The impact of death priming on climate change denial: a preliminary investigation

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Terror Management Theory posits that an individual’s worldview serves as a primary defense mechanism in coping with existential threats, such as the reality of climate change. Drawing on these premises, we conducted preliminary research investigating the impact of death priming on CCD from the Terror management theory perspective. Methods and results We administered a death priming task and measured CCD in its immediate wake or following a delay task. We confirmed among 219 Amazon’s MTurk participants that immediately following death priming, CCD was reduced among all participants. In the delayed death priming condition, we acquired preliminary evidence that CCD was heightened among Republican participants. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the relevance of death priming to CCD tendencies and potentially spawn future research regarding CCD as a particular form of coping with existential threats. 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F1000Research 2024, 13 :737 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151742.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article The impact of death priming on climate change denial: a preliminary investigation [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] Zach Gerber https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8330-7125 1 , David Anaki 1,2 Zach Gerber https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8330-7125 1 , David Anaki 1,2 PUBLISHED 03 Jul 2024 Author details Author details 1 Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel 2 The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel Zach Gerber Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation David Anaki Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Climate gateway. This article is included in the Political Communications gateway. Abstract Background Climate change denial (CCD) has been found to be more pronounced among individuals with a conservative political orientation. Terror Management Theory posits that an individual’s worldview serves as a primary defense mechanism in coping with existential threats, such as the reality of climate change. Drawing on these premises, we conducted preliminary research investigating the impact of death priming on CCD from the Terror management theory perspective. Methods and results We administered a death priming task and measured CCD in its immediate wake or following a delay task. We confirmed among 219 Amazon’s MTurk participants that immediately following death priming, CCD was reduced among all participants. In the delayed death priming condition, we acquired preliminary evidence that CCD was heightened among Republican participants. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the relevance of death priming to CCD tendencies and potentially spawn future research regarding CCD as a particular form of coping with existential threats. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Climate Change Denial, Terror Management Theory, Political Orientation. Corresponding Author(s) Zach Gerber ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Zach Gerber Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2024 Gerber Z and Anaki D. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Gerber Z and Anaki D. The impact of death priming on climate change denial: a preliminary investigation [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :737 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151742.1 ) First published: 03 Jul 2024, 13 :737 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151742.1 ) Latest published: 03 Jul 2024, 13 :737 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151742.1 ) Method Participants The study was approved by the Bar Ilan University Psychology Department ethics committee on November 7th, 2022 (approval number 31\2022). For this preregistered study ( https://osf.io/7ny2g ), we recruited 219 participants on Amazon’s MTurk (129 men, M age = 42.52 years, SD = 10.60). Participation was restricted to United States residents who defined their political inclination as either Democrat or Republican (for additional details regarding demographics, see Table 1 ). To eliminate unreliable data, we removed from the data set entries with 50% and above of missing values. Other flags for eliminating data included clear response set patterns as well as unreasonably short durations of survey completion. While this process may have resulted in the removal of some genuine participants, we erred on the side of caution given the importance of data quality. Considering the sample size and an estimated effect size of 0.25, we had the power of 0.76 as determined by an a priori power analysis (G*Power; Faul et al., 2007 , https://www.psychologie.hhu.de/arbeitsgruppen/allgemeine-psychologie-und-arbeitspsychologie/gpower ). Table 1. Zero-sum correlations between climate denial and demographic variables. CCD Age PA Employment Income Education Gender CCD Age .10 PA -.31 ** .00 Employment -.04 -.23 ** -.02 Income -.04 .12 .06 -.21 ** Education .13 -.12 .13 -.13 .43 ** Gender -.03 -.13 -.06 .10 -.15 * -.04 * p <.05. ** p <.01. Materials Mortality salience. We used a 15-item true/false questionnaire to prime thoughts of death ( Templer, 1970 ). This approach has been utilized successfully in a previous TMT studie