Customary Forests as Models of Traditional Agroforestry: Ethnobotany of Wild Edible Plants in the Dayak Sisang Forest, Indonesia

Customary Forests as Models of Traditional Agroforestry: Ethnobotany of Wild Edible Plants in the Dayak Sisang Forest, Indonesia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Customary Forests as Models of Traditional Agroforestry: Ethnobotany of Wild Edible Plants in the Dayak Sisang Forest, Indonesia Efriani Efriani, Afandi Afandi, Dede Mulyanto, Shofia Az Zahra Aulia, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7907552/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Agroforestry Systems → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Around 20–25% of Indonesia’s population depends on Indigenous Territories, including the Dayak Sisang Indigenous Community. For the Dayak Sisang, the Indigenous Territory plays a crucial role, particularly as an ecosystem that provides wild edible plants (WEP). However, deforestation driven by land-use conversion and socio-economic pressures threatens environmental sustainability, leading to the loss of WEP diversity and the erosion of local knowledge. Therefore, this research seeks to explore and document WEP and to analyse their significance in safeguarding Indigenous Territory. An ethnographic approach combined with ethnobotanical methods was intentionally employed to ensure the accuracy of the data collected. Data collection involved in-depth interviews with 53 key informants, focusing on their perspectives and recollections of local botanical knowledge. Plant specimen collection was carried out through participatory forest walks to ensure accuracy in botanical analysis. This research identified 103 WEP species within the study area, representing 48 plant families. Nine families were found to be dominant: Arecaceae (8.74%), Moraceae (7.77%), Sapindaceae (7.77%), Zingiberaceae (5.83%), Aspleniaceae (3.88%), Phyllanthaceae (3.88%), Anacardiaceae (2.91%), Lauraceae (2.91%), and Rubiaceae (2.91%). Fruit (46.60%) is the most abundant part of the plant. Gastronomic preferences indicate that WEP is consumed chiefly raw (63.10%). Regarding growth form, WEP consists of trees (50%), the dominant one. Spatially, WEP is mainly found in sacred forests (46%). Customary territories have a crucial role as providers of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and economic potential. This study contributes to bridging ethnobotany and agroforestry research by framing indigenous forest management as a living model of biodiversity based agroforestry. Bornean Endemic Flora Borneo Tropical Rainforest Indigenous Community Indigenous Forest Traditional Agroforestry Wild Edible Plants Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction The relationship between humans and nature, particularly within the context of Indigenous communities (masyarakat adat), is grounded in the productive, ecological, social, and cultural functions of nature (Moran 2017 ). Forests play a central role as providers of food, medicine, raw materials, and cultural services, fostering a deep human dependency on the environment since the earliest stages of civilization. This dependency has led to the development of diverse forms of traditional knowledge (Efriani et al. 2020 ; Efriani et al. 2019 ; Mulyanto et al. 2023 ; Niko et al. 2024 ). In particular, human reliance on wild edible plants (WEP) is fundamental in meeting daily needs (Ajiningrum et al. 2025 ; Gurbanova 2025 ). The utilization of WEP includes their role as food (Asfaw et al. 2023 ), sources of nutrition (Servin & Moseley 2023 ) and animal feed (Azzahra & Mulyanto 2024 ), as well as spices (Singh et al. 2021), medicine (Afandi et al. 2022 ; Nafayu et al. 2025 ; Panjaitan et al. 2023 ), building materials, providers of ecosystem services (Ali et al. 2025 ), and cultural resources of significant value to humans (Suwardi et al. 2025 ). It is estimated that 85–90% of the world’s population depends on wild edible plants (WEP) to meet their food needs (Wangchuk 2018 ). In Indonesia, there are 2,499 Indigenous communities spread across the archipelago, with an estimated population of around 70 million people, or approximately 20–25% of the national population (IWGIA 2025 ). On the island of Kalimantan, 87 Indigenous communities have been formally recognized by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, with their Indigenous Forests overing an area of 2.682.570 hectares. The Dayak Sisang Indigenous Community is one of these recognized communities. Research on the role of forests as sources of food within Indigenous Territories in Indonesia remains limited. Much of the existing research has focused on issues of recognition and community protection in response to the displacement of Indigenous peoples by land concessions (Afiff & Rachman 2019 ; Arizona et al. 2019; Bedner & Arizona 2019 ; Dhiaulhaq and McCarthy 2020 ; Efriani et al. 2024 ). Other studies have primarily emphasized conservation and environmental sustainability (Dawson et al. 2023 ; Fa et al. 2020 ; Gonzales Tovar et al. 2021 ). However, understanding how indigenous communities utilize customary forests by understanding ecological, social, and economic aspects through the study of ethnobotanical practices seems to be very rare. How can customary forests be understood as traditional agroforestry through the services of edible wild plants? This question has been asked as a research question in this study. The study of ethnobotany plays a crucial role in understanding agroforestry as a dynamic ecological and social system. Ethnobotany traces the relationship between humans and plants and uncovers how local knowledge and traditional practices play a role in maintaining the sustainability of forest landscapes (Kumar et al., 2021 ). Indigenous peoples' participation in agroforestry increases food security and household income and promotes the maintenance of the diversity of increasingly threatened plant species (Chaudhary et al., 2025 ). In agroforestry, the ethnobotanical approach allows researchers to trace the cultural dimensions of the use of living resources, including how societies recognise, classify, and manage valuable plant species on a hereditary basis. This study confirms that traditional agroforestry systems often grow from a foundation of ethnobotanical knowledge, where species selection and planting patterns reflect local communities' ecological, economic, and spiritual values (Afentina et al., 2020 ). The ethnobotanical study in this study is intended to understand the ecological value and utilisation of forests rooted in indigenous peoples' local wisdom. This integration places indigenous peoples not only as users of resources, but as guardians of agroforestry landscapes whose sustainability (Gonçalves et al., 2021 ). The ethnobotanical and ethnographic approach in the agroforestry study has created opportunities to strengthen the rights and knowledge of indigenous peoples as key holders of customary forest management, especially in Indonesia. Materials and Methods Dayak Sisang community The Dayak Sisang community was officially recognized as an Indigenous People in 2018 through a regulation issued by the Regent of Sanggau Regency Regulation No. 327. Their Indigenous Territory was designated as the Wilayah Adat Ketemenggungan Sisang, covering an area of 2.235 hectares. On September 7, 2018, 651 hectares of this territory were formally recognized as Hutan Adat (Indigenous Forest) by the Decree of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia (Decree No. SK.5771/MENLHK-PSKL/PKTHA/PLS.1/9.2018). The Dayak Sisang live in and around this Indigenous Forest, relying on its resources for their livelihoods. Based on local knowledge, they have inhabited this territory for generations, bound by ancestral origins and shared settlement. They maintain a strong relationship with their Indigenous Territory and uphold a value system that shapes their economic, political, social, cultural, and legal institutions. The Ketemenggungan Sisang Indigineour territory plays a crucial role for the Dayak Sisang community, providing essential needs such as food, medicine, and building materials. It also serves as the foundation of their traditional knowledge systems and sustainable environmental management practices. Wild plants are harvested within the territory for consumption, particularly vegetables and fruits. Indigenous Territory, particularly Indigenous Forest ( hutan adat ), represents a large ecosystem that sustains numerous species while serving as a cultural heritage for local communities. However, the existence of indigineous forest is increasingly threatened by deforestation (Safkaur et al. 2025 ), land-use conversion such as monoculture plantation expansion (Prahesty et al. 2025 ), and socio-economic changes (Jers et al. 2025 ) all of which undermine ecosystem sustainability. The loss of forest cover leads not only to a decline in the diversity of WEP (Saraan et al. 2025 ), but also to the erosion of local practices and knowledge (Mourya, Bargali, and Bargali 2019 ; Ungirwalu et al. 2025 ). These threats endanger both the survival of Indigenous Territories and the biodiversity they encompass. Therefore, documenting and analyzing the diversity of WEP in the Dayak Sisang Indigenous Territory is urgently needed, both for the conservation of biological resources and for the preservation of the local knowledge of the Dayak Sisang community. This research was conducted in the Indigenous Territory of the Dayak Sisang with the aim of exploring and documenting the diversity of wild edible plants (WEP). The study is particularly significant in light of ongoing forest degradation caused by resource exploitation, declining forest quality and quantity due to climate change, and increasing demographic pressures. These factors pose a serious threat to the loss of WEP species, many of which have not yet been studied or documented. The findings of this research have important implications for Indigenous communities, particularly within the Bornean landscape, by highlighting the role of WEP in sustaining biological diversity and emphasizing their significance in safeguarding Indigenous Territory. Study Area This research was conducted in the Indigenous Territory of the Dayak Sisang, located in Lubuk Sabuk Village, Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The study area was divided into four categories: settlement, field, garden, and Indigenous Forest (Fig. 1). The settlement area includes spaces inhabited by people, such as front and back yards of houses. Fields are areas cultivated by the Dayak Sisang for rice and vegetable crops, managed throughout the year. Gardens are fruit tree areas that have been developed to resemble secondary forests. The indigenous forest is a forest area officially recognized by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia and managed by the Indigenous community. It is accessible only at certain times, regarded as sacred, and serves as a site of ancestral worship. Demographic Information The subjects of this research were members of the indigenous territory society Ketemenggungan Sisang. A total of 53 key informants actively participated in this study, selected based on the following criteria: (1) residing in villages within the Indigenous Territory, (2) practicing subsistence farming, and (3) possessing knowledge of local wisdom related to the management of Indigenous Territory. The selected informants represent a diversity of demographic categories, including age, gender, and educational background. They cover both male and female participants, range from youth and adults to the elderly, and represent educational attainment from illiteracy to higher education. Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the key informants selected from the research site Factors Category Number of Participants Percentage (%) Gender Male 24 45 Female 29 55 Age 15–24 years 11 21 25–35 years 8 15 35–45 years 10 19 55–65 years and above 24 45 Education Illiterates 3 6 Elementary School 10 19 Middle School 12 23 High School 25 47 College Graduates 3 6 Data Collection Fieldwork was conducted ethnographically from June to August 2025. First, incidental interviews were carried out with 250 members of the Dayak Sisang community. From these, 53 individuals were selected as key informants and participated in in-depth interviews (Table 1 ). The interviews focused on local plant names, growth forms, plant parts harvested, gastronomic references, and plant habitats. In addition, ethnographic observation was conducted through “walks in the woods” (Turner 1988 ) across the four research zones. During these walks, plant specimens, photographs, and artifacts of wild edible plants were collected for identification (Adelisa, et al. 2023 ; Thomas, et al. 2007 ) Representative examples of these materials are presented in the Fig. 2. Data Analysis This research successfully documented 103 plant species across four zones of the Wilayah Adat Ketemenggungan Dayak Sisang. All specimens were recorded using local names in the Dayak Sisang language. For botanical identification, each specimen was classified by its scientific name, family, and growth form. The identification process referred to The Endemic Plant Genera of Borneo (Neo 2025 ); PROSEA: Plant Resources of South-East Asia, and Flora Malesiana. Several online databases were also consulted, including asianplant.net, powo.science.kew.org, inaturalist.org, borneoficus.info, worldfloraonline.org, iucnredlist.org, and ipni.org. Each collected specimen was assigned a code (SG 001–103) for the purpose of documenting the diversity of wild edible plants found in the Indigenous Territory of Ketemenggungan Sisang. The ethnobotanical data is then used to assess the role of customary forests as traditional agroforestry. Analysis of plant forms, habitats, and economic, social, and ecological benefits is carried out on the species that have been successfully discovered. Data analysis employed quantitative descriptive methods using Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), RFC \(\:=\frac{\text{n}\text{i}\:\left(\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{c}\text{i}\text{t}\text{a}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n}\:\text{i}\text{n}\text{f}\text{o}\text{r}\text{m}\text{a}\text{n}\text{t}\text{s}\right)}{\text{N}\:\left(\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{f}\text{o}\text{r}\text{m}\text{a}\text{n}\text{t}\text{s}\right)}x\:100\) measured how frequently each species was cited (Tardío and Pardo-de-Santayana 2008 ) and percentage of species distribution across habitats. Results Diversity of WEP in Ketemanggungan Sisang Indigenous Territory This study represents the first ethnobotanical work conducted in the Ketemenggungan Sisang Indigenous Territory. The research engaged with the community’s botanical memories to document lists of WEP based on the lived experiences of the Dayak Sisang and their interactions with the forest. During interviews, informants recalled fruiting seasons that mostly occur at the end of the year, particularly in November and December. In these fruiting seasons, tree species are typically harvested at specific times, whereas leafy plants are harvested continuously without seasonal limitation. Botanical memories often rely on sensory cues, such as taste, shape or physical characteristics, and aroma, to guide recognition and harvesting practices. Indigenous territories are living spaces where local knowledge about plants develops and is practised for generations. Indigenous communities rely heavily on the environment for much of their food, making these territories a primary source of rich and diverse ethnobotanical knowledge. Within these territories, complex and sustainable natural resource management systems exist, often unwritten but based on customary norms, rules, and traditions. These systems protect biodiversity and ensure the availability of essential plants for the community. Ethnobotanical practices within indigenous communities are an integral part of the local wisdom system governing their customary territories. For example, the prohibition on cutting down certain trees is an integral part of the forest management system, which serves as a source of biodiversity. Furthermore, the concept of "eating unclean" or prohibiting the consumption of certain plants is also a cultural practice with a positive ecological impact. This practice is part of ethnobotany, linking plant use to spiritual and social values. Biodiversity has a significant relationship with cultural values. The ability of indigenous peoples to describe various plant species provides a snapshot of well-preserved local knowledge. The greater the biodiversity of an area, the richer the potential for local knowledge about plants. Language is the most practical tool for identifying plants. Local languages contain specialised vocabulary about plants, including names of plants, plant parts, processing methods, and uses. This vocabulary often lacks direct equivalents in other languages, making local languages key to understanding authentic ethnobotanical knowledge. Unfortunately, the tendency to transmit plant knowledge orally is highly vulnerable to the loss of local botanical knowledge. Cultural practices such as folklore, myths, and rituals serve as a medium for indigenous communities' botanical memories. The Sisang Dayak of the Sisang Ketemenggungan are an indigenous group in Kalimantan with a rich and complex ethnobotanical tradition. They possess the ability to identify various types of plants found in their customary territory. They recognise plants for various purposes, including food, traditional medicines, building materials, and even plants with spiritual and ritual significance. The natural management practices developed by the Sisang Dayak employ a system that maintains ecosystem balance, such as selective logging and land rotation for shifting cultivation. This spiritual connection with plants is also reflected in the sacred role of several plants in traditional rituals and beliefs. For example, certain plants are used in healing ceremonies, death rituals, or as symbols in myths and ancestral stories. The Sisang Dayak ethnobotanical practices are a concrete manifestation of cultural decisions in their interactions with bioculture in their customary territories. Through ethnobotany, communities express cultural values, community identity, patterns of dependence, and relationships with natural resources. Cultural decisions are dynamic, adaptable to social and environmental changes. This study found a high diversity of WEP in customary forests, demonstrating the resilience of the Sisiang Dayak to social pressures related to environmental issues in Indonesia. The Sisang Dayak are an example of an indigenous community that maintains botanical knowledge (tabel 2). Table 2 Wild Edible Plants (WEP) traditionally consumed by the Dayak Sisang in the Ketemenggungan Sisang Indigenous Territory Family Species Vernacular name Documentation Code Life Form Habitat Parts Used Gastronomic References Actinidiaceae Saurauia subcordata Korth. Rebede SG94 Trees Gardens Fruits Cooked Anacardiaceae Mangifera foetida Blume Me'tat SG36 Trees Settlements, Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Mangifera odorata Griff. Kuini SG88 Trees Gardens Fruits Raw Mangifera parvifolia Boerl. & Koord.