The Mediating Effect of Personal Failure Feeling in the Effect of Unemployment Anxiety on Migration Attitude: A Study on University Students

The Mediating Effect of Personal Failure Feeling in the Effect of Unemployment Anxiety on Migration Attitude: A Study on University Students | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Mediating Effect of Personal Failure Feeling in the Effect of Unemployment Anxiety on Migration Attitude: A Study on University Students Ali Kuzu, Gülçin Kazan, Serap Özdemir-Güzel, Tuğçe Uzun-Kocamış This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8724019/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In the migration literature, young people's migration intentions are mostly explained through macroeconomic conditions and labor market indicators. Considering the current situation of increasing youth unemployment and brain drain in Türkiye, the post-graduation unemployment anxiety is identified as a significant factor in migration, and subjective perception of success is identified as a critical psychological resource in this process. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of unemployment anxiety on migration attitudes of university students in Türkiye and the moderating effect of personal failure in this influence process. The study with 488 students in universities in Istanbul, it has been found that unemployment anxiety and personal failure feeling significantly and positively influence migration attitude and interaction term is statistically significant. The results of this study show that the influence of unemployment anxiety on migration attitude is less in students with low levels of personal failure feeling and more in students with high levels of personal failure feeling. The research shows that, in fact, intentions to migrate are not only related to macro-economic factors, but also to psychological resources, thus suggesting that not only should policies be designed to create jobs, but also to enhance students' subjective feelings of success, reducing their sense of personal failure. Unemployment anxiety migration attitude sense of personal failure Conservation of Resources Theory youth unemployment Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction In the 21st century, migration has become an important concept not only in the context of individual displacement but also in the context of global inequalities, brain drain, and social transformation (Castles et al., 2014 ; UN DESA, 2020). Migration is the movement of people from one place to another for economic, social, political, environmental, and other reasons. This action is a temporary or even a complete shift of place of residence (Lee, 1966 ; Çelik & Arslan, 2018 ). While various reasons push individuals to migrate, favorable and unfavorable factors can also serve as push and pull factors. Push forces of migration are unpleasant circumstances that force people away from their places of residence or accelerate their decision to do so (Lee, 1966 ). Economic shortfalls, unemployment, low incomes, and restricted career prospects are the most commonly mentioned push factors (de Haas, 2010 ). For youth specifically, fear of unemployment and economic uncertainty regarding the future boost the motivation to migrate (King & Raghuram, 2013 ). Aside from these, political instability, curbed freedom of expression, distrust of the rule of law, and social polarization also contribute to individuals feeling unsafe and in search of alternative living spaces (Castles et al., 2014 ). Socially, individuals' views that they are socially excluded, discriminated against, or without appropriate social support networks influence their movement. In addition, the poor quality of basic services such as healthcare and education are among the factors that lower people's standard of living and raise their propensity to move (Dustmann & Okatenko, 2014 ). In recent years, high-educated persons' migration abroad has been a key social concern, especially in developing countries (OECD, 2019). In countries like Türkiye, with a large youth and educated population, which is the determining force of any potential economic progress, brain drain is not only an individual choice but also a multifaceted phenomenon arising from the interaction between structural and psychological factors. Psychological factors are gaining more weight as deciding forces of individuals' choice of emigration (Czaiza & Toma, 2017). In such a situation, unemployment anxiety strengthens individuals' belief in uncertainty in the future and forces them to acquire a secure future in other countries (Demiral & Şahin, 2021 ). In addition, unemployment anxiety is both an economic threat and an identity threat, particularly for young graduates of universities and new entrants in their working lives (Ünlütürk Ulutaş & Erşanlı, 2016 ). Furthermore, a sense of personal failure becomes one of the key psychological determinants to make individuals select migration. If individuals, who possess high education and capabilities, fail to utilize their capacity in the current socioeconomic environment, then they can lay blame on personal failure or inadequacies (Ryan, 2011 ; Arslan, 2019 ). This feeling of failure can decrease the motivation of an individual to create a future for themselves in their host nation and cause them to be more susceptible to emigration (de Haas, 2010 ). This research will seek to investigate how unemployment anxiety influences migration attitudes and the moderating role of self-feelings of failure in the relationship between unemployment anxiety and migration attitudes. This will allow us to clarify the way in which psychological processes at the individual level interact with the "macro-level" phenomenon of migration. Moreover, through the empirical verification of the proposed model, it will be possible to propose a new framework to explain the phenomenon of brain drain. The research, carried