A microstrip Antenna for Underground Applications with Frequency Insenitivity to soil moisture variations

A microstrip Antenna for Underground Applications with Frequency Insenitivity to soil moisture variations | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A microstrip Antenna for Underground Applications with Frequency Insenitivity to soil moisture variations Mounir EL MEJJATTI, Ahmed Habbani This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4469010/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this article, we propose a novel design of a buried rectangular patch antenna utilizing the ferromag-netic properties to ensure the resonant frequency resistivity against uctuations in soil permittivity,notably due to variations in its water content. The study initially prioritized determining the idealposition of the ferrite core introduced into the substrate and optimizing the external magnetic eldbias for its application. Subsequently, attention was directed towards evaluating the return loss of thedesigned antenna through simulation under conditions where humidity varies between 0 and 50%. Theresults indicated that the transmitter operates in two di erent modes: ordinary and extraordinary,with the latter maintaining a stable frequency with a deviation rate from the initial one on dry soilnot exceeding 3%, instead of the 50% observed for the former mode. This feature grants it the abilityto be deployable in applications with underground nodes, such as in the case of precision agriculture,without needing to intervene to adjust the operating frequency. Antenna Ferrite Undergground communication sensor Resonant frequency Soil moisture Agriculture of precision. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4469010","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":309576243,"identity":"a643bb1b-1a08-448a-a189-b736c90263b0","order_by":0,"name":"Mounir EL MEJJATTI","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"ENSIAS, UM5 University in Rabat","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mounir","middleName":"EL","lastName":"MEJJATTI","suffix":""},{"id":309576244,"identity":"a6c88108-6ba5-42b3-b770-01132b137a2f","order_by":1,"name":"Ahmed Habbani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ENSIAS, UM5 University in Rabat","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"","lastName":"Habbani","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-23 21:23:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4469010/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4469010/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104401531,"identity":"64e40ec5-2f63-4bd9-922b-1604e5c32126","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:12:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":826974,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snarticleIJWIN.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4469010/v1_covered_3c8e44ba-24ca-45fc-b97a-ad250456e943.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A microstrip Antenna for Underground Applications with Frequency Insenitivity to soil moisture variations","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Antenna, Ferrite, Undergground communication, sensor, Resonant frequency, Soil moisture, Agriculture of precision.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4469010/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4469010/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"In this article, we propose a novel design of a buried rectangular patch antenna utilizing the ferromag-netic properties to ensure the resonant frequency resistivity against uctuations in soil permittivity,notably due to variations in its water content. The study initially prioritized determining the idealposition of the ferrite core introduced into the substrate and optimizing the external magnetic eldbias for its application. Subsequently, attention was directed towards evaluating the return loss of thedesigned antenna through simulation under conditions where humidity varies between 0 and 50%. Theresults indicated that the transmitter operates in two di erent modes: ordinary and extraordinary,with the latter maintaining a stable frequency with a deviation rate from the initial one on dry soilnot exceeding 3%, instead of the 50% observed for the former mode. 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