-Schum. Pauh SG96 Trees Gardens Fruits Raw Annonaceae Polyalthia borneensis Merr. Plangaya SG78 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits, Leaves Cooked Aquifoliaceae Ilex hypoglauca (Miq.) Loes. Kecepi' SG58 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Araceae Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Mayo SG53 Herbs Indigenous Forests Tubers Cooked Arecaceae Salacca affinis Griff. Terisep SG4, SG42 Palms Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw, Cooked Caryota mitis Lour. Sompur; Tajur SG27, SG93 Palms Settlements, Indigenous Forests ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) Raw, Cooked Calamus manan Miq. Tingkes SG38 Palms Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw, Fermentation Eleiodoxa conferta (Griff.) Burret Mut muha, marau SG39, SG41 Palms Indigenous Forests Fruits, ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) Raw, Cooked Calamus caesius Blume Uwi sabut SG40 Palms Indigenous Forests Fruits, ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) Raw, Cooked Oncosperma horridum (Griff.) Scheff. Parrai SG45 Palms Indigenous Forests ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) Raw, Cooked Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss Ngkap SG56 Palms Indigenous Forests Fruits, ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) Raw Pinanga crassipes Becc Runga SG82 Palms Gardens Fruits, ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) Raw Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. Mayang SG105 Palms Indigenous Forests ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) Raw, Cooked Aspleniaceae Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd. Cekas SG13 Ferns Settlements, Indigenous Forests Inflorescences Cooked Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Pekuh iko SG33 Ferns Settlements, Indigenous Forests Inflorescences Cooked Blechnum oriInflorescencese L. Pekuh prengkis SG49 Ferns Indigenous Forests Inflorescences Cooked Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K.Iwats. Pekuh orut SG50 Ferns Indigenous Forests Inflorescences Cooked Asteraceae Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. Morru SG61 Shrub Gardens, Swidden Fields Leaves Raw, Cooked Begoniaceae Begonia stenogyna Sands Kuru SG1 Shrub Settlements Leaves Cooked Burseraceae Dacryodes rugosa (Blume) H.J.Lam Kembeyu SG84 Trees Gardens Fruits Cooked Santiria laevigata Blume Kembayu tajuk SG90 Trees Gardens Fruits Raw Cannabaceae Trema cannabina var. cannabina Gemi SG80 Trees Gardens Fruits Cooked Chloranthaceae Ascarina philippinensis C.B.Rob. Sempe'k SG74 Shrub Indigenous Forests, Gardens Leaves Cooked Clusiaceae Garcinia parvifolia (Miq.) Miq. Kenis SG97 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits, Leaves Cooked Garcinia linearis Pierre Torok SG98 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits Cooked Convolvulaceae Decalobanthus peltatus (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples Komop SG60 Lianas Gardens Leaves Cooked Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Ubi rambat SG62 Lianas Gardens Tubers, Leaves Cooked Costaceae Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R.Dutta Obul-obul SG6 Herbs Settlements Leaves Cooked Cucurbitaceae Momordica denticulata Miq. Fruits titi SG15 Lianas Settlements Fruits Raw Dilleniaceae Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff. ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Martelli Daut dangin SG19 Trees Settlements, Indigenous Forests Leaves, Flowers Cooked Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea alata L. Kribe' buntat SG7 Lianas Gardens Tubers Cooked Dioscorea hispida Dennst. Kribe' tangan SG8 Lianas Gardens Tubers Cooked Euphorbiaceae Elateriospermum tapos Blume Ropi SG70 Trees Gardens Fruits Cooked Fabaceae Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I.C.Nielsen Kadap SG64 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits Cooked Spatholobus ferrugineus (Zoll. & Moritzi) Benth. Kebedo' SG71 Lianas Gardens Fruits Cooked Fagaceae Lithocarpus conocarpus (Oudem.) Rehder Pansi SG91 Trees Gardens Fruits Raw Castanopsis megacarpa Gamble Keraci wow SG106 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits Cooked Gnetaceae Gnetum leptostachyum Blume Entebet SG67 Trees Indigenous Forests, Gardens Fruits, Leaves Raw, Cooked Hypoxidaceae Curculigo latifolia Dryand. ex W.T.Aiton Roma' SG31 Herbs Settlements, Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Lamiaceae Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet Empeya'k SG32 Shrub Settlements, Indigenous Forests Fruits, Leaves Cooked Vitex pinnata L. Leaves meruat SG34 Trees Settlements Fruits, Leaves Raw, Cooked Lauraceae Litsea accedens (Blume) Boerl. Taak SG20 Trees Settlements Leaves Raw Caryodaphnopsis tonkinensis (Lecomte) Airy Shaw Dout sonuk SG52 Trees Indigenous Forests Leaves Cooked Litsea elliptica Blume Mejeh SG100 Trees Indigenous Forests Leaves Raw, Cooked Malvaceae Brownlowia ferruginea Kosterm. Bronti'k SG47 Trees Indigenous Forests Seeds Cooked Marantaceae Donax canniformis (G.Forst.) K.Schum. Bomban SG103 Herbs Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Melastomataceae Bellucia pentamera Naudin Jamu'k kompoh SG12 Trees Settlements Fruits Raw Melastoma malabathricum L. Dout risa'k SG54 Shrub Indigenous Forests Fruits, Leaves Raw, Cooked Meliaceae Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) K.C.Sahni & Bennet Ruku' SG57 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. Situ SG83 Trees Gardens Fruits Raw Menispermaceae Parabaena megalocarpa Merr. Kopiat SG2 Lianas Settlements Leaves Cooked Moraceae Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. Tebudos, Kebedos SG28 Trees Settlements, Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw, Cooked, Fermentation Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco Terap SG29 Trees Settlements, Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw, Cooked Ficus variegata Blume Ara SG37 Trees Settlements Fruits Raw Artocarpus sericicarpus F.M.Jarrett Pruntat SG46 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw, Cooked Ficus grossularioides var. grossularioides Kumpat SG73 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits, Leaves Raw Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume Peet SG87 Trees Gardens Fruits Raw, Cooked Ficus uncinata (King) Becc. Timu 92 Trees Gardens Fruits Raw Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq. Entowa SG101 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw, Cooked Musaceae Musa borneensis Becc. Bera kera, Bera engkodat SG30, SG107 Herbs Settlements, Indigenous Forests Flowers, ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) Cooked Musa acuminata Colla Pisang sumpak SG77 Herbs Swidden Fields ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) Cooked Myrtaceae Syzygium nervosum DC. Bungkang SG65 Trees Indigenous Forests, Gardens Fruits, Leaves Raw, Cooked Syzygium leptostemon (Korth.) Merr. & L.M.Perry Singko' SG89 Trees Gardens Fruits Raw Olacaceae Erythropalum scandens Blume Mika' SG75 Lianas Gardens Leaves Cooked Scorodocarpus borneensis (Baill.) Becc. Kudur SG109 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits, Leaves, Bark, Stems Cooked Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L. Sendani SG9 Lianas Settlements Fruits Raw Phyllanthaceae Baccaurea angulata Merr. Gelumik SG11 Trees Settlements, Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw, Cooked Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. Rambai SG22 Trees Settlements, Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Baccaurea bracteata Müll.Arg. Rambai prenu' SG81 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. Kurap SG108 Trees Gardens Fruits Raw Poaceae Gigantochloa balui K.M.Wong Engkot buru SG17 Bamboos Settlements, Indigenous Forests Buds Cooked, Fermentation Gigantochloa apus (Schult.f.) Kurz ex Munro Engkot munti SG18 Bamboos Settlements, Indigenous Forests Buds Cooked, Fermentation Polypodiaceae Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn Gerubu' SG21 Ferns Settlements, Swidden Fields Inflorescences Cooked Dryopteris cycadina (Franch. & Sav.) C.Chr. Pekuh entawa SG26 Ferns Settlements, Indigenous Forests Inflorescences Cooked Primulaceae Embelia javanica A.DC. Pelanuk SG3 Lianas Settlements Leaves Cooked Putranjivaceae Drypetes fusiformis Airy Shaw Koko' SG102 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Rosaceae Rubus moluccanus L. Ngkurop SG51 Shrub Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Rubiaceae Nauclea officinalis (Pierre ex Pit.) Merr. & Chun Bengkal SG63 Trees Indigenous Forests Leaves Raw Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr. Ngekah kluya'k SG72 Lianas Indigenous Forests, Gardens Stems, Fruits Raw Gardenia tubifera Wall. Riba SG76 Trees Gardens Leaves Raw, Cooked Sapindaceae Lepisanthes alata (Blume) Leenh. Kerumi SG5 Trees Settlements Fruits Raw Lepisanthes amoena (Hassk.) Leenh. Nturi kemik SG35 Trees Settlements Fruits, Leaves Raw Pometia pinnata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Krengah SG48 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Nephelium laurinum Blume Rement SG66 Trees Indigenous Forests, Gardens Fruits Raw Dimocarpus longan subsp. malesianus Leenh. Bedara SG79 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Nephelium cuspidatum Blume Sangau SG95 Trees Gardens Fruits Raw Nephelium maingayi Hiern Sibau SG99 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Lepisanthes divaricata (Radlk.) Leenh. Bletek sangau SG SG104 Trees Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Schizaeaceae Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw. Pekuh mohu SG14 Ferns Settlements, Indigenous Forests Inflorescences Cooked Smilacaceae Smilax odoratissima Blume Renga'k SG16 Lianas Indigenous Forests Fruits, Shoots Raw, Cooked Solanaceae Solanum torvum Sw. Tuip sibidah SG10 Shrub Settlements Fruits Raw, Cooked Physalis angulata L. Sitop SG69 Shrub Gardens Fruits, Leaves Raw, Cooked Urticaceae Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Lidah katak, krangan SG55, SG68 Trees Indigenous Forests Leaves Cooked Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr. Mehrat SG59 Lianas Indigenous Forests Stems Raw Zingiberaceae Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S.Sakai & Nagam. Ngkereh' SG23 Herbs Settlements, Indigenous Forests Fruits, Flowers, ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) Raw, Cooked Globba tricolor Ridl. Ngkereuh kesuh SG24 Herbs Settlements, Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm. Kala' SG25 Herbs Settlements, Indigenous Forests Fruits, Flowers, ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) Raw, Cooked Plagiostachys strobilifera (Baker) Ridl. Murai SG43 Herbs Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw Hornstedtia havilandii (K.Schum.) K.Schum. Puyak SG44 Herbs Indigenous Forests Fruits Raw, Cooked Hornstedtia reticulata (K.Schum.) K.Schum. Pinyang SG85 Herbs Indigenous Forests, Gardens Fruits, ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) Raw, Cooked This research recorded 103 species of WEP belonging to 48 plant families in the Ketemenggungan Dayak Sisang Indigenous Territory. Among these, Arecaceae was the most dominant family, represented by 9 species. It was followed by Moraceae and Sapindaceae with 8 species each, Zingiberaceae with 6 species, and Aspleniaceae and Phyllanthaceae with 4 species each. Several families were represented by 3 species, namely Anacardiaceae, Lauraceae, and Rubiaceae. Other families, such as Burseraceae, Clusiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Lamiaceae, Melastomataceae, Meliaceae, Musaceae, Myrtaceae, Olacaceae, Poaceae, Polypodiaceae, Solanaceae, and Urticaceae contributed 2 species each. The remaining 21 families were represented by only 1 species, including Actinidiaceae, Annonaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araceae, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Cannabaceae, Chloranthaceae, Costaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Dilleniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gnetaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Malvaceae, Marantaceae, Menispermaceae, Passifloraceae, Primulaceae, Putranjivaceae, Rosaceae, Schizaeaceae, and Smilacaceae. Table 3 Plant Families, Number of Species, and Percentage Representation of WEP Family Number of Species Percentage Representation Actinidiaceae 1 0.97% Anacardiaceae 3 2.91% Annonaceae 1 0.97% Aquifoliaceae 1 0.97% Araceae 1 0.97% Arecaceae 9 8.74% Aspleniaceae 4 3.88% Asteraceae 1 0.97% Begoniaceae 1 0.97% Burseraceae 2 1.94% Cannabaceae 1 0.97% Chloranthaceae 1 0.97% Clusiaceae 2 1.94% Convolvulaceae 2 1.94% Costaceae 1 0.97% Cucurbitaceae 1 0.97% Dilleniaceae 1 0.97% Dioscoreaceae 2 1.94% Euphorbiaceae 1 0.97% Fabaceae 2 1.94% Fagaceae 2 1.94% Gnetaceae 1 0.97% Hypoxidaceae 1 0.97% Lamiaceae 2 1.94% Lauraceae 3 2.91% Malvaceae 1 0.97% Marantaceae 1 0.97% Melastomataceae 2 1.94% Meliaceae 2 1.94% Menispermaceae 1 0.97% Moraceae 8 7.77% Musaceae 2 1.94% Myrtaceae 2 1.94% Olacaceae 2 1.94% Passifloraceae 1 0.97% Phyllanthaceae 4 3.88% Poaceae 2 1.94% Polypodiaceae 2 1.94% Primulaceae 1 0.97% Putranjivaceae 1 0.97% Rosaceae 1 0.97% Rubiaceae 3 2.91% Sapindaceae 8 7.77% Schizaeaceae 1 0.97% Smilacaceae 1 0.97% Solanaceae 2 1.94% Urticaceae 2 1.94% Zingiberaceae 6 5.83% Family = 48 Spesies = 103 100% Parts of Wild Edible Plants for Consumption The Dayak Sisang community harvests various parts of wild edible plants (WEP) for consumption, including fruits, stems, seeds, flowers, shoots ( pucuk ), leaves, buds ( tunas ), umbels (‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) ), bark ( kulit ), and inflorescences ( ental ) (Table 4 ). Among these, fruits are the most frequently consumed part, accounting for 46.60% of all recorded uses. This is followed by leaves (13.59%), inflorescences (ental, 6.80%), ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) (4.85%), and tubers (2.91%). Other plant parts, such as buds (1.94%), and stems, seeds, flowers, bark, and shoots (each 0.97%) are less commonly utilized. Interestingly, a significant proportion of species provide multiple edible parts. For instance, some plants are consumed both for their fruits and leaves (9.71%), while others offer combinations such as fruits, flowers, and ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ (Umbut) s (1.94%). Table 4 Number of Species by Plant Parts Used Parts Of WEP Frequently Consumed Percentage Stems 1 0.97% Stems, Fruits 1 0.97% Seeds 1 0.97% Fruits 48 46.60% Fruits, Flowers, ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ 2 1.94% Fruits, Leaves 10 9.71% Fruiyts, Leaves, Bark 1 0.97% Fruits, Shoots 1 0.97% Fruits, Leaf-Bud 5 4.85% Flowers, Umbels 1 0.97% Leaves 14 13.59% Leaves, Flowers 1 0.97% inflorescences 7 6.80% Buds 2 1.94% Tumbers 3 2.91% Tumbers, Leaves 1 0.97% Leaf-Bud 4 3.88% Total 103 100% Preferensi Gastronomi This study revealed that the Dayak Sisang Indigenous community shows a strong preference for consuming wild edible plants (WEP) directly or raw (36.89%) (Fig. 4 ). Several plant families are commonly eaten raw, including Anacardiaceae, Arecaceae, Moraceae, Phyllanthaceae, Sapindaceae, and Zingiberaceae. In addition, the community also possesses extensive knowledge of processing WEP through cooking, either as main ingredients or as culinary enhancers with aromatic and flavoring functions (35.92%). Plant families that are typically cooked include Aspleniaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Musaceae, Olacaceae, and Polypodiaceae. A considerable number of WEP are prepared according to more than one gastronomic preference (27.18%), meaning they can be consumed both raw and cooked. Families such as Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Gnetaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Melastomataceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Rubiaceae, Smilacaceae, Solanaceae, and Zingiberaceae were reported to be consumed in both ways. Furthermore, the Dayak Sisang also have knowledge of WEP fermentation. For example, Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. , locally known as Tebudos or Kebedos from the Moraceae family, can be eaten raw, processed into snacks, or fermented into a traditional product called pekasam . Habitats of Wild Edible Plants The interviews with informants revealed that the Dayak Sisang possess detailed ecological knowledge in dividing their indigenous territory into distinct zones according to function. Broadly, there are four zones: settlements, swidden fields, gardens, and indigenous forest. Settlements are residential areas that serve as living spaces and social environments, where houses, schools, and places of worship are located. This area functions as the center of community life, where people gather, live together, and utilize the environment to sustain their daily activities. The settlement zone is characterized by residential houses, educational facilities, and places of worship. The swidden fields are designated for shifting cultivation, usually cultivated for one agricultural cycle and then left fallow for 5–10 years before reuse. The gardens are managed for replanting and cultivation of various fruit trees and rubber trees tapped for latex, resembling secondary forests in structure. Meanwhile, the indigenous forest is a sacred landscape with deep spiritual, historical, and cultural significance that ties the Dayak Sisang to their ancestors. This forest cannot be converted into gardens or swidden fields, as it is protected and revered. The findings of this research indicate that 66.99% of wild edible plants (WEP) are found in indigenous forests, 11.65% in settlements, 20.39% in gardens, and 0.97% in swidden fields (Fig. 5). Discussion The Sisang Dayak customary forest in West Kalimantan shows how customary-based management systems play a role as a complex form of natural agroforestry. The dominance of families such as Arecaceae, Moraceae, and Sapindaceae shows that indigenous forests serve as the leading providers of food, medicine, and material resources, which underpin the sustainability of traditional agroforestry systems (Rendón-Sandoval et al. 2020). Of the 103 species of edible wild plants, trees are the most dominant with 52 species, followed by lianas (12 species), herbs (12 species), palms (9 species), shrubs (8 species), ferns (7 species), and bamboos (2 species) (Fig. 6). The predominance of these trees signifies the characteristics of natural agroforestry, where the canopy layer creates a humid microclimate, maintains soil moisture, and provides habitat for pollinating fauna. This layered vegetation structure resembles a multi-strata system of agroforestry that maintains ecosystem productivity and stability, improves carbon sequestration, water retention, and reduces soil erosion (Gauly et al. 2025). Multiple woody species such as Mangifera odorata and Baccaurea motleyana indicate strong ecological and economic integration, confirming that dual-function tree vegetation is at the core of indigenous agroforestry systems (Rumondang et al. 2025). Thus, the Dayak Sisang customary forest is a concrete example of "natural agroforestry" that maintains biodiversity while sustaining a subsistence economy. In addition, the spatial pattern consisting of settlements, shifting fields, gardens, and sacred forests in the Dayak Sisang customary territory reflects the ecological zoning system passed down from generation to generation and functions as a model of traditional agroforestry. The distribution of WEP shows that customary forests are the richest areas of species, with 69 or 66.99% of the total 103 WEP species found in the Ketemenggungan Sisang customary area (fig.5). This phenomenon confirms that forested areas managed based on customary norms have an important role in maintaining flora diversity and facilitating natural regeneration (Sari et al. 2023). Customary norms such as the prohibition of cutting down trees in sacred locations and restrictions on harvest times are forms of local environmental governance that ensure the sustainability of forest resources (Jim 2025). Table 5 shows the relationship between land use zones and the distribution of WEP species. Table 5 Ecological and Social Functions of the Ketemenggungan Sisang Customary Territory Zone Customary Territory Zone Number of WEP Species Percentage (%) Dominant Plant Type Ecological and Social Functions Gardens 21 20.39% Fruit trees and shrubs Secondary agroforestry, combination of fruit trees and crop rotation Settlements 12 11.65% Herbs and shrubs Daily consumption, medicinal plants and household vegetables Indigenous Forests 69 66.99% Wild trees and palms The main source of biodiversity; Sacred Areas and Natural Conservation Swidden Fields 1 0.97% Seasonal vegetables Seasonal use, traditional moving fields Total 103 Indigenous territory represents an integrated unit of both biological and social ecosystems, embodying the interconnectedness between indigenous communities and natural resources. It sustains daily life while also serving as a legacy for future generations. Indigenous forests, in particular, constitute a vital resource for ensuring the welfare of indigenous peoples (Jayantiari et al. 2024). These forests play a crucial role as ecosystems for endemic and endangered species, while also safeguarding the ethnobotanical practices of local communities. Furthermore, indigenous forests function as important sources of wild edible plants (WEP), which are not cultivated but provide rich plant diversity (Shah et al. 2025; Undaharta et al. 2025). Beyond biodiversity, they also contribute economic value as sources of income (Mardiyanto et al. 2024), and deliver critical ecosystem services, such as mitigating global warming (Susilowati et al. 2025). The diversity of WEP has significant potential as food sources for the Dayak Sisang Indigenous People (MHA), reflecting functional redundancy in local subsistence strategies. For example, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson, locally known as Mayo (Fig. 7), was found to grow abundantly in the area. The Dayak Sisang harvest its corms for cooking, and according to their botanical memory (Ryan 2013), during times of food scarcity, articularly when rice harvests fail, they rely on Mayo as a staple substitute for rice. Recent research indicates that A. paeoniifolius functions as a valuable food source, providing carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, vitamins, resistant starch, and dietary fiber (Singh et al. 2024). A biochemical analysis conducted by (Sarkar et al. 2025) further revealed starch concentrations ranging from 13.90–17.89%, protein content between 1.08–1.95% (with levels above 1.5% considered nutritionally significant), the highest antioxidant activity (17.45 μg/ml; 50% inhibition), Fe content of 7.45 mg/100 g, and the lowest total oxalate concentration (29.70 ppm). These findings underscore that WEP diversity has critical implications for food security (Asfaw et al. 2023). Besides their utilization as food sources, WEP also provide opportunities for income generation (Tadesse et al. 2025). Both WEP and forest-based foods create economic opportunities for Indigenous communities due to their high trade value (Trimanto et al. 2025). Ojha and Devkota (2023) reported that in Nepal, Blechnum orientale L. is not only consumed as food but is also commonly sold in local markets. Similarly, in the Ketemenggungan Sisang Indigenous Territory, six fern species belonging to the families Aspleniaceae, Polypodiaceae, and Schizaeaceae were documented. In the case of Kalimantan, six out of these seven species are frequently found in vegetable markets, where they are harvested from forests and sold by local communities (table 6). Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. dari Family Aspleniaceae, Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn Family Polypodiaceae, dan Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd. Family Aspleniaceae menunjukan RFC yang tinggi rata-rata 96.85 persen disebutkan oleh informan dapat dipanen dan dijual. Several species, such as Baccaurea motleyana (rambai), Mangifera odorata (kuini), and Artocarpus integer (tebudos), are seasonal commodities sold in local markets. Other varieties, such as Etlingera elatior (Kala') and Salacca zalacca (Ngkap), serve as high-value culinary ingredients and ground cover plants that prevent erosion. In a socio-economic context, these plants strengthen household food security, especially during the famine season, and provide additional income without damaging forests (table 7). Table 7. Socio-economic analysis of selected wild food plants (WEP) in the Sisang Dayak Customary Forest Spesies / Famili Local name Socio-economic function Ecological value Reference Baccaurea motleyana (Phyllanthaceae) Rambai Seasonal fruits are sold in the market; Family consumption Shade and soil moisture storage Navia et al., 2025 Mangifera odorata (Anacardiaceae) Kuini Fruit consumption and sale; Symbols of kinship in rituals High canopy trees, habitat for birds and bees Akhter et al., 2022 Artocarpus integer (Moraceae) Tebudos Fresh and fermented consumption ( pekasam ) Endemic trees, enriching biomass Nelson et al. 2023 Etlingera elatior (Zingiberaceae) Kala’ Spices and traditional medicines; Gender roles (female collectors) Ground cover, preventing erosion Jamil et al., 2025 Salacca zalacca (Arecaceae) Ngkap Seasonal economic commodities; Family Management Water retention on slopes, habitat of microfauna Mazumdar et al. 2019 Fruits, young leaves, and ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ collection activities are carried out collectively and are oriented towards subsistence needs, not large commercial ones. Thus, customary forests are not only providers of food and medicine but also social arenas where indigenous peoples reproduce ecological knowledge, environmental ethics, and cultural identities. Indigenous knowledge of when and how to harvest each part of the crop reveals the ecological dimension of conservation. For example, fruits are only taken when fully ripe so the seeds can germinate, while the leaves and ‘Palm cabbage’ or ‘leaf-bud’ are picked selectively. This approach aligns with the principle of "conservation through use," which is now the central paradigm of sustainable agroforestry (Dako et al. 2025; Tokannou et al. 2025). Recognition of indigenous knowledge is a fundamental requirement for the sustainability of tropical agroforestry (Sabarivasan and Gokul 2025). In the Indonesian context, strengthening the position of the Sisang Dayak indigenous people and the ethnobotanical documentation of WEP is a cultural preservation and a national ecological strategy to contain the rate of degradation of customary forests. Besides its role in providing Wild Edible Plants (WEP), the Ketemenggungan Sisang Indigenous Territory also delivers essential forest ecosystem services, covering an area of approximately 651.00 hectares. The Indigenous forest functions as a provisioning system for natural resources that are managed and utilized by humans. In addition to food, it also provides medicines, clean water, and non-timber forest products (FAO 2020). The dominant life form of WEP in the Indigenous forest consists of trees (50%), which contribute to regulating ecosystem services. The forest plays a crucial role in climate regulation through carbon dioxide absorption, maintaining the hydrological cycle, and reducing the risks of natural disasters (IPCC 2021: Gresya et al . 2019). Furthermore, Indigenous forests support a wide range of ecological processes, including ecosystem stability, water provision, soil fertility, and the maintenance of habitats for biodiversity. Beyond ecological benefits, Indigenous forests also hold significant cultural value as sites for traditional practices that contribute to long-term conservation outcomes. The protection of Indigenous peoples and their territories is closely aligned with the conservation of WEP. Local knowledge, inherited from ancestral traditions and rooted in cultural values, has long served as a tool for maintaining environmental sustainability (Jim 2025). The findings of this study highlight that Indigenous communities are not merely passive beneficiaries but active agents who should be given due recognition in international law for their role in preserving biodiversity. Indigenous peoples possess the capability to manage their rights over natural resources in their surroundings, expressing this through diverse practices in agriculture, forest management, and the protection of sacred landscapes. Ensuring justice for Indigenous societies is inseparable from ensuring justice for the environment. Thus, the recognition of Indigenous territories is inherently an act of protecting biodiversity and sustaining the environment for future generations. Conclusion Research conducted in the Ketemanggungan Sisang Indigenous Forest represents the first effort to systematically document WEP in the area. The use of an ethnographic approach, through perceptions and botanical memories, also marks an initial attempt to study natural resources within Indigenous forests. This study has proven valuable in highlighting the importance of protecting Indigenous territories, particularly in Indonesia. Local knowledge of WEP is essential for ensuring environmental sustainability, as the availability and diversity of plants within Indigenous territories serve as indicators of the interdependent relationship between humans and nature. However, deforestation, including the conversion of land into oil palm plantations, poses a serious threat to the survival of Indigenous territories. Therefore, efforts to raise community awareness of their role in protecting the natural environment must receive greater attention. This research also revealed that 14 species (13.59%), consisting of 1–3 species each, are Borneo endemics. Further studies are required to conduct more detailed documentation of these species. A concerning issue, however, is the potential loss of traditional knowledge among future generations, largely due to the dominance of the Indonesian language over local languages. Informants aged 15–21 showed limited ability to recall plant names in the Sisang language (the local language). Moreover, there was a tendency among younger respondents to struggle in providing adequate descriptions of plant characteristics, such as distinguishing between trees and shrubs. This situation highlights the need for further research exploring the relationship between cultural elements, such as language, and botanical knowledge. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors sincerely thank all informants in Ketemenggungan Dayak Sisang for sharing their ethnobotanical knowledge. Special thanks are also extended to the Research and Community Service Institute of Tanjungpura University for facilitating this research, and to the Institut Dayakologi as a field research partner. Thanks to Aprillan Audi Saputra for helping photograph the specimens. Author contributions: EE: conceptualization, data collection and curation, writing—original draft, review, editing, and funding administration. AA: data collection and curation. DM: conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing. AR: data collection and curation, plant identification. SAZA: data collection and curation, plant identification. KG: data collection. Availability of data and materials: All data obtained from informants during the study are included in this manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, under Grant No. 115/C3/DT.05.00/PL/2025. 