Cannabis use in association with past 30-day suicide ideation and suicide attempt among university students in northern Morocco

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Suicidal ideation represents a significant risk factor for mortality, particularly among cannabis users. Aim: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the risk of suicide among students, particularly those who use cannabis. Methods: In this quantitative study, we utilized the M.I.N.I. questionnaire to gather data on mental disorders, including suicidal risk. The questionnaire was administered to students at the Abdelmalek Essaâdi University campus in Tetouan, with an average age of 21, of which 52.56% were female. Along with the questionnaire, we included a background questionnaire that collected socio-demographic information, history of psychoactive substance use, family background, and early childhood experiences to identify the risk factors associated with each mental disorder under investigation. Results: In this sample of 1191 students, 322 is the number of those presenting a suicidal risk with a prevalence of 27.03%, of which 41.7% are cannabis users. Conclusions: In line with previous studies, cannabis use at a young age can lead to suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Cannabis Suicide attempt Suicide ideation Adolescence Young adult Introduction Suicide is a complex phenomenon that involves various dimensions, including psychological, cultural, and social factors, accounting for 1.4% of all deaths globally (Värnik, 2012 ). It is crucial to distinguish suicide from other forms of death as it is driven by unique motivations and implications, representing the ultimate stage of despair and feelings of loneliness. It poses a significant challenge to global health due to its prevalence and the substantial societal costs associated with it (Turecki et al., 2016). According to the World Health Organization, nearly 750,000 people die by suicide each year, making it one of the leading causes of death worldwide, especially among young people of both sexes. Suicide among youth is a major public health concern globally (WHO, 2023 ). Data from the National Comorbidity Survey has indicated that 12.1% of youth have experienced serious suicidal ideation, 4% have made a suicide plan, and 4.1% have attempted suicide at least once (Nock et al., 2013 ). Despite its severity, suicide is still preventable when interventions are carried out in a timely manner. To develop effective intervention strategies, it is crucial to first identify the factors that can contribute to suicide, particularly among young people (National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention; Research Prioritization Task Force, 2014 ). In this context, the most studied factors related to suicide are alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and cannabis consumption (Chau et al., 2019 ). Adolescents and young adults are very vulnerable and sensitive when it comes to the challenges of life, responsibilities, and lingering childhood traumas. They may react impulsively and often turn to alcohol or drugs as a source of distraction or temporary joy. Numerous studies have shown that cannabis consumption is on the rise, especially among the younger population (Kulak and Grisworld, 2019). Over the past 24 years, it has increased fourfold in some countries (WDR, 2021b ) and by 20% in others (Sefa and Ali, 2020 ). Cannabis has become the most widely used substance after alcohol (Wang and Hoyte 2018 ), with a total of 48.2 million consumers in the United States in 2021 (CDCP, 2021 ) and over a quarter of the population aged over 16 in Canada for the same year (WDR, 2021a ). The visible effects of cannabis consumption include speech disorders, hallucinations, anxiety, and tachycardia (Chen and Klig, 2019 ). However, the invisible effects are those on the brain, and during youth, the brain is more vulnerable and therefore at greater risk of damage and behavioral changes, including suicidal thoughts (Sideli et al., 2020 ). Cannabis smoking is also related to alterations in brain receptors such as dopamine (Bloomfield el al., 2016). Consumption of Tetrahydrocannabinol (the main psychoactive component of cannabis) increases dopamine secretion and neuronal activity. Therefore, overconsumption of cannabis can lead to an overproduction of dopamine, which eventually depletes due to dopamine transporter exhaustion (DAT). (Volkow et al. 2014 ). CU (cannabis use) can be a risk factor for mental disorders, especially suicidal tendencies. It can also serve as a form of self-medication that individuals may turn to in times of distress to alleviate their symptoms and temporarily escape from their mental health issues (Patrick et al., 2024 ). In a recent longitudinal meta-analysis, suicidal risk was strongly associated with CU; for suicidal ideation (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.11–2.03) and suicide attempts (OR = 3.45, 95% CI = 1.53–7.85) in a population of young adults, where cannabis was more associated with suicide attempts than suicidal ideation (Gobbi et al., 2019 ). Material and methods 1. Subjects The study analyzed data from a total of 1191 participants, who were students from 6 different institutions affiliated with Abdelmalek Essaâdi University in Tetouan. Participation in the study was voluntary, and the identities of the participants were kept anonymous. The majority of participants were from faculties, totaling 1,137 students, with the remaining 54 students from two schools. The sample consisted of 568 men (47.7%) and 623 women (52.3%). 2. Measures Before conducting the interviews between the participants and the interviewers, the latter were adequately trained by the psychiatry team involved in this study. This training enabled them to master the M.I.N.I. questionnaire. The study consisted of interviews between the interviewers and the participants, lasting on average between 20 and 40 minutes. The questionnaire was accompanied by background questions regarding the socio-demographic data and background of the participants. The purpose of this study was to identify potential risk factors for mental disorders using the M.I.N.I. questionnaire. To facilitate communication with the participants, we utilized the Moroccan Arab version 5.0.0 of the M.I.N.I. questionnaire (Kadri et al., 2005 ). In terms of inclusion criteria, we considered all age groups, and any student interested in participating in the study. Regarding exclusion criteria, we did not include foreign students, individuals who do not speak Moroccan dialect, and those who did not provide consent. 