Rapid Synthesis of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Adsorption of Cationic Dyes

Rapid Synthesis of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Adsorption of Cationic Dyes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Rapid Synthesis of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Adsorption of Cationic Dyes Ratiram Chaudhary, Ganesh Bhusari, Rohit Madankar, Mayuri Umekar, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6197764/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Toxic dyes in wastewater threaten aquatic ecosystems, underscoring the need for sustainable treatment methods. This study presents a rapid synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C₃N₄ NS), annealed in air at 550°C for 2 hours via thermal polymerization of thiourea. These nanosheets serve as adsorbents for removing cationic dyes such as methyl blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB). The structural and morphological properties of the synthesized g-C₃N₄ NS were examined using various analytical techniques. XRD confirmed the presence of a hexagonal phase, while FT-IR identified nitrogen-rich heterocyclic structures. SEM and TEM imaging illustrated the successful formation of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets with edge thicknesses ranging from 6.9 to 20.88 nm. BET analysis revealed a Type IV structure, characterized by a surface area of 101.2 m²/g and an average pore size of 7.01 nm. Adsorption experiments with 20 mg of g-C₃N₄ NS at a concentration of 25 mg/L and pH 7.5 demonstrated that RhB is adsorbed more efficiently than MB. Analysis indicated that adsorption follows the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, suggesting a spontaneous, endothermic process that enhances disorder at the solid/solution interface. Reusability tests showed that g-C₃N₄ retained over 85% efficiency after five cycles, confirming its potential as a sustainable and cost-effective solution for dye removal. Physical sciences/Chemistry Physical sciences/Materials science Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C₃N₄) Facile Synthesis Kinetics Models Adsorption Isotherm Toxic Dyes Environmental Remediation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 04 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Apr, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 12 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6197764","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":446014264,"identity":"cc28f7e5-ab23-43c2-8901-68d4cf349928","order_by":0,"name":"Ratiram Chaudhary","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSDmbYDxDGwgIsRrOWCQRrIWhsOEtfDPbn4m8XaHXb7BAd6Hnz8UnE/sn9188AFDjU00TkvuHDOTnHsm2XLDAXZjiQMGtxNn3DmWbMBwLC23AYcWA4kEM2neNmYDgwNsDGAtDTdyzCQYGw7j0ZL+DailHqSF+ccBg3OJ8wlryQHZchikhQ1oy4HEDYS0SNzIKbac23bcQBKoxeKMQbLxxhtpyQYJePzCPyN94423bdUGfECH3aj4Yyc770bywQcfamxwaoEDhfsPwLQjWGUCIeUgIA811J4YxaNgFIyCUTCyAAAn2l1ddBeU9AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Chemistry, Seth Kesarimal Porwal College, Kamptee","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ratiram","middleName":"","lastName":"Chaudhary","suffix":""},{"id":446014265,"identity":"8ca66100-21e8-4aad-aad6-3d1121be0aa5","order_by":1,"name":"Ganesh Bhusari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gulf International Chemical (S.A.O.G.), H635+HCM, Rusayl Industrial Estate-124, Seeb","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ganesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Bhusari","suffix":""},{"id":446014266,"identity":"5332488b-c56b-4c55-8de5-6dca497f3697","order_by":2,"name":"Rohit Madankar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Chemistry, Seth Kesarimal Porwal College, Kamptee","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rohit","middleName":"","lastName":"Madankar","suffix":""},{"id":446014267,"identity":"b989f283-7c2f-4e64-b43b-fa27c2cfeb26","order_by":3,"name":"Mayuri Umekar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Chemistry, Seth Kesarimal Porwal College, Kamptee","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mayuri","middleName":"","lastName":"Umekar","suffix":""},{"id":446014268,"identity":"4c8aa588-66ef-4d8e-938c-6c4b0e7d45ce","order_by":4,"name":"Aniruddha Mondal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Centre for research impact \u0026 Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of engineering and technology, Chitkara University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aniruddha","middleName":"","lastName":"Mondal","suffix":""},{"id":446014269,"identity":"0b4da15d-6528-4984-bf97-d2bbdb59ae07","order_by":5,"name":"Mohammad Raish","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Deparment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saudi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Raish","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-10 18:09:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6197764/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6197764/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":81186870,"identity":"7eeb9935-0d28-418f-81f2-32fd33407a39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-23 08:34:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1904436,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RevisedManuscriptSR.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6197764/v1_covered_ce01e2c3-88b8-4e7d-b571-dde667378180.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Rapid Synthesis of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Adsorption of Cationic Dyes","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C₃N₄), Facile Synthesis, Kinetics Models, Adsorption Isotherm, Toxic Dyes, Environmental Remediation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6197764/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6197764/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eToxic dyes in wastewater threaten aquatic ecosystems, underscoring the need for sustainable treatment methods. This study presents a rapid synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C₃N₄ NS), annealed in air at 550\u0026deg;C for 2 hours via thermal polymerization of thiourea. These nanosheets serve as adsorbents for removing cationic dyes such as methyl blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB). The structural and morphological properties of the synthesized g-C₃N₄ NS were examined using various analytical techniques. XRD confirmed the presence of a hexagonal phase, while FT-IR identified nitrogen-rich heterocyclic structures. SEM and TEM imaging illustrated the successful formation of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets with edge thicknesses ranging from 6.9 to 20.88 nm. BET analysis revealed a Type IV structure, characterized by a surface area of 101.2 m\u0026sup2;/g and an average pore size of 7.01 nm. Adsorption experiments with 20 mg of g-C₃N₄ NS at a concentration of 25 mg/L and pH 7.5 demonstrated that RhB is adsorbed more efficiently than MB. Analysis indicated that adsorption follows the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, suggesting a spontaneous, endothermic process that enhances disorder at the solid/solution interface. Reusability tests showed that g-C₃N₄ retained over 85% efficiency after five cycles, confirming its potential as a sustainable and cost-effective solution for dye removal.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Rapid Synthesis of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Adsorption of Cationic Dyes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-23 08:10:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6197764/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-07-04T06:20:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-12T13:47:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"266922968172743741362930149524394421195","date":"2025-05-30T05:54:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"260113358526344761812455890572795102503","date":"2025-05-30T05:45:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"130180716229310126720582912805904749396","date":"2025-04-22T02:26:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"339306853859367556115095374148990140749","date":"2025-04-22T00:40:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-22T00:15:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-18T16:42:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-04-12T09:05:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"26367617-ad7d-4120-8c5e-5e0a192f4daa","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":47473673,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry"},{"id":47473674,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-25T06:53:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-23 08:10:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6197764","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6197764","identity":"rs-6197764","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}