A pan-human coronavirus recombinant vaccine designed from conserved structural epitopes to counter emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants

A pan-human coronavirus recombinant vaccine designed from conserved structural epitopes to counter emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 5 January 2026 V1 Latest version Share on A pan-human coronavirus recombinant vaccine designed from conserved structural epitopes to counter emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants Authors : Chin Peng Lim , Elif Naz Bingöl , Ada Yousef Kazi , Zakaria Ismail 0009-0001-9942-8503 , Jonas Ivan Nobre Oliveira , Candy Chuah , Mohammad Asif Khan , Bruno Douradinha 0000-0002-9980-4505 , Chiuan Herng Leow , and Chiuan Yee Leow 0000-0002-6919-5921 [email protected] Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176763313.32711060/v1 172 views 61 downloads Contents Abstract Supplementary Material Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Despite the global decline in COVID-19 incidence, approximately 50,000 active cases persist worldwide, and the continued emergence of immune-evasive SARS-CoV-2 variants, including BA.2.86 and JN.1, underscores the need for next-generation vaccines with broad and durable protection. In this study, we designed a recombinant multiepitope human coronavirus vaccine using an immunoinformatics-driven strategy to target conserved regions across structural proteins. Conserved antigenic regions within the spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), and membrane (M) proteins were identified from multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. High-affinity T-cell and B-cell epitopes were selected and assembled into a recombinant vaccine construct (RVC) comprising four HLA class I-restricted epitopes, 27 HLA class II-restricted epitopes, and five linear B-cell epitopes. The RVC was predicted to provide extensive population coverage (99.99% globally and 99.80% in Asia) and demonstrated high antigenicity, non-allergenicity, and favorable physicochemical stability. Structural modelling revealed multiple conformational B-cell epitopes, and molecular docking showed stable interaction with Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3). Molecular dynamics simulations and MM-GBSA analysis estimated a favorable binding free energy (−5.19 kcal/mol) for the RVC–TLR-3 complex. Collectively, these findings support the RVC as a promising broad-spectrum human coronavirus vaccine candidate, warranting further experimental validation. Supplementary Material File (manuscript_lcp_final_jmv.docx) Download 766.93 KB Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 05 January 2026 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Keywords b cell biostatistics & bioinformatics chimeric vaccine computer modeling coronavirus disease control immune responses immunologic techniques research and analysis methods t cell virus classification Authors Affiliations Chin Peng Lim Universiti Sains Malaysia View all articles by this author Elif Naz Bingöl Bezmialem Vakif University View all articles by this author Ada Yousef Kazi Universiti Sains Malaysia View all articles by this author Zakaria Ismail 0009-0001-9942-8503 Universiti Sains Malaysia View all articles by this author Jonas Ivan Nobre Oliveira Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte View all articles by this author Candy Chuah AIMST University View all articles by this author Mohammad Asif Khan University of Doha for Science and Technology View all articles by this author Bruno Douradinha 0000-0002-9980-4505 University of Oxford View all articles by this author Chiuan Herng Leow Universiti Sains Malaysia View all articles by this author Chiuan Yee Leow 0000-0002-6919-5921 [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 172 views 61 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Chin Peng Lim, Elif Naz Bingöl, Ada Yousef Kazi, et al. A pan-human coronavirus recombinant vaccine designed from conserved structural epitopes to counter emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Authorea . 05 January 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176763313.32711060/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu . 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