3. Statistical analysis After collecting all the questionnaires in printed form, we inputted the data into SPSS 26.0 software. A descriptive statistical analysis of suicidal risk was conducted, utilizing the Chi-2 test to determine the P-value of the results. Factors with P < 0.2 were chosen, and a binary statistical regression was applied. Coefficient values, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were utilized to measure the strength of associations. The statistical significance for all tests was established at P < 0.05. Results 1. Sample descriptives This sample comprises 1191 students, with 47.7% being males and 52.3% females. The majority of students fall within the age range of 19 to 23, with an average age of 21.69. This age distribution also impacts marital status, with 1122 students being single (94.9%), 55 married (4.6%), and only 14 divorced (1.2%). In terms of residence, 94.9% of students live in urban areas, while only 5.1% reside in rural areas. 2. Prevalence of patients with suicide risk for socio-demographic characteristics and background data To investigate the relationship between suicidal risk and CU, we conducted a cross-tabulation analysis. The results of the data analysis are presented in Table 1 . The prevalence of suicidal risk in the study sample was 27.03% (N = 322), we inquired about the last 30 days before the interview, where 269 participants reported having suicidal thoughts, with a prevalence of 83.5%. Only 3 participants had attempted suicide, accounting for 1% of the total, while the remaining 15.5% (50 participants) reported having attempted suicide prior to the last 30 days. Based on these results, we were able to determine the level of suicidal risk among the participants. We found that 279 (23.4%) represented a low level of suicidal risk, 36 (3%) represented a moderate level, and 7 (0.6%) represented a high level of suicidal risk who were referred to the psychiatry department for further care. The average age of individuals at risk of suicide in this population was 21.46 years. The study found that 29.2% of males and 25% of females were at risk of suicide. Suicidal risk was higher among single students (27.9%) compared to married and divorced students (13.04%). In terms of education level, 29.9% of 3rd year students, 25.7% of 2nd year students, and 24.4% of 1st year students were identified as at risk. Regarding place of residence, 26.7% of urban residents and 32.8% of rural residents were at risk of suicide. Additionally, 32.4% of students with divorced parents and 27% of students with parents living together in the same household were found to be at risk of suicide. When it comes to the history of psychoactive substance use, the risk of suicide is higher among tobacco smokers (33.7%) compared to non-smokers (26%), more prevalent among alcohol users (36%) than non-users (26%), and more common among cannabis users (58.3%) than non-users (26.1%). In terms of criminal records, individuals with a criminal record (41%) are more likely to exhibit suicidal risk than those without (26.3%); those with a psychiatric background (50%) are more at risk compared to those without (26.7%); and individuals with a family psychiatric history (33.9%) are more prone to suicidal risk than those without (25%). Regarding experiences of violence, the risk of suicide is higher among individuals who have experienced physical (24%), psychological (35%), and sexual (37.6%) violence compared to those who have not (physical 24.6%, psychological 24.9%, and sexual 25.6%). To identify the risk factors for suicidal risk, a binary logistic regression was conducted for the variables in Table 1 with a P-value less than 0.2, including gender, age, marital status, level of education, tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use, criminal record, personal psychiatric history, family psychiatric history, and the three subtypes of violence. After adjusting the odds ratio (aOR), six variables were found to be significantly associated with suicidal risk and considered as risk factors: marital status (aOR = 2.16, 95% CI; 1.206–3.486; P = 0.010), cannabis use (aOR = 3.55, 95% CI; 1.747–7.198; P = 0.000), criminal record (aOR = 1.76, 95% CI; 1.006–3.063; P = 0.048), family psychiatric history (aOR = 1.39, 95% CI; 1.026–1.896; P = 0.034), psychological abuse (aOR = 1.59, 95% CI; 1.092–2.039; P = 0.012), and sexual abuse (aOR = 1.58, 95% CI; 1.081–2.318; P = 0.018), as indicated in Table 2 . Table 1 Description of socio-demographic data in relation to suicidal risk Suicidal Risk Risk factors YES N = 322 n (%) NO N = 869 n (%) P Gender Males 166(29.2%) 402 (70.8%) 0.104 Females 156 (25%) 467 (75%) Average age 21.46 21.77 0.160 Marital Status Single 313 (27.9%) 809 (72.1%) 0.120 Other 9 (13.04%) 60 (86.96%) Level of Education 1st year 72 (24.4%) 223 (75.6%) 0.080 2nd year 107 (25.7%) 310 (74.3%) 3rd year 143 (29.9%) 336 (70.1%) Area of Residence Urban 302 (26.7%) 827 (73.3%) 0.301 Rural 20 (32.8%) 41 (67.2%) Separated/Divorced Parents Yes 33 (32.4%) 69 (67.6%) 0.255 No 248 (27%) 669 (73%) Parental Use of Drugs/Tobacco Yes 10 (30.3%) 23 (69.7%) 0.657 No 302 (26.8%) 824 (73.2%) Use of Tobacco Yes 55 (33.7%) 108 (66.3%) 0.038 No 267 (26%) 761 (74%) Alcohol Yes 41 (36.9%) 70 (63.1%) 0.014 No 281 (26%) 799 (74%) Cannabis Yes 21 (58.3%) 15 (41.7%) 0.000 No 301 (26.1%) 854 (73.9%) Criminal Records Yes 25 (41%) 36 (59%) 0.012 No 297 (26.3%) 833 (73.7%) Psychiatric Background Yes 8 (50%) 8 (50%) 0.037 No 314 (26.7%) 861 (73.3%) Psychiatric Family Background Yes 93 (33.9%) 181 (66.1%) 0.003 No 229 (25%) 688 (75%) Physical Abuse Yes 105 (34%) 204 (66%) 0.001 No 217 (24.6%) 605 (75.4%) Psychological Abuse Yes 89 (35%) 165 (65%) 0.001 No 233 (24.9%) 704 (75.1%) Sexual Abuse Yes 53 (37.6%) 88 (62.4%) 0.003 