out specifically in Türkiye, will generally focus on the economic factors that lead to migration. The originality of this research, however, resides in the focus on subjective evaluation, which is a key factor in contemporary approaches to understanding migration, as it is now recognized that individuals make the decision to migrate not only based on objective conditions, but also on subjective psychological processes (Carling & Schewel, 2018 ). The results will be useful to contribute to academic research and to propose a policy to encourage young talents to stay in the country, providing qualified data to policy-makers. Although research carried out in Türkiye has mainly focused on the economic and structural factors of migration, recent studies have shown that the role of psychological factors in migration attitudes should not be ignored. In the context of psychology, migration intention cannot simply be regarded as an economic or rational choice; instead, it could be seen as a future-oriented coping strategy against perceived threats to one’s resources. In this study, unemployment anxiety will be conceptualized as a psychological stressor that signals the potential loss of future resources. On the other hand, perceived personal failure will be regarded as a risk factor that may exacerbate the stress response of individuals in the face of uncertainty. In this context, migration attitude will not simply be regarded as an intention to migrate; instead, it will be conceptualized as a psychologically meaningful construct. In this study, the role of psychological factors in migration will be examined by incorporating the concepts of anxiety, self-perception, and future-oriented decision-making into the migration literature. In this context, the main purpose of this study will be to examine whether the relationship between unemployment anxiety and migration attitude varies depending on perceived personal failure. 2. Conceptual Framework and Literature Review 2.1. The Concept of Brain Drain Brain drain is described as “a move to another country for the sake of a better quality of life and better technological and political conditions.” The term "brain drain" was originally used by a spokesperson for the Royal Society of London to refer to the emigration of scientists to Canada and the United States in the early 1950s. It later came to mean “the large-scale migration of people with technical skills to foreign countries due to a lack of opportunities in their own countries.” (Yılmaz, 2022 ). Displacement, seen throughout human history, generally stems from people's search for resources to meet their needs and their quest to improve living conditions. Brain drain is the migration category with the highest increase in international migration in recent years (Öncü et al., 2018 ). The phenomenon of "brain drain" has been widely researched by both academic circles and policymakers since the mid-1960s. Brain drain, often referred to as the "international circulation of human capital" in developed countries, highlights the loss of talented individuals in developing countries, is considered a threat to development, and a subsidy from poor countries to rich ones. Lee's (1966) Push–Pull model explains migration through the interaction of push factors (unemployment, economic uncertainty, low wages, political instability) and pull factors (high income, advanced technological opportunities, and a secure life). Türkiye's first wave of "brain drain" began in the 1960s, when doctors and engineers were among the labor force migrating, particularly to Germany, and continues. For example, the educated population migrating abroad from Türkiye nearly doubled from 2016 to 2019. According to data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK), 40 percent of the 2019 migrant population consisted of people aged 20–34. According to the Higher Education Brain Drain Statistics, which provides information on citizens who completed their undergraduate education in Türkiye and resided abroad after graduation, the brain drain rate for higher education graduates was 1.6% in 2015 and 2.0% in 2023. In 2023, the brain drain rate for women with higher education degrees was 1.6%, while the brain drain rate for men was 2.4% (TUIK, 2025). Unlike labor migration, which is seen as a solution to labor surplus and, consequently, unemployment in emigrating countries, the migration of educated and professionally qualified individuals is seen as a national loss (Zırh, 2022 ). Factors such as political instability, low salaries, a lack of satisfactory job opportunities upon completion of education, and the perceived attractiveness of living abroad are prominent factors in student migration. Researchers have so far emphasized and focused on factors affecting brain drain, including economic growth, quality of innovation, human capital, graduate unemployment rates, institutional quality, intellectual property rights, economic, political, and civil freedoms, the political and social environment, and inequality. Examining each of these factors, in turn, explains the causes of brain drain (Shahabadi et al., 2020 ). Studies on the factors influencing brain drain intentions and how to manage them are crucial for the efficient use and planning of a country's resources. Stark and Bloom's (1985) New Economic Theory of Migration (NELM) interprets migration not only as an individual income maximization strategy but also as a household's risk reduction and income diversification strategy. 