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Asia Pac J Anthropol 20(5):487–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2019.1670241 Table Table 6 is available in the Supplementary Files section</p Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Table6.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Agroforestry Systems → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 21 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 28 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 20 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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10:07:44","extension":"html","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":268778,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907552/v1/1a5a02da83e39fe532571fde.html"},{"id":95526390,"identity":"f927ea80-37ae-47a0-accd-b276454b122b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:06:54","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1075570,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forest of Ketemenggungan Sisang\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907552/v1/93f816cb63b5b390e4d8e3fe.png"},{"id":95526406,"identity":"d6962db9-fc2a-4e01-b8d1-134464b22e64","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:06:57","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":619934,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpecimens of Wild Edible Plants Utilized by the Dayak Sisang Community: \u003cstrong\u003ea.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e Kuru (Begonia stenogyna Sands) \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eKopiat (Parabaena megalocarpa Merr.) \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e Tuip sibidah (Solanum torvum Sw\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e Mejeh (Litsea elliptica Blume) \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ee.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eMurai (Plagiostachys strobilifera (Baker) Ridl.) \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e Piyang (Hornstedtia reticulata (K.Schum.) K.Schum.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907552/v1/0cc02fbdccdaa1982e1f2252.png"},{"id":95526508,"identity":"fbc34d7d-8ed0-4b2f-bc8e-40d48f40f578","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:07:08","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25484,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFamilies with More Than Three Species of WEP\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907552/v1/b1eee88f1f8ce82b2aeede8c.png"},{"id":95387315,"identity":"7eaa1c58-b79a-4f1a-ae5f-89f8b1b16696","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-07 13:10:08","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38366,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGastronomic preferences of WEP utilization by Dayak Sisang community\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907552/v1/3ac8aeeb1923ce9dc9d05d37.png"},{"id":95525760,"identity":"a846ec46-aa59-4c21-acd7-95db20278147","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:05:39","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22293,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHabitats of Wild Edible Plants (WEP) in the Ketemenggungan Sisang Indigenous Forest\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907552/v1/29b0ae4bf09671a44d6f588b.png"},{"id":95526370,"identity":"5f3c0ca5-7dcc-42da-b05b-cc24783ac80e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:06:50","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25525,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLife Forms of Wild Edible Plants (WEP) in the Ketemenggungan Sisang Indigenous Forest\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907552/v1/342cc33bb235bcb0f1b6430a.png"},{"id":95526851,"identity":"543ab662-c264-45a3-85b0-e4de07ed1f14","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:08:15","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":457103,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAmorphophallus paeoniifolius (Mayo), a staple food substitute for the Dayak Sisang community\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907552/v1/d46deec02701a47b036e18cb.png"},{"id":106343309,"identity":"ffa0cdb0-2693-4df6-a1f3-f7e063df95da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 16:01:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4086767,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907552/v1/4f261bb7-fc5e-4e30-9373-e53ae061f6a3.pdf"},{"id":95387323,"identity":"3b283805-16fe-47a1-9397-55f5e90d618c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-07 13:10:08","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":381613,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table6.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7907552/v1/3f2208b78057dd8caa1f7071.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Customary Forests as Models of Traditional Agroforestry: Ethnobotany of Wild Edible Plants in the Dayak Sisang Forest, Indonesia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between humans and nature, particularly within the context of Indigenous communities (masyarakat adat), is grounded in the productive, ecological, social, and cultural functions of nature (Moran \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Forests play a central role as providers of food, medicine, raw materials, and cultural services, fostering a deep human dependency on the environment since the earliest stages of civilization. This dependency has led to the development of diverse forms of traditional knowledge (Efriani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Efriani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Mulyanto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Niko et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In particular, human reliance on wild edible plants (WEP) is fundamental in meeting daily needs (Ajiningrum et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Gurbanova \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The utilization of WEP includes their role as food (Asfaw et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), sources of nutrition (Servin \u0026amp; Moseley \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and animal feed (Azzahra \u0026amp; Mulyanto \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), as well as spices (Singh et al. 2021), medicine (Afandi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Nafayu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Panjaitan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), building materials, providers of ecosystem services (Ali et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), and cultural resources of significant value to humans (Suwardi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is estimated that 85\u0026ndash;90% of the world\u0026rsquo;s population depends on wild edible plants (WEP) to meet their food needs (Wangchuk \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In Indonesia, there are 2,499 Indigenous communities spread across the archipelago, with an estimated population of around 70\u0026nbsp;million people, or approximately 20\u0026ndash;25% of the national population (IWGIA \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). On the island of Kalimantan, 87 Indigenous communities have been formally recognized by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, with their Indigenous Forests overing an area of 2.682.570 hectares. The Dayak Sisang Indigenous Community is one of these recognized communities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch on the role of forests as sources of food within Indigenous Territories in Indonesia remains limited. Much of the existing research has focused on issues of recognition and community protection in response to the displacement of Indigenous peoples by land concessions (Afiff \u0026amp; Rachman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Arizona et al. 2019; Bedner \u0026amp; Arizona \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Dhiaulhaq and McCarthy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Efriani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Other studies have primarily emphasized conservation and environmental sustainability (Dawson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Fa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Gonzales Tovar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, understanding how indigenous communities utilize customary forests by understanding ecological, social, and economic aspects through the study of ethnobotanical practices seems to be very rare. How can customary forests be understood as traditional agroforestry through the services of edible wild plants? This question has been asked as a research question in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study of ethnobotany plays a crucial role in understanding agroforestry as a dynamic ecological and social system. Ethnobotany traces the relationship between humans and plants and uncovers how local knowledge and traditional practices play a role in maintaining the sustainability of forest landscapes (Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Indigenous peoples' participation in agroforestry increases food security and household income and promotes the maintenance of the diversity of increasingly threatened plant species (Chaudhary et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). In agroforestry, the ethnobotanical approach allows researchers to trace the cultural dimensions of the use of living resources, including how societies recognise, classify, and manage valuable plant species on a hereditary basis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study confirms that traditional agroforestry systems often grow from a foundation of ethnobotanical knowledge, where species selection and planting patterns reflect local communities' ecological, economic, and spiritual values (Afentina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The ethnobotanical study in this study is intended to understand the ecological value and utilisation of forests rooted in indigenous peoples' local wisdom. This integration places indigenous peoples not only as users of resources, but as guardians of agroforestry landscapes whose sustainability (Gon\u0026ccedil;alves et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The ethnobotanical and ethnographic approach in the agroforestry study has created opportunities to strengthen the rights and knowledge of indigenous peoples as key holders of customary forest management, especially in Indonesia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eDayak Sisang community\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Dayak Sisang community was officially recognized as an Indigenous People in 2018 through a regulation issued by the Regent of Sanggau Regency Regulation No. 327. Their Indigenous Territory was designated as the Wilayah Adat Ketemenggungan Sisang, covering an area of 2.235 hectares. On September 7, 2018, 651 hectares of this territory were formally recognized as Hutan Adat (Indigenous Forest) by the Decree of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia (Decree No. SK.5771/MENLHK-PSKL/PKTHA/PLS.1/9.2018). The Dayak Sisang live in and around this Indigenous Forest, relying on its resources for their livelihoods. Based on local knowledge, they have inhabited this territory for generations, bound by ancestral origins and shared settlement. They maintain a strong relationship with their Indigenous Territory and uphold a value system that shapes their economic, political, social, cultural, and legal institutions. The Ketemenggungan Sisang Indigineour territory plays a crucial role for the Dayak Sisang community, providing essential needs such as food, medicine, and building materials. It also serves as the foundation of their traditional knowledge systems and sustainable environmental management practices. Wild plants are harvested within the territory for consumption, particularly vegetables and fruits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndigenous Territory, particularly Indigenous Forest (\u003cem\u003ehutan adat\u003c/em\u003e), represents a large ecosystem that sustains numerous species while serving as a cultural heritage for local communities. However, the existence of indigineous forest is increasingly threatened by deforestation (Safkaur et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), land-use conversion such as monoculture plantation expansion (Prahesty et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), and socio-economic changes (Jers et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) all of which undermine ecosystem sustainability. The loss of forest cover leads not only to a decline in the diversity of WEP (Saraan et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), but also to the erosion of local practices and knowledge (Mourya, Bargali, and Bargali \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ungirwalu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). These threats endanger both the survival of Indigenous Territories and the biodiversity they encompass. Therefore, documenting and analyzing the diversity of WEP in the Dayak Sisang Indigenous Territory is urgently needed, both for the conservation of biological resources and for the preservation of the local knowledge of the Dayak Sisang community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted in the Indigenous Territory of the Dayak Sisang with the aim of exploring and documenting the diversity of wild edible plants (WEP). The study is particularly significant in light of ongoing forest degradation caused by resource exploitation, declining forest quality and quantity due to climate change, and increasing demographic pressures. These factors pose a serious threat to the loss of WEP species, many of which have not yet been studied or documented. The findings of this research have important implications for Indigenous communities, particularly within the Bornean landscape, by highlighting the role of WEP in sustaining biological diversity and emphasizing their significance in safeguarding Indigenous Territory.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy Area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted in the Indigenous Territory of the Dayak Sisang, located in Lubuk Sabuk Village, Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The study area was divided into four categories: settlement, field, garden, and Indigenous Forest (Fig. 1). The settlement area includes spaces inhabited by people, such as front and back yards of houses. Fields are areas cultivated by the Dayak Sisang for rice and vegetable crops, managed throughout the year. Gardens are fruit tree areas that have been developed to resemble secondary forests. The indigenous forest is a forest area officially recognized by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia and managed by the Indigenous community. It is accessible only at certain times, regarded as sacred, and serves as a site of ancestral worship.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDemographic Information\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe subjects of this research were members of the indigenous territory society Ketemenggungan Sisang. A total of 53 key informants actively participated in this study, selected based on the following criteria: (1) residing in villages within the Indigenous Territory, (2) practicing subsistence farming, and (3) possessing knowledge of local wisdom related to the management of Indigenous Territory. The selected informants represent a diversity of demographic categories, including age, gender, and educational background. They cover both male and female participants, range from youth and adults to the elderly, and represent educational attainment from illiteracy to higher education.