No 269 (25.6%) 781 (74.4%) Table 2 Relation between cannabis use and suicidal risk after adjusting for confounding factors using binary logistic regression method Variables OR CI 95% P Marital Status Married/Divorced 1 [1.206, 3.846] ≤ 0.010 Single 2.16 Use of Cannabis No 1 [1.747, 7.198] ≤ 0.000 Yes 3.55 Criminal Record No 1 [1.006, 3.063] ≤ 0.048 Yes 1.76 Psychiatric Family Background No 1 [1.026, 1.896] ≤ 0.034 Yes 1.39 Psychological Abuse No 1 [1.092, 2.039] ≤ 0.012 Yes 1.49 Sexual Abuse No 1 [1.081, 2.318] ≤ 0.018 Yes 1.58 Discussion The present study confirmed earlier findings and presented the prevalence and other risk factors for suicide associated with CU, especially among young adults, particularly students. The main findings were : first, the risk of suicide is 3.55 times higher among students who use cannabis compared to those who do not. Second, single individuals are 2.16 times more likely to have suicidal risk than those who have been in a relationship (married or divorced). Third, the risk of suicide is 1.76 times higher among students with a criminal record than those without. And fourth, the risk of suicide is 1.49 times higher among students who experienced emotional abuse as children and 1.58 times higher among students who were sexually abused as children compared to those who were not. Our findings are in line with previous studies demonstrating that CU is associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. For example, in a systematic review by Fresán et al. ( 2022 ), the results showed that adolescents who used cannabis had a higher risk of suicide attempts than non-users (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.78–3.05). The same applied to suicidal ideation (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.64–2.53) and suicide planning (OR = 1.674, 95% CI = 1.554–1.804). Some studies have experimentally explained the relationship between cannabis and suicide. For example, Le Boissolier et al. (2016) found that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the cannabinoid molecule responsible for producing the psychoactive effects of cannabis. These effects are mediated by the CB1 receptors of the cannabinoid system. Subsequently, they demonstrated the abundance of these CB1 receptors in suicide victims. During the questionnaire application, we inquired about the dates of cannabis initiation and discovered that all participants began using cannabis years ago. However, the assessment of suicidal risk only focused on the month prior to the survey. This indicates that CU preceded the suicidal risk, suggesting that it could be considered a risk factor for suicide. Suicide is also associated with marital status, with single individuals being more likely to have suicidal thoughts than those in relationships. This could be explained by the fact that entering a relationship often brings emotional and psychological stability. In our sample, 71% of individuals who have been in relationships (married or divorced) are women. It is a well-known fact that in Morocco, the majority of girls find stability and happiness in marriage. These data could help shed light on why single individuals may feel more at risk of suicide. Having a criminal record is also a risk factor for suicide. Some theories suggest that cannabis use is linked to compulsive behavior, often involving violence and aggression (Grant et al., 2019 ). These behaviors can lead to conflicts and issues with others, potentially resulting in legal problems and a criminal record. Repeated problems and confrontations with authorities can contribute to the development of suicidal thoughts, with the risk being higher among cannabis users (Petrilli et al., 2022). It is not surprising that violence, with its two subtypes (psychological and sexual), is ranked among the risk factors for suicide, given that it is a risk factor for several mental disorders (Wu et al., 2015 ). In a study by Espelage and Holt, they found that 60% of young people who had been emotionally abused as children had a history of suicidal ideation, with at least 43% reporting at least one suicide attempt during adolescence (Espelage and Holt, 2013 ). Several other studies have found a relationship between repeated psychological abuse (chronic abuse) and the emergence of suicidal ideation and behavior earlier in life (Borowsky et al., 2013 ; Geoffroy et al., 2016 ). Regarding sexual abuse, a few studies have shown that it is the form of abuse most likely to lead to suicidal ideation and behavior (Thakkar et al., 2000 ). In a study by Soylu and Alpaslan, among young people who had been sexually abused as children, 63.2% showed suicidal ideation and 24.5% had attempted suicide (Soylu and Alpaslan, 2013 ). In another study, young people who had been sexually abused were found to attempt suicide 2.7–11.9 times more often than those who had not (Fergusson et al., 1996 ). In cases where participants reported having one or more family members being treated for a mental disorder, this could indicate a potentially toxic family environment. Risk factors such as violence or other issues within the family could contribute to both the mental disorder in the family member and the participant's suicidal risk. Limitations This study has several limitations. The primary limitation is the scarcity of literature on cannabis use among Moroccan adolescents and young adults, particularly in northern Morocco. Another limitation is the limited research on the relationship between marital status and suicidal risk. Additionally, the sensitivity of the topic among young adults is a challenge due to the illegal status of cannabis use in Morocco and societal attitudes towards cannabis users. This may lead to participants being hesitant to disclose accurate information on this subject. Conclusions In conclusion, the use of cannabis by adolescents and young people is a significant issue affecting all countries, particularly producer countries like Morocco. In our Moroccan sample, it was identified as the primary risk factor for suicide among young students. Authorities must recognize the urgency of the situation and implement stricter measures to restrict access to cannabis, aiming to reduce consumption. It is crucial to educate young people about the risks associated with cannabis use. Abbreviations CU Cannabis use DAT Dopamine transporter Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Before carrying out this study, we obtained a favorable opinion from the ethics committee of university hospital of Tangier (CEHUT). And before each questionnaire was applied, we gave an information paper to each participant to inform them of the confidentiality of the study and to obtain their consent before applying the questionnaire. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that we have no competing interests. Funding Not applicable. Authors’ contributions Conceptualization, MB and AL; methodology, MB and MS ; formal analysis AN and MB; data curation AA and AL; writing-original draft preparation MB; and visualization and supervision AL, AN. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6048672","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":433858834,"identity":"f4e0d74e-2737-4e75-a3bc-1dbed2412ffb","order_by":0,"name":"Mohjat Belaatar","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University Abdelmalek Essaâdi","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohjat","middleName":"","lastName":"Belaatar","suffix":""},{"id":433858837,"identity":"7b59592d-145a-447d-8442-2f7bf8d11194","order_by":1,"name":"Adil Najdi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Abdelmalek Essaâdi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adil","middleName":"","lastName":"Najdi","suffix":""},{"id":433858840,"identity":"7bbe30f5-bd97-42f2-93ce-c59e4fd6787f","order_by":2,"name":"Adil El Ammouri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Abdelmalek Essaâdi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adil","middleName":"El","lastName":"Ammouri","suffix":""},{"id":433858843,"identity":"5baa7da8-a322-4989-ab0e-3c2009070f02","order_by":3,"name":"Meftaha Senhaji","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University Abdelmalek Essaâdi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meftaha","middleName":"","lastName":"Senhaji","suffix":""},{"id":433858845,"identity":"b7758fb9-3d77-45cf-9d62-4d76edb02ac5","order_by":4,"name":"Adnane Louajri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University Abdelmalek Essaâdi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adnane","middleName":"","lastName":"Louajri","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-17 14:08:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6048672/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6048672/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79660448,"identity":"992dcda9-d28b-4167-b218-52fa176c9e00","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 09:32:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":559012,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6048672/v1/a107cb82-eabe-4c35-83b0-7447b98eec9c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Cannabis use in association with past 30-day suicide ideation and suicide attempt among university students in northern Morocco","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSuicide is a complex phenomenon that involves various dimensions, including psychological, cultural, and social factors, accounting for 1.4% of all deaths globally (V\u0026auml;rnik, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). It is crucial to distinguish suicide from other forms of death as it is driven by unique motivations and implications, representing the ultimate stage of despair and feelings of loneliness. It poses a significant challenge to global health due to its prevalence and the substantial societal costs associated with it (Turecki et al., 2016). According to the World Health Organization, nearly 750,000 people die by suicide each year, making it one of the leading causes of death worldwide, especially among young people of both sexes. Suicide among youth is a major public health concern globally (WHO, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Data from the National Comorbidity Survey has indicated that 12.1% of youth have experienced serious suicidal ideation, 4% have made a suicide plan, and 4.1% have attempted suicide at least once (Nock et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Despite its severity, suicide is still preventable when interventions are carried out in a timely manner. To develop effective intervention strategies, it is crucial to first identify the factors that can contribute to suicide, particularly among young people (National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention; Research Prioritization Task Force, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, the most studied factors related to suicide are alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and cannabis consumption (Chau et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdolescents and young adults are very vulnerable and sensitive when it comes to the challenges of life, responsibilities, and lingering childhood traumas. They may react impulsively and often turn to alcohol or drugs as a source of distraction or temporary joy. Numerous studies have shown that cannabis consumption is on the rise, especially among the younger population (Kulak and Grisworld, 2019). Over the past 24 years, it has increased fourfold in some countries (WDR, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e) and by 20% in others (Sefa and Ali, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Cannabis has become the most widely used substance after alcohol (Wang and Hoyte \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), with a total of 48.2\u0026nbsp;million consumers in the United States in 2021 (CDCP, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and over a quarter of the population aged over 16 in Canada for the same year (WDR, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021a\u003c/span\u003e). The visible effects of cannabis consumption include speech disorders, hallucinations, anxiety, and tachycardia (Chen and Klig, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). However, the invisible effects are those on the brain, and during youth, the brain is more