conducted via the Amazon’s MTurk ( Boyd et al., 2020 ). Participants were randomly assigned to answer questions about dying (e.g., “I am very much afraid to die”) or parallel questions about experiencing pain (e.g., “I am very much afraid of being in pain”), which served as the control. As in other research, merely responding to the questions related to death (in contrast to pain) constitutes the mortality salience prime. Therefore, responses to the prompts were not examined. Climate change denial (CCD). We measured climate change denial with an established 16-item scale ( Häkkinen & Akrami, 2014 ). The scale captures mainly the denial of climate change’s seriousness and the denial of human involvement (e.g., “Warming of the Earth’s climate is natural and does not depend on human influence”). Responses are on a 6-point scale (1 = do not agree to 6 = agree ). After reversing the scale of five items, a total score was computed by averaging the 16 items, with higher scores reflecting higher CCD. In the current sample, Cronbach’s α was 0.85. Procedure After signing the consent form participants completed the priming task. Then they filled the CCD scale immediately after the prime task or after a five-minute delay task consisting of a word puzzle. Following the CCD, participants filled out a demographic questionnaire, probing their age, gender, political orientation and activeness (self-report from zero to seven), education, employment, and income. Overall, the session lasted between 5 and 10 minutes, depending on whether participants completed the delay task. All research conditions were administered and randomized with the Qualtrics software platform ( Qualtrics XM: The Leading Experience Management Software ). Results We conducted a three-way ANOVA with prime type (mortality or pain), delay task (with or without) and political orientation (Democrat or Republican) as factors. CCD score was the independent measure. Results indicated a main effect regarding political orientation, F (1,211) = 41.45 , p = 0. 000 , η 2 = 0.16; as documented in previous CCD research, in the current sample CCD was significantly higher among Republican participants (M = 3.70; 95% CI [3.53, 3.86], SD = 0.93) in contrast to Democrat participants (M = 2.89; 95% CI [2.70, 3.07], SD = 0.95). A significant two-way interaction between the prime type and the delay task was also found; F (1,211) = 4.95 , p = 0. 027 , η 2 = 0.02. According to our hypotheses, we conducted follow-up analysis for each task condition (with or without a delay task corresponding to distal and proximal defenses, respectively). These analyses indicated that the interaction source was from the no delay group, F (1, 107) = 4.64, p = 0.033, η 2 = 0.04). CCD scores in the death condition were lower (M = 3.37; 95% CI [3.16, 3.57], SD = 0.71) than in the pain condition (M = 3.69; 95% CI [3.47, 3.90], SD = 0.85), indicating a reduction in CCD due to death priming in the proximal defense condition. The three-way interaction was insignificant ( p = 0.359). However, as can be seen in Figure 1 , following the death prime in the distal condition Republican participants displayed a distinct CCD increase in accordance with our hypothesis. Therefore, we conducted among Republican participants an additional two-way ANOVA with prime type and the delay task as independent variables and CCD as the dependent variable. Only when adding political activeness ( r = -.31 with CCD, see Table 1 ) as a covariate did this analysis achieve significance. F (1,109) = 9.20 , p = 0. 003 , η 2 = 0.08 . In the proximal group, the prime effect, although similar to the overall proximal effect reported above, did not achieve significance; F (1, 62) = 2.42, p = 0.125). However, the distal effect was significant; F (1, 46) = 5.99, p = 0.018, η 2 = 0.115). CCD scores in the death condition were higher ( M = 4.01; 95% CI [3.62, 4.41], SD = 0.68) than in the pain condition ( M = 3.41; 95% CI [3.08, 3.73], SD = 1.08), indicating an increase in CCD due to death priming within the distal defense mode among Republican participants. Figure 1. Mean Scores of Climate Change Denial Across the Different Research Groups Among Republican and Democrat Participants. Figure 1 alt text: Among republican participants while in the proximal condition death priming reduced CCD, in the distal condition it increased it. Notably, political activeness (PA) was overall higher among Republican participants ( M = 3.86, SD = 2.00), in contrast to Democratic participants ( M = 3.05, SD = 1.90, t (208) = 2.97, p = 0.003, d = 0.41). In turn, undermining the randomness of participant distribution regarding political orientation (see Table 2 for descriptive statistics regarding CCD and political activeness among Republican participants). Table 2. Climate denial scores and political activeness scores of the four republican participant study groups. Prime Type Delay Task Climate Denial Political Activeness N Death With 3.99 (.68) 3.95 (1.91) 22 Without 3.57 (.76) 3.18 (2.10) 37 Overall 3.73 (.76) 3.66 (2.01) 59 Pain With 3.38 (1.08) 3.59 (1.93) 27 Without 3.95 (.92) 4.54 (1.99) 28 Overall 3.67 (1.03) 4.07 (2.00) 55 Overall With 3.73 (.85) 3.41 (2.00) 49 Without 3.65 (.97) 4.20 (1.95) 65 Overall 3.70 (.90) 3.86 (2.00) 114 Discussion Three main findings were observed in the current study. First, as documented in previous research, beyond the prime type and the delay task variables CCD was higher among Republican participants than Democrat