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of the key informants selected from the research site\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Participants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;24 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;35 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;45 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;65 years and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterates\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege Graduates\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Collection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFieldwork was conducted ethnographically from June to August 2025. First, incidental interviews were carried out with 250 members of the Dayak Sisang community. From these, 53 individuals were selected as key informants and participated in in-depth interviews (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The interviews focused on local plant names, growth forms, plant parts harvested, gastronomic references, and plant habitats. In addition, ethnographic observation was conducted through \u0026ldquo;walks in the woods\u0026rdquo; (Turner \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e) across the four research zones. During these walks, plant specimens, photographs, and artifacts of wild edible plants were collected for identification (Adelisa, et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Thomas, et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) Representative examples of these materials are presented in the Fig. 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis research successfully documented 103 plant species across four zones of the Wilayah Adat Ketemenggungan Dayak Sisang. All specimens were recorded using local names in the Dayak Sisang language. For botanical identification, each specimen was classified by its scientific name, family, and growth form. The identification process referred to The Endemic Plant Genera of Borneo (Neo \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e); PROSEA: Plant Resources of South-East Asia, and Flora Malesiana. Several online databases were also consulted, including asianplant.net, powo.science.kew.org, inaturalist.org, borneoficus.info, worldfloraonline.org, iucnredlist.org, and ipni.org.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEach collected specimen was assigned a code (SG 001\u0026ndash;103) for the purpose of documenting the diversity of wild edible plants found in the Indigenous Territory of Ketemenggungan Sisang. The ethnobotanical data is then used to assess the role of customary forests as traditional agroforestry. Analysis of plant forms, habitats, and economic, social, and ecological benefits is carried out on the species that have been successfully discovered. Data analysis employed quantitative descriptive methods using Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), RFC\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:=\\frac{\\text{n}\\text{i}\\:\\left(\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{c}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{f}\\text{o}\\text{r}\\text{m}\\text{a}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\text{s}\\right)}{\\text{N}\\:\\left(\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{f}\\text{o}\\text{r}\\text{m}\\text{a}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\text{s}\\right)}x\\:100\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e measured how frequently each species was cited (Tard\u0026iacute;o and Pardo-de-Santayana \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) and percentage of species distribution across habitats.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiversity of WEP in Ketemanggungan Sisang Indigenous Territory\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study represents the first ethnobotanical work conducted in the Ketemenggungan Sisang Indigenous Territory. The research engaged with the community\u0026rsquo;s botanical memories to document lists of WEP based on the lived experiences of the Dayak Sisang and their interactions with the forest. During interviews, informants recalled fruiting seasons that mostly occur at the end of the year, particularly in November and December. In these fruiting seasons, tree species are typically harvested at specific times, whereas leafy plants are harvested continuously without seasonal limitation. Botanical memories often rely on sensory cues, such as taste, shape or physical characteristics, and aroma, to guide recognition and harvesting practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndigenous territories are living spaces where local knowledge about plants develops and is practised for generations. Indigenous communities rely heavily on the environment for much of their food, making these territories a primary source of rich and diverse ethnobotanical knowledge. Within these territories, complex and sustainable natural resource management systems exist, often unwritten but based on customary norms, rules, and traditions. These systems protect biodiversity and ensure the availability of essential plants for the community. Ethnobotanical practices within indigenous communities are an integral part of the local wisdom system governing their customary territories. For example, the prohibition on cutting down certain trees is an integral part of the forest management system, which serves as a source of biodiversity. Furthermore, the concept of \u0026quot;eating unclean\u0026quot; or prohibiting the consumption of certain plants is also a cultural practice with a positive ecological impact. This practice is part of ethnobotany, linking plant use to spiritual and social values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBiodiversity has a significant relationship with cultural values. The ability of indigenous peoples to describe various plant species provides a snapshot of well-preserved local knowledge. The greater the biodiversity of an area, the richer the potential for local knowledge about plants. Language is the most practical tool for identifying plants. Local languages contain specialised vocabulary about plants, including names of plants, plant parts, processing methods, and uses. This vocabulary often lacks direct equivalents in other languages, making local languages key to understanding authentic ethnobotanical knowledge. Unfortunately, the tendency to transmit plant knowledge orally is highly vulnerable to the loss of local botanical knowledge. Cultural practices such as folklore, myths, and rituals serve as a medium for indigenous communities\u0026apos; botanical memories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Sisang Dayak of the Sisang Ketemenggungan are an indigenous group in Kalimantan with a rich and complex ethnobotanical tradition. They possess the ability to identify various types of plants found in their customary territory. They recognise plants for various purposes, including food, traditional medicines, building materials, and even plants with spiritual and ritual significance. The natural management practices developed by the Sisang Dayak employ a system that maintains ecosystem balance, such as selective logging and land rotation for shifting cultivation. This spiritual connection with plants is also reflected in the sacred role of several plants in traditional rituals and beliefs. For example, certain plants are used in healing ceremonies, death rituals, or as symbols in myths and ancestral stories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Sisang Dayak ethnobotanical practices are a concrete manifestation of cultural decisions in their interactions with bioculture in their customary territories. Through ethnobotany, communities express cultural values, community identity, patterns of dependence, and relationships with natural resources. Cultural decisions are dynamic, adaptable to social and environmental changes. This study found a high diversity of WEP in customary forests, demonstrating the resilience of the Sisiang Dayak to social pressures related to environmental issues in Indonesia. The Sisang Dayak are an example of an indigenous community that maintains botanical knowledge (tabel 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWild Edible Plants (WEP) traditionally consumed by the Dayak Sisang in the Ketemenggungan Sisang Indigenous Territory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVernacular name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDocumentation Code\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife Form\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHabitat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParts Used\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastronomic References\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActinidiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaurauia subcordata\u0026nbsp;Korth.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRebede\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnacardiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMangifera foetida\u0026nbsp;Blume\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMe\u0026apos;tat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMangifera odorata Griff.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKuini\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMangifera parvifolia\u0026nbsp;Boerl. \u0026amp; Koord.-Schum.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePauh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnnonaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolyalthia borneensis\u0026nbsp;Merr.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlangaya\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAquifoliaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIlex hypoglauca\u0026nbsp;(Miq.) Loes.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKecepi\u0026apos;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMayo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTubers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArecaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalacca affinis\u0026nbsp;Griff.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerisep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG4, SG42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaryota mitis\u0026nbsp;Lour.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSompur; Tajur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG27, SG93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalamus manan\u0026nbsp;Miq.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTingkes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Fermentation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEleiodoxa conferta\u0026nbsp;(Griff.) Burret\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMut muha, marau\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG39, SG41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, \u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalamus caesius\u0026nbsp;Blume\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUwi sabut\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, \u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOncosperma horridum (Griff.) Scheff.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParrai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalacca zalacca\u0026nbsp;(Gaertn.) Voss\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNgkap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, \u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePinanga crassipes\u0026nbsp;Becc\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRunga\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, \u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArenga pinnata\u0026nbsp;(Wurmb) Merr.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMayang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAspleniaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStenochlaena palustris\u0026nbsp;(Burm.f.) Bedd.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCekas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFerns\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiplazium esculentum\u0026nbsp;(Retz.) Sw.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePekuh iko\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFerns\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBlechnum oriInflorescencese\u0026nbsp;L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePekuh prengkis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFerns\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThelypteris interrupta\u0026nbsp;(Willd.) K.Iwats.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePekuh orut\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFerns\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErechtites hieraciifolius\u0026nbsp;(L.) Raf. ex DC.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorru\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShrub\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens, Swidden Fields\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBegoniaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBegonia stenogyna\u0026nbsp;Sands\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKuru\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShrub\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurseraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDacryodes rugosa (Blume) H.J.Lam\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKembeyu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSantiria laevigata\u0026nbsp;Blume\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKembayu tajuk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCannabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrema cannabina\u0026nbsp;var.\u0026nbsp;cannabina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGemi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloranthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAscarina philippinensis\u0026nbsp;C.B.Rob.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSempe\u0026apos;k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShrub\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests, Gardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClusiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGarcinia parvifolia (Miq.) Miq.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKenis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGarcinia linearis\u0026nbsp;Pierre\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTorok\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConvolvulaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDecalobanthus peltatus\u0026nbsp;(L.) A.R.Sim\u0026otilde;es \u0026amp; Staples\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKomop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIpomoea batatas\u0026nbsp;(L.) Lam.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUbi rambat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTubers, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCostaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHellenia speciosa\u0026nbsp;(J.Koenig) S.R.Dutta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObul-obul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCucurbitaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMomordica denticulata Miq.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits titi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDilleniaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDillenia suffruticosa (Griff. ex Hook.f. \u0026amp; Thomson) Martelli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaut dangin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves, Flowers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDioscoreaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDioscorea alata\u0026nbsp;L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKribe\u0026apos; buntat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTubers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDioscorea hispida\u0026nbsp;Dennst.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKribe\u0026apos; tangan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTubers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEuphorbiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eElateriospermum tapos\u0026nbsp;Blume\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRopi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchidendron jiringa\u0026nbsp;(Jack) I.C.Nielsen\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKadap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpatholobus ferrugineus\u0026nbsp;(Zoll. \u0026amp; Moritzi) Benth.