vulnerable and therefore at greater risk of damage and behavioral changes, including suicidal thoughts (Sideli et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Cannabis smoking is also related to alterations in brain receptors such as dopamine (Bloomfield el al., 2016). Consumption of Tetrahydrocannabinol (the main psychoactive component of cannabis) increases dopamine secretion and neuronal activity. Therefore, overconsumption of cannabis can lead to an overproduction of dopamine, which eventually depletes due to dopamine transporter exhaustion (DAT). (Volkow et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCU (cannabis use) can be a risk factor for mental disorders, especially suicidal tendencies. It can also serve as a form of self-medication that individuals may turn to in times of distress to alleviate their symptoms and temporarily escape from their mental health issues (Patrick et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In a recent longitudinal meta-analysis, suicidal risk was strongly associated with CU; for suicidal ideation (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.50, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.11\u0026ndash;2.03) and suicide attempts (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.45, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.53\u0026ndash;7.85) in a population of young adults, where cannabis was more associated with suicide attempts than suicidal ideation (Gobbi et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1. Subjects\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study analyzed data from a total of 1191 participants, who were students from 6 different institutions affiliated with Abdelmalek Essa\u0026acirc;di University in Tetouan. Participation in the study was voluntary, and the identities of the participants were kept anonymous. The majority of participants were from faculties, totaling 1,137 students, with the remaining 54 students from two schools. The sample consisted of 568 men (47.7%) and 623 women (52.3%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2. Measures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Before conducting the interviews between the participants and the interviewers, the latter were adequately trained by the psychiatry team involved in this study. This training enabled them to master the M.I.N.I. questionnaire. The study consisted of interviews between the interviewers and the participants, lasting on average between 20 and 40 minutes. The questionnaire was accompanied by background questions regarding the socio-demographic data and background of the participants. The purpose of this study was to identify potential risk factors for mental disorders using the M.I.N.I. questionnaire. To facilitate communication with the participants, we utilized the Moroccan Arab version 5.0.0 of the M.I.N.I. questionnaire (Kadri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). In terms of inclusion criteria, we considered all age groups, and any student interested in participating in the study. Regarding exclusion criteria, we did not include foreign students, individuals who do not speak Moroccan dialect, and those who did not provide consent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter collecting all the questionnaires in printed form, we inputted the data into SPSS 26.0 software. A descriptive statistical analysis of suicidal risk was conducted, utilizing the Chi-2 test to determine the P-value of the results. Factors with P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.2 were chosen, and a binary statistical regression was applied. Coefficient values, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were utilized to measure the strength of associations. The statistical significance for all tests was established at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1. Sample descriptives\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis sample comprises 1191 students, with 47.7% being males and 52.3% females. The majority of students fall within the age range of 19 to 23, with an average age of 21.69. This age distribution also impacts marital status, with 1122 students being single (94.9%), 55 married (4.6%), and only 14 divorced (1.2%). In terms of residence, 94.9% of students live in urban areas, while only 5.1% reside in rural areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2. Prevalence of patients with suicide risk for socio-demographic characteristics and background data\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo investigate the relationship between suicidal risk and CU, we conducted a cross-tabulation analysis. The results of the data analysis are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The prevalence of suicidal risk in the study sample was 27.03% (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;322), we inquired about the last 30 days before the interview, where 269 participants reported having suicidal thoughts, with a prevalence of 83.5%. Only 3 participants had attempted suicide, accounting for 1% of the total, while the remaining 15.5% (50 participants) reported having attempted suicide prior to the last 30 days. Based on these results, we were able to determine the level of suicidal risk among the participants. We found that 279 (23.4%) represented a low level of suicidal risk, 36 (3%) represented a moderate level, and 7 (0.6%) represented a high level of suicidal risk who were referred to the psychiatry department for further care. The average age of individuals at risk of suicide in this population was 21.46 years. The study found that 29.2% of males and 25% of females were at risk of suicide. Suicidal risk was higher among single students (27.9%) compared to married and divorced students (13.04%). In terms of education level, 29.9% of 3rd year students, 25.7% of 2nd year students, and 24.4% of 1st year students were identified as at risk. Regarding place of residence, 26.7% of urban residents and 32.8% of rural residents were at risk of suicide. Additionally, 32.4% of students with divorced parents and 27% of students with parents living together in the same household were found to be at risk of