participants. Furthermore, in the immediate wake of mortality priming CCD was reduced among all participants (the proximal defense effect). Finally, following death priming and a delay task, CCD increased among Republican participants when controlling for PA (the distal defense effect). Indeed, the proximal effect suggests that death priming operates as a tool for CCD reduction when existential threat is in focal attention. Accumulating TMT research has underscored that while individuals attentionally avoid existential threat when it is abstract and does not pose an immediate threat, their focal attention gravitates toward it when perceived to pose an immediate threat ( Hirschberger et al., 2010 ; Gerber & Anaki, 2018 ; Gerber et al., 2023 ). Applying this dynamic to CCD, as the climate crisis transforms from a futuristic abstract threat into an occurring reality, death priming may be an effective tool for facilitating climate action tendencies accordingly. Notably, the CCD scale used in the current study was a rather abstract perception of climate change, as the nature of self-report scales tends to be. Future research should investigate whether the impact of death priming on CCD is more pronounced when the perception of climate change is based on more concrete stimuli such as visceral images. Finding a preliminary distal effect among Republicans (only when controlling for PA) sheds an important light on the general tendency for CCD among conservative individuals. Seemingly, this tendency, has been considered primarily to reflect conservative individuals’ benefit from maintaining the economic status quo and existing institutional order ( Norgaard, 2019 ; Clarke et al., 2019 ). The distal effect finding that the tendency for CCD among Republican participants was facilitated by death priming, supports a differential understanding; Rather than a general anthropocentric attitude of dominance over nature ( Jylhä & Akrami, 2015 ), CCD reflects conservative individuals need to cope with an existential threat, reflected in the ramifications of climate change, to their worldview and way of life. This line of investigation is warranted and should be pursued in future research to affirm mutual recognition and common ground for promoting climate change mitigation and adaptation. Before concluding, one must consider the overall limitations of the current study which is preliminary and exploratory in its nature. Notably, this study was conducted among US residents only, reflecting a particular political environment in time and place. Therefore, its convergence with CCD investigations conducted among samples from other world regions is limited. Moreover, although theoretically sound, the distal effect found among Republicans only when controlling for PA should be treated only as a warrant for future, more powered research. Notably, increased PA levels among Republicans in contrast to Democrats may be attributed in part to it’s being measured following mortality salience. Indeed, mortality salience has been shown to arouse PA among conservative individuals as an expression of their distal defenses ( Schindler et al. 2023 ). Finally, PA’s mean differences patterns among Republicans ( Table 2 ) as well as its overall covariance with CCD ( Table 1 ), indicate that PA should be theoretically considered regarding the impact of mortality priming on CCD in future studies. To conclude, the value of the current research is primarily in being conducive to additional research regarding the psychological aspects of CCD. Indeed, the dynamics of coping with existential threats should be an additional perspective in examining CCD tendencies. Ethics and consent The study was approved by the Bar Ilan University Psychology Department ethics committee on November 7th, 2022 (approval number 31\2022). A written and informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to participation. Data availability The research data set is publicly available at the OSF depository ( https://osf.io/v9g7s ; Gerber, 2024 ; DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/V9G7S ). This project contains following dataset: OSF _ Climate Change Denial This is in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication) ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ). Extended data The research questionnaires and an example of the word puzzle delay task are publicly available at the OSF depository ( https://osf.io/v9g7s ). This is in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication) ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ). Software availability statement As mentioned above, all research conditions were administered and randomized with the third party priority software Qualtrics platform ( Qualtrics XM: The Leading Experience Management Software ). The outcome data file was analyzed with the third party priority software IBM statistics 22 ( IBM SPSS Statistics ). References Burke BL, Kosloff S, Landau MJ: Death goes to the polls: A meta-analysis of mortality salience effects on political attitudes. Polit. Psychol. 2013; 34 : 183–200. Publisher Full Text Boyd P, Goldenberg JL, Morris KL, et al. : Shutting the door on death: Low openness individuals become less open (to death) following mortality reminders. J. Pers. 2020; 88 : 161–173. 