi, Z.; Xiao, Y.; Tian, J.; et al. 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New frontiers, new types and resource potential of oil and gas exploration in the Bohai Sea area. \u003cem\u003eActa Petrolei Sinica\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e, 45, 163-182.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"source-fault-caprock matching, hydrocarbon migration form, distribution location, research method","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7120734/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7120734/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the study of the migration mechanism and form distribution of the source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas to the overlying reservoir, the source-fault coupling oil and gas migration parts of different types of sources are determined by using the oil and gas supply parts of different types of sources and the fracture migration parts;Using the relative thickness of ancient fault of mudstone caprock, the distribution position of fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration form is determined. The superposition of the two has established a set of research methods for the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to the overlying reservoir. It is used to study the distribution of oil and gas migration from the source rock of the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of the middle sub-member of the first member of Shahejie Formation(E\u003csub\u003es1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e) to the third member of the Dongying Formation(Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) in the Qikou Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin. The results show that there are four types of oil and gas migration from the source rock of Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, the Nandagang fault and the mudstone caprock of E\u003csub\u003es1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The slow migration form of oil and gas, both inside and outside the source, to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, is distributed exclusively at observation points 14\u0026ndash;17. By contrast, the rapid migration form of oil and gas, outside the source, to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, is primarily distributed at observation points 4\u0026ndash;6, 7\u0026ndash;8 and 9\u0026ndash;11. The slow migration form of oil and gas outside the source to Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is primarily distributed at observation points 2 and 4. The slow migration form of oil and gas inside the source to the Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is predominantly distributed at observation point 17. The observation points 2, 4\u0026ndash;6, 7\u0026ndash;8, 9\u0026ndash;11 and 14\u0026ndash;17 appear to be particularly conducive to the accumulation of oil and gas, both inside and outside the source of the underlying Es\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e in Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. This observation is consistent with the distribution of oil and gas in Ed\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, which is primarily concentrated at observation points 2\u0026ndash;3, 8, 11\u0026ndash;12, and 17\u0026ndash;18, and is constrained by the Nandagang fault. It shows that this method is feasible to study the distribution of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to overlying reservoirs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Research method and application of source-fault-cap coupling oil and gas migration to overlying reservoir distribution","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-28 11:21:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7120734/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7ca34e4c-1a4e-404d-bfec-647c1f7726ab","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-11T07:53:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-28 11:21:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7120734","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7120734","identity":"rs-7120734","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}