suicide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen it comes to the history of psychoactive substance use, the risk of suicide is higher among tobacco smokers (33.7%) compared to non-smokers (26%), more prevalent among alcohol users (36%) than non-users (26%), and more common among cannabis users (58.3%) than non-users (26.1%). In terms of criminal records, individuals with a criminal record (41%) are more likely to exhibit suicidal risk than those without (26.3%); those with a psychiatric background (50%) are more at risk compared to those without (26.7%); and individuals with a family psychiatric history (33.9%) are more prone to suicidal risk than those without (25%). Regarding experiences of violence, the risk of suicide is higher among individuals who have experienced physical (24%), psychological (35%), and sexual (37.6%) violence compared to those who have not (physical 24.6%, psychological 24.9%, and sexual 25.6%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify the risk factors for suicidal risk, a binary logistic regression was conducted for the variables in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e with a P-value less than 0.2, including gender, age, marital status, level of education, tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use, criminal record, personal psychiatric history, family psychiatric history, and the three subtypes of violence. After adjusting the odds ratio (aOR), six variables were found to be significantly associated with suicidal risk and considered as risk factors: marital status (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.16, 95% CI; 1.206\u0026ndash;3.486; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010), cannabis use (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.55, 95% CI; 1.747\u0026ndash;7.198; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), criminal record (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.76, 95% CI; 1.006\u0026ndash;3.063; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.048), family psychiatric history (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.39, 95% CI; 1.026\u0026ndash;1.896; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.034), psychological abuse (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.59, 95% CI; 1.092\u0026ndash;2.039; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012), and sexual abuse (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.58, 95% CI; 1.081\u0026ndash;2.318; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018), as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription of socio-demographic data in relation to suicidal risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicidal Risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYES\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;322 n (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;869 n (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166(29.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e402 (70.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e467 (75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313 (27.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e809 (72.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (13.04%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 (86.96%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel of Education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72 (24.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223 (75.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107 (25.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310 (74.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143 (29.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336 (70.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea of Residence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302 (26.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e827 (73.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (32.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (67.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparated/Divorced Parents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (32.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69 (67.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248 (27%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e669 (73%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental Use of Drugs/Tobacco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (30.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (69.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.657\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302 (26.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e824 (73.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTobacco\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (33.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108 (66.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e267 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e761 (74%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlcohol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (36.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (63.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e799 (74%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCannabis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (58.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e301 (26.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e854 (73.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriminal Records\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (41%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (59%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e297 (26.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e833 (73.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychiatric Background\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e314 (26.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e861 (73.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychiatric Family Background\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93 (33.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181 (66.