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Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 03 Jul 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel 2 The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel Zach Gerber Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation David Anaki Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 03 Jul 2024, 13:737 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151742.1 Copyright © 2024 Gerber Z and Anaki D. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Gerber Z and Anaki D. The impact of death priming on climate change denial: a preliminary investigation [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :737 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151742.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 03 Jul 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Smith LKM. Reviewer Report For: The impact of death priming on climate change denial: a preliminary investigation [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :737 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.166415.r317847 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-737/v1#referee-response-317847 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 11 Sep 2024 Lauren Keira Marie Smith , Royal Roads University (Ringgold ID: 8202), School of Environment and Sustainability, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.166415.r317847 The authors tackle an important challenge with facing climate change – that of climate deniers. The existential, life-threatening nature of climate change is explored regarding its influence on worldview reinforcement among climate deniers and those with conservative political orientation. ... Continue reading READ ALL The authors tackle an important challenge with facing climate change – that of climate deniers. The existential, life-threatening nature of climate change is explored regarding its influence on worldview reinforcement among climate deniers and those with conservative political orientation. The authors found that CCD decreases as a proximal mortality defense – a very interesting and necessary finding given the unavoidability of threatening climate reminders in today’s world – and our pressing need to act on climate change. For Republican participants, CCD increased in the distal priming and delay. The role of political activeness and its covariance with CCD is another interesting contribution to the literature. This combination of findings is particularly useful for strategizing around how to communicate existentially threatening issues, like climate change, to those least inclined to believe the threat and perhaps most reluctant to act in pro-environmental ways. Recommendations: Specify US participants in the abstract. It would also be useful to know if participants were required to have a certain MTurk approval rating (to avoid bots and improve reliability, for example) and, if not, to discuss this dynamic in limitations. Including how these findings may influence or can be useful for climate communicators or those hoping to minimize climate change denial would be a useful, practical inclusion. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Interdisciplinary climate communication; Climate emotions; Pro-environmental behaviour change I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Smith LKM. Reviewer Report For: The impact of death priming on climate change denial: a preliminary investigation [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :737 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.166415.r317847 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-737/v1#referee-response-317847 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Dhar BK. Reviewer Report For: The impact of death priming on climate change denial: a preliminary investigation [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :737 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.166415.r314222 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-737/v1#referee-response-314222 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 20 Aug 2024 Bablu Kumar Dhar , Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.166415.r314222 The manuscript makes a valuable contribution to the understanding of how existential threats influence climate change denial, particularly in relation to political orientation. The study’s design is robust, and the results offer intriguing insights that warrant further investigation. However, as ... Continue reading READ ALL The manuscript makes a valuable contribution to the understanding of how existential threats influence climate change denial, particularly in relation to political orientation. The study’s design is robust, and the results offer intriguing insights that warrant further investigation. However, as a preliminary study, the conclusions should be viewed as tentative, and the need for additional research is clear. Recommendations for the Authors: Clarify the Generalizability of Findings: Emphasize the preliminary nature of the findings more explicitly in the conclusion, and discuss the limitations in terms of sample size and generalizability more thoroughly. Expand on the Implications: While the discussion of the results is solid, consider expanding on the broader implications of these findings for climate change communication strategies and political psychology. Consider Additional Analyses: Given the exploratory nature of the study, additional post-hoc analyses or robustness checks could strengthen the conclusions drawn from the data. The manuscript is well-executed and provides a strong foundation for future research on the psychological mechanisms underlying climate change denial. With some revisions and further research, the study has the potential to significantly contribute to the field. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Environmental Management I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Dhar BK. Reviewer Report For: The impact of death priming on climate change denial: a preliminary investigation [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :737 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.166415.r314222 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-737/v1#referee-response-314222 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 03 Jul 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 03 Jul 24 read read Bablu Kumar Dhar , Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand Lauren Keira Marie Smith , School of Environment and Sustainability, Victoria, Canada; University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Smith L. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 11 Sep 2024 | for Version 1 Lauren Keira Marie Smith , Royal Roads University (Ringgold ID: 8202), School of Environment and Sustainability, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada 0 Views copyright © 2024 Smith L. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The authors tackle an important challenge with facing climate change – that of climate deniers. The existential, life-threatening nature of climate change is explored regarding its influence on worldview reinforcement among climate deniers and those with conservative political orientation. The authors found that CCD decreases as a proximal mortality defense – a very interesting and necessary finding given the unavoidability of threatening climate reminders in today’s world – and our pressing need to act on climate change. For Republican participants, CCD increased in the distal priming and delay. The role of political activeness and its covariance with CCD is another interesting contribution to the literature. This combination of findings is particularly useful for strategizing around how to communicate existentially threatening issues, like climate change, to those least inclined to believe the threat and perhaps most reluctant to act in pro-environmental ways. Recommendations: Specify US participants in the abstract. It would also be useful to know if participants were required to have a certain MTurk approval rating (to avoid bots and improve reliability, for example) and, if not, to discuss this dynamic in limitations. Including how these findings may influence or can be useful for climate communicators or those hoping to minimize climate change denial would be a useful, practical inclusion. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Interdisciplinary climate communication; Climate emotions; Pro-environmental behaviour change I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Smith LKM. Peer Review Report For: The impact of death priming on climate change denial: a preliminary investigation [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :737 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.166415.r317847) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-737/v1#referee-response-317847 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Dhar B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 20 Aug 2024 | for Version 1 Bablu Kumar Dhar , Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand 0 Views copyright © 2024 Dhar B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The manuscript makes a valuable contribution to the understanding of how existential threats influence climate change denial, particularly in relation to political orientation. The study’s design is robust, and the results offer intriguing insights that warrant further investigation. However, as a preliminary study, the conclusions should be viewed as tentative, and the need for additional research is clear. Recommendations for the Authors: Clarify the Generalizability of Findings: Emphasize the preliminary nature of the findings more explicitly in the conclusion, and discuss the limitations in terms of sample size and generalizability more thoroughly. Expand on the Implications: While the discussion of the results is solid, consider expanding on the broader implications of these findings for climate change communication strategies and political psychology. Consider Additional Analyses: Given the exploratory nature of the study, additional post-hoc analyses or robustness checks could strengthen the conclusions drawn from the data. The manuscript is well-executed and provides a strong foundation for future research on the psychological mechanisms underlying climate change denial. With some revisions and further research, the study has the potential to significantly contribute to the field. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Environmental Management I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Dhar BK. Peer Review Report For: The impact of death priming on climate change denial: a preliminary investigation [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :737 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.166415.r314222) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-737/v1#referee-response-314222 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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