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKebedo\u0026apos;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFagaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLithocarpus conocarpus\u0026nbsp;(Oudem.) Rehder\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePansi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCastanopsis megacarpa\u0026nbsp;Gamble\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKeraci wow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGnetaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGnetum leptostachyum\u0026nbsp;Blume\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntebet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests, Gardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypoxidaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurculigo latifolia\u0026nbsp;Dryand. ex W.T.Aiton\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoma\u0026apos;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClerodendrum japonicum\u0026nbsp;(Thunb.) Sweet\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmpeya\u0026apos;k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShrub\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVitex pinnata\u0026nbsp;L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves meruat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLauraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLitsea accedens (Blume) Boerl.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaryodaphnopsis tonkinensis\u0026nbsp;(Lecomte) Airy Shaw\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDout sonuk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLitsea elliptica\u0026nbsp;Blume\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMejeh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalvaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrownlowia ferruginea\u0026nbsp;Kosterm.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBronti\u0026apos;k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeeds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarantaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDonax canniformis\u0026nbsp;(G.Forst.) K.Schum.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBomban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMelastomataceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBellucia pentamera Naudin\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJamu\u0026apos;k kompoh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMelastoma malabathricum\u0026nbsp;L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDout risa\u0026apos;k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShrub\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeliaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLansium parasiticum\u0026nbsp;(Osbeck) K.C.Sahni \u0026amp; Bennet\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRuku\u0026apos;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMenispermaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParabaena megalocarpa\u0026nbsp;Merr.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKopiat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTebudos, Kebedos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked, Fermentation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtocarpus odoratissimus Blanco\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus variegata\u0026nbsp;Blume\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtocarpus sericicarpus\u0026nbsp;F.M.Jarrett\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePruntat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus grossularioides\u0026nbsp;var.\u0026nbsp;grossularioides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKumpat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtocarpus elasticus\u0026nbsp;Reinw. ex Blume\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus uncinata (King) Becc.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTimu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtocarpus anisophyllus\u0026nbsp;Miq.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntowa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMusaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa borneensis\u0026nbsp;Becc.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBera kera, Bera engkodat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG30, SG107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowers, \u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa acuminata\u0026nbsp;Colla\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePisang sumpak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSwidden Fields\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyrtaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium nervosum\u0026nbsp;DC.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBungkang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests, Gardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium leptostemon (Korth.) Merr. \u0026amp; L.M.Perry\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingko\u0026apos;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOlacaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErythropalum scandens\u0026nbsp;Blume\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMika\u0026apos;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScorodocarpus borneensis (Baill.) Becc.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKudur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Leaves, Bark, Stems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassifloraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSendani\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhyllanthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBaccaurea angulata Merr.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGelumik\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBaccaurea motleyana (M\u0026uuml;ll.Arg.) M\u0026uuml;ll.Arg.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRambai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBaccaurea bracteata\u0026nbsp;M\u0026uuml;ll.Arg.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRambai prenu\u0026apos;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBaccaurea macrocarpa\u0026nbsp;(Miq.) M\u0026uuml;ll.Arg.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKurap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGigantochloa balui\u0026nbsp;K.M.Wong\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEngkot buru\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBamboos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBuds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked, Fermentation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGigantochloa apus\u0026nbsp;(Schult.f.) Kurz ex Munro\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEngkot munti\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBamboos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBuds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked, Fermentation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolypodiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNephrolepis radicans\u0026nbsp;(Burm.f.) Kuhn\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGerubu\u0026apos;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFerns\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Swidden Fields\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDryopteris cycadina\u0026nbsp;(Franch. \u0026amp; Sav.) C.Chr.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePekuh entawa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFerns\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimulaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEmbelia javanica\u0026nbsp;A.DC.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePelanuk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePutranjivaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDrypetes fusiformis\u0026nbsp;Airy Shaw\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKoko\u0026apos;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRosaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRubus moluccanus\u0026nbsp;L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNgkurop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShrub\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRubiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNauclea officinalis\u0026nbsp;(Pierre ex Pit.) Merr. \u0026amp; Chun\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBengkal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUncaria cordata\u0026nbsp;(Lour.) Merr.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNgekah kluya\u0026apos;k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests, Gardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStems, Fruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGardenia tubifera\u0026nbsp;Wall.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRiba\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSapindaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLepisanthes alata\u0026nbsp;(Blume) Leenh.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKerumi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLepisanthes amoena\u0026nbsp;(Hassk.) Leenh.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNturi kemik\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePometia pinnata\u0026nbsp;J.R.Forst. \u0026amp; G.Forst.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrengah\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNephelium laurinum\u0026nbsp;Blume\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests, Gardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDimocarpus longan\u0026nbsp;subsp.\u0026nbsp;malesianus\u0026nbsp;Leenh.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBedara\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNephelium cuspidatum\u0026nbsp;Blume\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSangau\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNephelium maingayi\u0026nbsp;Hiern\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSibau\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLepisanthes divaricata\u0026nbsp;(Radlk.) Leenh.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBletek sangau SG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchizaeaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLygodium circinnatum\u0026nbsp;(Burm.f.) Sw.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePekuh mohu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFerns\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmilacaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSmilax odoratissima Blume\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRenga\u0026apos;k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Shoots\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolanaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolanum torvum Sw.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuip sibidah\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShrub\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhysalis angulata\u0026nbsp;L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShrub\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrticaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeucosyke capitellata\u0026nbsp;(Poir.) Wedd.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLidah katak, krangan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG55, SG68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePoikilospermum suaveolens\u0026nbsp;(Blume) Merr.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMehrat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZingiberaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEtlingera coccinea (Blume) S.Sakai \u0026amp; Nagam.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNgkereh\u0026apos;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Flowers, \u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlobba tricolor\u0026nbsp;Ridl.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNgkereuh kesuh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEtlingera elatior\u0026nbsp;(Jack) R.M.Sm.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKala\u0026apos;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements, Indigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Flowers, \u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlagiostachys strobilifera\u0026nbsp;(Baker) Ridl.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMurai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHornstedtia havilandii\u0026nbsp;(K.Schum.) K.Schum.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePuyak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHornstedtia reticulata\u0026nbsp;(K.Schum.) K.Schum.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePinyang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests, Gardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, \u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw, Cooked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research recorded 103 species of WEP belonging to 48 plant families in the Ketemenggungan Dayak Sisang Indigenous Territory. Among these, Arecaceae was the most dominant family, represented by 9 species. It was followed by Moraceae and Sapindaceae with 8 species each, Zingiberaceae with 6 species, and Aspleniaceae and Phyllanthaceae with 4 species each. Several families were represented by 3 species, namely Anacardiaceae, Lauraceae, and Rubiaceae. Other families, such as Burseraceae, Clusiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Lamiaceae, Melastomataceae, Meliaceae, Musaceae, Myrtaceae, Olacaceae, Poaceae, Polypodiaceae, Solanaceae, and Urticaceae contributed 2 species each. The remaining 21 families were represented by only 1 species, including Actinidiaceae, Annonaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araceae, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Cannabaceae, Chloranthaceae, Costaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Dilleniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gnetaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Malvaceae, Marantaceae, Menispermaceae, Passifloraceae, Primulaceae, Putranjivaceae, Rosaceae, Schizaeaceae, and Smilacaceae.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant Families, Number of Species, and Percentage Representation of WEP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Species\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage Representation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActinidiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnacardiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.91%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnnonaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAquifoliaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArecaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.74%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAspleniaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBegoniaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurseraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCannabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloranthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClusiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConvolvulaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCostaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCucurbitaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDilleniaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDioscoreaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEuphorbiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFagaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGnetaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypoxidaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLauraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.91%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalvaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarantaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMelastomataceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeliaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMenispermaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.77%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMusaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyrtaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOlacaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePassifloraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhyllanthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolypodiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimulaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePutranjivaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRosaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRubiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.91%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSapindaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.77%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchizaeaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmilacaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolanaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrticaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZingiberaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.83%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpesies\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;103\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParts of Wild Edible Plants for Consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Dayak Sisang community harvests various parts of wild edible plants (WEP) for consumption, including fruits, stems, seeds, flowers, shoots (\u003cem\u003epucuk\u003c/em\u003e), leaves, buds (\u003cem\u003etunas\u003c/em\u003e), umbels (\u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e), bark (\u003cem\u003ekulit\u003c/em\u003e), and inflorescences (\u003cem\u003eental\u003c/em\u003e) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Among these, fruits are the most frequently consumed part, accounting for 46.60% of all recorded uses. This is followed by leaves (13.59%), inflorescences (ental, 6.80%), \u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003e (4.85%), and tubers (2.91%). Other plant parts, such as buds (1.94%), and stems, seeds, flowers, bark, and shoots (each 0.97%) are less commonly utilized. Interestingly, a significant proportion of species provide multiple edible parts. For instance, some plants are consumed both for their fruits and leaves (9.71%), while others offer combinations such as fruits, flowers, and \u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo; \u003cem\u003e(Umbut)\u003c/em\u003es (1.94%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Species by Plant Parts Used\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParts Of WEP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequently Consumed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStems, Fruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeeds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Flowers, \u003cem\u003e\u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.71%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruiyts, Leaves, Bark\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Shoots\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits, Leaf-Bud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.85%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowers, Umbels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.59%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves, Flowers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einflorescences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBuds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTumbers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.91%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTumbers, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf-Bud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreferensi Gastronomi\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that the Dayak Sisang Indigenous community shows a strong preference for consuming wild edible plants (WEP) directly or raw (36.89%) (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Several plant families are commonly eaten raw, including Anacardiaceae, Arecaceae, Moraceae, Phyllanthaceae, Sapindaceae, and Zingiberaceae. In addition, the community also possesses extensive knowledge of processing WEP through cooking, either as main ingredients or as culinary enhancers with aromatic and flavoring functions (35.92%). Plant families that are typically cooked include Aspleniaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Musaceae, Olacaceae, and Polypodiaceae. A considerable number of WEP are prepared according to more than one gastronomic preference (27.18%), meaning they can be consumed both raw and cooked. Families such as Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Gnetaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Melastomataceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Rubiaceae, Smilacaceae, Solanaceae, and Zingiberaceae were reported to be consumed in both ways. Furthermore, the Dayak Sisang also have knowledge of WEP fermentation. For example, \u003cem\u003eArtocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.\u003c/em\u003e, locally known as \u003cem\u003eTebudos\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eKebedos\u003c/em\u003e from the Moraceae family, can be eaten raw, processed into snacks, or fermented into a traditional product called \u003cem\u003epekasam\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHabitats of Wild Edible Plants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe interviews with informants revealed that the Dayak Sisang possess detailed ecological knowledge in dividing their indigenous territory into distinct zones according to function. Broadly, there are four zones: settlements, swidden fields, gardens, and indigenous forest. Settlements are residential areas that serve as living spaces and social environments, where houses, schools, and places of worship are located. \u0026nbsp; This area functions as the center of community life, where people gather, live together, and utilize the environment to sustain their daily activities. The settlement zone is characterized by residential houses, educational facilities, and places of worship. The swidden fields are designated for shifting cultivation, usually cultivated for one agricultural cycle and then left fallow for 5\u0026ndash;10 years before reuse. The gardens are managed for replanting and cultivation of various fruit trees and rubber trees tapped for latex, resembling secondary forests in structure. Meanwhile, the indigenous forest is a sacred landscape with deep spiritual, historical, and cultural significance that ties the Dayak Sisang to their ancestors. This forest cannot be converted into gardens or swidden fields, as it is protected and revered. The findings of this research indicate that 66.99% of wild edible plants (WEP) are found in indigenous forests, 11.65% in settlements, 20.39% in gardens, and 0.97% in swidden fields (Fig. 5).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sisang Dayak customary forest in West Kalimantan shows how customary-based management systems play a role as a complex form of natural agroforestry. The dominance of families such as Arecaceae, Moraceae, and Sapindaceae shows that indigenous forests serve as the leading providers of food, medicine, and material resources, which underpin the sustainability of traditional agroforestry systems (Rend\u0026oacute;n-Sandoval et al. 2020). Of the 103 species of edible wild plants, trees are the most dominant with 52 species, followed by lianas (12 species), herbs (12 species), palms (9 species), shrubs (8 species), ferns (7 species), and bamboos (2 species) (Fig. 6). The predominance of these trees signifies the characteristics of natural agroforestry, where the canopy layer creates a humid microclimate, maintains soil moisture, and provides habitat for pollinating fauna. This layered vegetation structure resembles a multi-strata system of agroforestry that maintains ecosystem productivity and stability, improves carbon sequestration, water retention, and reduces soil erosion (Gauly et al. 2025). Multiple woody species such as \u003cem\u003eMangifera odorata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBaccaurea motleyana\u003c/em\u003e indicate strong ecological and economic integration, confirming that dual-function tree vegetation is at the core of indigenous agroforestry systems (Rumondang et al. 2025). Thus, the Dayak Sisang customary forest is a concrete example of \u0026quot;natural agroforestry\u0026quot; that maintains biodiversity while sustaining a subsistence economy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the spatial pattern consisting of settlements, shifting fields, gardens, and sacred forests in the Dayak Sisang customary territory reflects the ecological zoning system passed down from generation to generation and functions as a model of traditional agroforestry. The distribution of WEP shows that customary forests are the richest areas of species, with 69 or 66.99% of the total 103 WEP species found in the Ketemenggungan Sisang customary area (fig.5). This phenomenon confirms that forested areas managed based on customary norms have an important role in maintaining flora diversity and facilitating natural regeneration (Sari et al. 2023). Customary norms such as the prohibition of cutting down trees in sacred locations and restrictions on harvest times are forms of local environmental governance that ensure the sustainability of forest resources (Jim 2025). Table 5 shows the relationship between land use zones and the distribution of WEP species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e Ecological and Social Functions of the Ketemenggungan Sisang Customary Territory Zone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"614\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCustomary Territory Zone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of WEP Species\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDominant Plant Type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological and Social Functions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGardens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.39%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit trees and shrubs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary agroforestry, combination of fruit trees and crop rotation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.65%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs and shrubs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily consumption, medicinal plants and household vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Forests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWild trees and palms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe main source of biodiversity; Sacred Areas and Natural Conservation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSwidden Fields\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeasonal vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeasonal use, traditional moving fields\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndigenous territory represents an integrated unit of both biological and social ecosystems, embodying the interconnectedness between indigenous communities and natural resources. It sustains daily life while also serving as a legacy for future generations. Indigenous forests, in particular, constitute a vital resource for ensuring the welfare of indigenous peoples (Jayantiari et al. 2024). These forests play a crucial role as ecosystems for endemic and endangered species, while also safeguarding the ethnobotanical practices of local communities. Furthermore, indigenous forests function as important sources of wild edible plants (WEP), which are not cultivated but provide rich plant diversity (Shah et al. 2025; Undaharta et al. \u0026nbsp;2025). Beyond biodiversity, they also contribute economic value as sources of income (Mardiyanto\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al. \u0026nbsp;2024), and deliver critical ecosystem services, such as mitigating global warming (Susilowati et al. 2025).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe diversity of WEP has significant potential as food sources for the Dayak Sisang Indigenous People (MHA), reflecting functional redundancy in local subsistence strategies. For example, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson, locally known as Mayo (Fig. 7), was found to grow abundantly in the area. The Dayak Sisang harvest its corms for cooking, and according to their botanical memory (Ryan 2013), during times of food scarcity, articularly when rice harvests fail, they rely on Mayo as a staple substitute for rice. Recent research indicates that A. paeoniifolius functions as a valuable food source, providing carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, vitamins, resistant starch, and dietary fiber (Singh et al. 2024). A biochemical analysis conducted by (Sarkar et al. 2025) further revealed starch concentrations ranging from 13.90\u0026ndash;17.89%, protein content between 1.08\u0026ndash;1.95% (with levels above 1.5% considered nutritionally significant), the highest antioxidant activity (17.45 \u0026mu;g/ml; 50% inhibition), Fe content of 7.45 mg/100 g, and the lowest total oxalate concentration (29.70 ppm). These findings underscore that WEP diversity has critical implications for food security (Asfaw et al. 2023).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Besides their utilization as food sources, WEP also provide opportunities for income generation (Tadesse et al. 2025). Both WEP and forest-based foods create economic opportunities for Indigenous communities due to their high trade value (Trimanto et al. 2025). Ojha and Devkota (2023) reported that in Nepal, Blechnum orientale L. is not only consumed as food but is also commonly sold in local markets. Similarly, in the Ketemenggungan Sisang Indigenous Territory, six fern species belonging to the families Aspleniaceae, Polypodiaceae, and Schizaeaceae were documented. In the case of Kalimantan, six out of these seven species are frequently found in vegetable markets, where they are harvested from forests and sold by local communities (table 6). Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. dari Family Aspleniaceae, Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn Family Polypodiaceae, dan Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd. Family Aspleniaceae menunjukan RFC yang tinggi rata-rata 96.85 persen disebutkan oleh informan dapat dipanen dan dijual.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral species, such as Baccaurea motleyana (rambai), Mangifera odorata (kuini), and Artocarpus integer (tebudos), are seasonal commodities sold in local markets. Other varieties, such as Etlingera elatior (Kala\u0026apos;) and Salacca zalacca (Ngkap), serve as high-value culinary ingredients and ground cover plants that prevent erosion. In a socio-economic context, these plants strengthen household food security, especially during the famine season, and provide additional income without damaging forests (table 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSocio-economic analysis of selected wild food plants (WEP) in the Sisang Dayak Customary Forest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpesies / Famili\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocio-economic function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBaccaurea motleyana\u003c/em\u003e (Phyllanthaceae)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRambai\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeasonal fruits are sold in the market; Family consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShade and soil moisture storage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNavia et al., 2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMangifera odorata\u003c/em\u003e (Anacardiaceae)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKuini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit consumption and sale; Symbols of kinship in rituals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh canopy trees, habitat for birds and bees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAkhter et al., 2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtocarpus integer\u003c/em\u003e (Moraceae)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTebudos\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFresh and fermented consumption (\u003cem\u003epekasam\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEndemic trees, enriching biomass\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNelson et al. 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEtlingera elatior\u003c/em\u003e (Zingiberaceae)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKala\u0026rsquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpices and traditional medicines; Gender roles (female collectors)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGround cover, preventing erosion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJamil et al., 2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalacca zalacca\u003c/em\u003e (Arecaceae)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNgkap\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeasonal economic commodities; Family Management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater retention on slopes, habitat of microfauna\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMazumdar et al. 