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e688 (75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (34%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204 (66%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217 (24.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e605 (75.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89 (35%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165 (65%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e233 (24.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e704 (75.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53 (37.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (62.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269 (25.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e781 (74.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelation between cannabis use and suicidal risk after adjusting for confounding factors using binary logistic regression method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCI\u003csub\u003e95%\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried/Divorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[1.206, 3.846]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of Cannabis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[1.747, 7.198]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriminal Record\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[1.006, 3.063]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychiatric Family Background\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[1.026, 1.896]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[1.092, 2.039]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[1.081, 2.318]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study confirmed earlier findings and presented the prevalence and other risk factors for suicide associated with CU, especially among young adults, particularly students.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main findings were : first, the risk of suicide is 3.55 times higher among students who use cannabis compared to those who do not. Second, single individuals are 2.16 times more likely to have suicidal risk than those who have been in a relationship (married or divorced). Third, the risk of suicide is 1.76 times higher among students with a criminal record than those without. And fourth, the risk of suicide is 1.49 times higher among students who experienced emotional abuse as children and 1.58 times higher among students who were sexually abused as children compared to those who were not.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings are in line with previous studies demonstrating that CU is associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. For example, in a systematic review by Fresán et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), the results showed that adolescents who used cannabis had a higher risk of suicide attempts than non-users (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.78–3.05). The same applied to suicidal ideation (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.64–2.53) and suicide planning (OR = 1.674, 95% CI = 1.554–1.804). Some studies have experimentally explained the relationship between cannabis and suicide. For example, Le Boissolier et al. (2016) found that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the cannabinoid molecule responsible for producing the psychoactive effects of cannabis. These effects are mediated by the CB1 receptors of the cannabinoid system. Subsequently, they demonstrated the abundance of these CB1 receptors in suicide victims. During the questionnaire application, we inquired about the dates of cannabis initiation and discovered that all participants began using cannabis years ago. However, the assessment of suicidal risk only focused on the month prior to the survey. This indicates that CU preceded the suicidal risk, suggesting that it could be considered a risk factor for suicide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuicide is also associated with marital status, with single individuals being more likely to have suicidal thoughts than those in relationships. This could be explained by the fact that entering a relationship often brings emotional and psychological stability. In our sample, 71% of individuals who have been in relationships (married or divorced) are women. It is a well-known fact that in Morocco, the majority of girls find stability and happiness in marriage. These data could help shed light on why single individuals may feel more at risk of suicide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaving a criminal record is also a risk factor for suicide. Some theories suggest that cannabis use is linked to compulsive behavior, often involving violence and aggression (Grant et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). These behaviors can lead to conflicts and issues with others, potentially resulting in legal problems and a criminal record. Repeated problems and confrontations with authorities can contribute to the development of suicidal thoughts, with the risk being higher among cannabis users (Petrilli et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is not surprising that violence, with its two subtypes (psychological and sexual), is ranked among the risk factors for suicide, given that it is a risk factor for several mental disorders (Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In a study by Espelage and Holt, they found that 60% of young people who had been emotionally abused as children had a history of suicidal ideation, with at least 43% reporting at least one suicide attempt during adolescence (Espelage and Holt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Several other studies have found a relationship between repeated psychological abuse (chronic abuse) and the emergence of suicidal ideation and behavior earlier in life (Borowsky et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Geoffroy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Regarding sexual abuse, a few studies have shown that it is the form of abuse most likely to lead to suicidal ideation and behavior (Thakkar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). In a study by Soylu and Alpaslan, among young people who had been sexually abused as children, 63.2% showed suicidal ideation and 24.5% had attempted suicide (Soylu and Alpaslan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). In another study, young people who had been sexually abused were found to attempt suicide 2.7–11.9 times more often than those who had not (Fergusson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn cases where participants reported having one or more family members being treated for a mental disorder, this could indicate a potentially toxic family environment. Risk factors such as violence or other issues within the family could contribute to both the mental disorder in the family member and the participant's suicidal risk.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Limitations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. The primary limitation is the scarcity of literature on cannabis use among Moroccan adolescents and young adults, particularly in northern Morocco. Another limitation is the limited research on the relationship between marital status and suicidal risk. Additionally, the sensitivity of the topic among young adults is a challenge due to the illegal status of cannabis use in Morocco and societal attitudes towards cannabis users. This may lead to participants being hesitant to disclose accurate information on this subject.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the use of cannabis by adolescents and young people is a significant issue affecting all countries, particularly producer countries like Morocco. In our Moroccan sample, it was identified as the primary risk factor for suicide among young students. Authorities must recognize the urgency of the situation and implement stricter measures to restrict access to cannabis, aiming to reduce consumption. It is crucial to educate young people about the risks associated with cannabis use.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCU\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCannabis use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDAT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDopamine transporter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore carrying out this study, we obtained a favorable opinion from the ethics committee of university hospital of Tangier (CEHUT). And before each questionnaire was applied, we gave an information paper to each participant to inform them of the confidentiality of the study and to obtain their consent before applying the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that we have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors’ contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, MB and AL; methodology, MB and MS ; formal analysis AN and MB; data curation AA and AL; writing-original draft preparation MB; and visualization and supervision AL, AN.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI would like to thank all those involved in the preparation and realization of this work, each person by name; I am grateful for their encouragement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUse of AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe used Englishedit.ai to edit the English text, which we then revised after editing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBloomfield, M.A., Ashok, A.H., Volkow, N.D., Howes, O.D., 2016. 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Res. 225 (3), 716\u0026ndash;722. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.004\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.004\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cannabis, Suicide attempt, Suicide ideation, Adolescence, Young adult","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6048672/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6048672/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBackground: \u003c/em\u003eSuicide rates continue to rise, especially among young people, and is considered one of the world's leading causes of death. Suicidal ideation represents a significant risk factor for mortality, particularly among cannabis users.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAim:\u003c/em\u003e The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the risk of suicide among students, particularly those who use cannabis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMethods:\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eIn this quantitative study, we utilized the M.I.N.I. questionnaire to gather data on mental disorders, including suicidal risk. The questionnaire was administered to students at the Abdelmalek Essaâdi University campus in Tetouan, with an average age of 21, of which 52.56% were female. Along with the questionnaire, we included a background questionnaire that collected socio-demographic information, history of psychoactive substance use, family background, and early childhood experiences to identify the risk factors associated with each mental disorder under investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResults: \u003c/em\u003eIn this sample of 1191 students, 322 is the number of those presenting a suicidal risk with a prevalence of 27.03%, of which 41.7% are cannabis users.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConclusions: \u003c/em\u003eIn line with previous studies, cannabis use at a young age can lead to suicidal thoughts and behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Cannabis use in association with past 30-day suicide ideation and suicide attempt among university students in northern Morocco","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-26 08:47:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6048672/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"32b31d14-e541-49d5-95a0-9403c14e8f54","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-01T09:24:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-26 08:47:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6048672","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6048672","identity":"rs-6048672","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}