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFruits, young leaves, and\u0026nbsp;\u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo;\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo;\u003c/em\u003e collection activities are carried out collectively and are oriented towards subsistence needs, not large commercial ones. Thus, customary forests are not only providers of food and medicine but also social arenas where indigenous peoples reproduce ecological knowledge, environmental ethics, and cultural identities. Indigenous knowledge of when and how to harvest each part of the crop reveals the ecological dimension of conservation. For example, fruits are only taken when fully ripe so the seeds can germinate, while the leaves and\u0026nbsp;\u0026lsquo;Palm cabbage\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;leaf-bud\u0026rsquo;\u0026nbsp;are picked selectively. This approach aligns with the principle of \u0026quot;conservation through use,\u0026quot; which is now the central paradigm of sustainable agroforestry (Dako et al. 2025; Tokannou et al. 2025). Recognition of indigenous knowledge is a fundamental requirement for the sustainability of tropical agroforestry (Sabarivasan and Gokul 2025). In the Indonesian context, strengthening the position of the Sisang Dayak indigenous people and the ethnobotanical documentation of WEP is a cultural preservation and a national ecological strategy to contain the rate of degradation of customary forests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBesides its role in providing Wild Edible Plants (WEP), the Ketemenggungan Sisang Indigenous Territory also delivers essential forest ecosystem services, covering an area of approximately 651.00 hectares. The Indigenous forest functions as a provisioning system for natural resources that are managed and utilized by humans. In addition to food, it also provides medicines, clean water, and non-timber forest products (FAO 2020). The dominant life form of WEP in the Indigenous forest consists of trees (50%), which contribute to regulating ecosystem services. The forest plays a crucial role in climate regulation through carbon dioxide absorption, maintaining the hydrological cycle, and reducing the risks of natural disasters (IPCC 2021: Gresya \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 2019). Furthermore, Indigenous forests support a wide range of ecological processes, including ecosystem stability, water provision, soil fertility, and the maintenance of habitats for biodiversity. Beyond ecological benefits, Indigenous forests also hold significant cultural value as sites for traditional practices that contribute to long-term conservation outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe protection of Indigenous peoples and their territories is closely aligned with the conservation of WEP. Local knowledge, inherited from ancestral traditions and rooted in cultural values, has long served as a tool for maintaining environmental sustainability (Jim 2025). The findings of this study highlight that Indigenous communities are not merely passive beneficiaries but active agents who should be given due recognition in international law for their role in preserving biodiversity. Indigenous peoples possess the capability to manage their rights over natural resources in their surroundings, expressing this through diverse practices in agriculture, forest management, and the protection of sacred landscapes. Ensuring justice for Indigenous societies is inseparable from ensuring justice for the environment. Thus, the recognition of Indigenous territories is inherently an act of protecting biodiversity and sustaining the environment for future generations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eResearch conducted in the Ketemanggungan Sisang Indigenous Forest represents the first effort to systematically document WEP in the area. The use of an ethnographic approach, through perceptions and botanical memories, also marks an initial attempt to study natural resources within Indigenous forests. This study has proven valuable in highlighting the importance of protecting Indigenous territories, particularly in Indonesia. Local knowledge of WEP is essential for ensuring environmental sustainability, as the availability and diversity of plants within Indigenous territories serve as indicators of the interdependent relationship between humans and nature. However, deforestation, including the conversion of land into oil palm plantations, poses a serious threat to the survival of Indigenous territories. Therefore, efforts to raise community awareness of their role in protecting the natural environment must receive greater attention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research also revealed that 14 species (13.59%), consisting of 1\u0026ndash;3 species each, are Borneo endemics. Further studies are required to conduct more detailed documentation of these species. A concerning issue, however, is the potential loss of traditional knowledge among future generations, largely due to the dominance of the Indonesian language over local languages. Informants aged 15\u0026ndash;21 showed limited ability to recall plant names in the Sisang language (the local language). Moreover, there was a tendency among younger respondents to struggle in providing adequate descriptions of plant characteristics, such as distinguishing between trees and shrubs. This situation highlights the need for further research exploring the relationship between cultural elements, such as language, and botanical knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;authors\u0026nbsp;sincerely thank all informants in Ketemenggungan Dayak Sisang for sharing their ethnobotanical knowledge. Special thanks are also extended to the Research and Community Service Institute of Tanjungpura University for facilitating this research, and to the Institut Dayakologi as a field research partner. Thanks to Aprillan Audi Saputra for helping photograph the specimens.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEE: conceptualization, data collection and curation, writing\u0026mdash;original draft, review, editing, and funding administration. AA: data collection and curation. DM: conceptualization, methodology, writing\u0026mdash;review and editing. AR: data collection and curation, plant identification. SAZA: data collection and curation, plant identification. KG: data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll data obtained from informants during the study are included in this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis research was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, under Grant No. 115/C3/DT.05.00/PL/2025.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe project was approved by the\u0026nbsp;Research and Community Service Institute of Tanjungpura University\u0026nbsp;under the number: 7888/UN22.10/PT.01.03/2025.\u0026nbsp;Prior informed consent was obtained individually from all informants before the interviews were conducted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable, as no personal data are included in this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdelisa SN, Sari LDK, Ciptaningrum BA (2023) Kajian pengetahuan lokal dan nilai kepentingan budaya tumbuhan berguna masyarakat sekitar KKI Kebun Raya Purwodadi. 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J Pijar Mipa 18(6):929\u0026ndash;937. https://doi.org/10.29303/jpm.v18i6.5744\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrahesty DYS, Adibowo A, Suharjito D (2025) Land use change and indigenous knowledge systems in the Tampun Juah customary forest: implications for resilience and cultural sustainability. BIO Web Conf 175:1\u0026ndash;6. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202517501001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRend\u0026oacute;n-Sandoval FJ, Casas A, Moreno-Calles AI, Torres-Garc\u0026iacute;a I, Garc\u0026iacute;a-Frapolli E (2020) Traditional agroforestry systems and conservation of native plant diversity of seasonally dry tropical forests. Sustain 12(11):4600. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114600\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRumondang AL, Yulizah Y, Rahajoe JS, Adman B, Maharani R, Rayadin Y, Mukhlisi M, Pratama BA, Rahmawati K, Lestari VB, Susanti R, Atikah TD, Wibisono Y, Alhamd L (2025) Conserving native Kalimantan species: the role of agroforestry in biodiversity conservation and carbon storage. Trees For People 20:100891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100891\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRyan JC (2013) Botanical memory: exploring emotional recollections of native flora in the southwest of Western Australia. Emotion Space Soc 8(1):27\u0026ndash;38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2012.09.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSabarivasan R, Gokul S (2025) Mapping the global scientific landscape of indigenous knowledge in agroforestry systems: a bibliometric review. Agrofor Syst 99(233):1\u0026ndash;12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-025-01333-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSafkaur O, Pangayow B, Hutajulu H, Hanasbey L (2025) The role of digital green accounting and environment performance on forest sustainable development goals: a case study on customary forest in Papua. Int J Data Netw Sci 9:677\u0026ndash;688. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2024.7.011\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaraan M, Harahap RH, Hilmi E, Sibarani R, Fujiwara T (2025) Ecological analysis of tree-strata plants in the Pandumaan Sipituhuta customary forest area. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 1452:1\u0026ndash;9. 012032. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1452/1/012032 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSari RR, Priyadarshini R, Rozendaal DMA, Saputra D, Hairiah K, van Noordwijk M (2023) Tree diversity and social\u0026ndash;ecological resilience of agroforestry after volcanic ash deposition in Indonesia. 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Am Anthropol 90(2):272\u0026ndash;290. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1988.90.2.02a00020\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUndaharta NKE, Martini F, Wee AKS (2025) Comparable biodiversity and demographic structure between sacred groves and protected forests with Dipterocarpus hasseltii reveal conservation value of customary forests in Bali, Indonesia. Biodivers Conserv 34:3147\u0026ndash;3162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-024-02885-y\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUngirwalu A, Mansoben JR, Runtuboi YY, Fatem SM, Peday MH, Marwa J, Maryudi A (2025) The fall of the kings: power relations and dynamics in Papua\u0026rsquo;s Indigenous community in forest resource management. For Policy Econ 172:103424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103424\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWangchuk P (2018) Therapeutic applications of natural products in herbal medicines, biodiscovery programs, and biomedicine. J Biol Act Prod Nat 8(1):1\u0026ndash;20. https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2018.1426495\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYance A, Wicaksono MT, Vel J (2019) The role of indigeneity NGOs in the legal recognition of adat communities and customary forests in Indonesia. Asia Pac J Anthropol 20(5):487\u0026ndash;506. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2019.1670241\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 6 is available in the Supplementary Files section\u003c/p"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"agroforestry-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agfo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Agroforestry Systems](http://link.springer.com/journal/10457)","snPcode":"10457","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10457/3","title":"Agroforestry Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Bornean Endemic Flora, Borneo Tropical Rainforest, Indigenous Community, Indigenous Forest, Traditional Agroforestry, Wild Edible Plants","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7907552/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7907552/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAround 20\u0026ndash;25% of Indonesia\u0026rsquo;s population depends on Indigenous Territories, including the Dayak Sisang Indigenous Community. For the Dayak Sisang, the Indigenous Territory plays a crucial role, particularly as an ecosystem that provides wild edible plants (WEP). However, deforestation driven by land-use conversion and socio-economic pressures threatens environmental sustainability, leading to the loss of WEP diversity and the erosion of local knowledge. Therefore, this research seeks to explore and document WEP and to analyse their significance in safeguarding Indigenous Territory. An ethnographic approach combined with ethnobotanical methods was intentionally employed to ensure the accuracy of the data collected. Data collection involved in-depth interviews with 53 key informants, focusing on their perspectives and recollections of local botanical knowledge. Plant specimen collection was carried out through participatory forest walks to ensure accuracy in botanical analysis. This research identified 103 WEP species within the study area, representing 48 plant families. Nine families were found to be dominant: Arecaceae (8.74%), Moraceae (7.77%), Sapindaceae (7.77%), Zingiberaceae (5.83%), Aspleniaceae (3.88%), Phyllanthaceae (3.88%), Anacardiaceae (2.91%), Lauraceae (2.91%), and Rubiaceae (2.91%). Fruit (46.60%) is the most abundant part of the plant. Gastronomic preferences indicate that WEP is consumed chiefly raw (63.10%). Regarding growth form, WEP consists of trees (50%), the dominant one. Spatially, WEP is mainly found in sacred forests (46%). Customary territories have a crucial role as providers of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and economic potential. This study contributes to bridging ethnobotany and agroforestry research by framing indigenous forest management as a living model of biodiversity based agroforestry.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Customary Forests as Models of Traditional Agroforestry: Ethnobotany of Wild Edible Plants in the Dayak Sisang Forest, Indonesia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-07 13:10:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7907552/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-30T09:40:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-21T07:45:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"247163029034392646987372022874747440543","date":"2026-01-18T15:42:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"253089213301993695486947879449432263224","date":"2025-12-29T22:16:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"130664745843252219583865201989451853870","date":"2025-12-29T01:23:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-08T05:08:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"271852342659499551311749614275359715162","date":"2025-11-04T07:22:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"33139581062789807542903457144570178461","date":"2025-10-30T01:34:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T10:37:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-24T19:18:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T14:40:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Agroforestry Systems","date":"2025-10-20T16:16:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"agroforestry-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agfo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Agroforestry Systems](http://link.springer.com/journal/10457)","snPcode":"10457","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10457/3","title":"Agroforestry Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"09d1e1ce-b83d-47f6-a176-afd8cce633ab","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-07T16:00:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7907552","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-026-01487-7","journal":{"identity":"agroforestry-systems","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Agroforestry Systems"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-03 15:57:43","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 3rd, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-07 13:10:03","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10457-026-01487-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-026-01487-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7907552","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7907552","identity":"rs-7907552","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}