2.2. Unemployment Anxiety The literature on unemployment has extensively discussed the impact of unemployment on individuals, and there is a consensus that unemployment has a significant and negative impact on the lives of the unemployed individuals (Moorhouse and Caltabiano, 2007 ). The concept of work is seen as essential for individuals to access the financial resources necessary to meet their basic physiological needs, as well as for self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-actualization, and a sense of well-being in social life (Yumuşak, 2024 ). Hobfoll's (1989) COR theory emphasizes that individuals strive to preserve and increase their material, social, and psychological resources, and that the loss or threat of loss of these resources is a primary source of stress. In the current labor market with high unemployment rates, unemployed young adults are likely to be anxious about the future (Dinc et al., 2025 ). Unemployment is currently on the rise among young higher education graduates, causing post-graduation anxiety among those still in education (Şahin Kutlu et al., 2019 ). Students studying in departments where the number of graduates in the field has not increased in line with job opportunities in the sector are particularly vulnerable to unemployment (Korkmazer, 2020 ). The rise in youth unemployment is causing anxiety among university students who are not yet looking for regular employment but will be in the future. University students are frequently observed to experience unemployment anxiety, and this anxiety has negative effects on their mental, emotional, and physical well-being (Schneiderman et al., 2005 ). Unemployment anxiety is an individual's fear of not being able to find a job and earn a living wage. Anxiety about the future is more prevalent during the final stage of education, the university years. Todaro ( 1969 ) attributes the migration decision not only to the wage gap but also to expected income weighted by the probability of finding a job in the city. According to the literature, it has been shown that environmental and family factors play an important role in students' unemployment anxiety (Özder et al., 2018 ). The New Economic Migration Theory (NELM) of Stark and Bloom ( 1985 ) explains migration not only as income maximization but also as a family strategy to minimize risks and diversify income. Dökmen (1989) found that incoming university students were more anxious about adapting to university life and housing problems, whereas incoming university students, concerns about the future and employment were more prominent (Koç and Polat, 2006 ). For students who are about to graduate, unemployment anxiety is above all other concerns. The increasing rate of unemployment among university graduates shows that university graduation does not guarantee employment and that employment opportunities are insufficient (İncekara, 2010 ). The studies in the literature show that university students who experience unemployment anxiety suffer from depression and low self-esteem (Özder et al., 2018 ). Unemployment anxiety is the anxiety that a person experiences concerning the possibility of not being able to find a job or of losing the job that they are currently employed at. This anxiety, apart from being an economic issue, is also a psychological and social issue, and it creates negative emotions such as hopelessness and helplessness, which affect the self-esteem of the person. As Aytaç and Keser note, “unemployment takes away from people the money they need to live, their reputation among their family and society, their self-confidence and self-esteem, their social group at the workplace, their sense of responsibility towards society, and finally, their job, which is one of the most important factors of their quality of life.” Therefore, unemployment anxiety feeds on the fear of these losses and negatively impacts an individual's life in multiple ways. 2.3. Personal Sense of Accomplishment The concept of burnout, first used in the 1970s during the crisis experienced by service workers in the United States, was first defined in the literature by German psychiatrist Herbert J. Freudenberger in 1974. Freudenberger used the concept to describe the extreme frustrations that led to physical and mental exhaustion he witnessed among social services personnel (Freudenberger, 1974 ). Burnout is examined in three dimensions: "emotional exhaustion (mental fatigue)," "depersonalization (becoming more harsh and unsympathetic towards those around them)," and "a sense of diminished personal accomplishment" (Maslach & Jackson, 1981 ). In this present research, this third sub-dimension of burnout will be used to measure "sense of personal accomplishment." One of the most visible changes in burnt-out employees is the change in their job performance, as burnt-out employees are known to work less efficiently. These employees, being demotivated and hindered, ignore their work and do not exert enough effort in their tasks (Maslach, 2003 ). Personal accomplishment is defined as "a person's sense of competence and success in their work." Personal failure, on the other hand, is the negative evaluation of oneself and the tendency to fail (Leiter and Maslach, 1988 ). When an employee is able to finish a task, it gives him the belief that he is capable of finishing similar tasks in the future. When he fails, his sense of self-efficacy and accomplishment is lessened (Yumuşak, 2024 ). In this study, personal accomplishment is considered a vital psychological resource in terms of Conservation of Resources Theory (COR). In accordance with this theory, which was put forward by Hobfoll ( 1989 ), it is stated that individuals conserve and enhance their resources, and a decrease in a resource causes an increase in stress levels. The decrease in personal accomplishment indicates a loss in a vital psychological resource, making the individual more susceptible to the threat of resource loss due to unemployment anxiety. It is assumed that unemployment anxiety will influence migration attitudes more in students who have a high level of personal failure. This assumption is supported by the findings of Dinc et al. ( 2025 ) and Yumuşak ( 2024 ), which revealed that a low level of personal accomplishment increases the psychological effects of unemployment anxiety. 2.4. The Relationship Between Unemployment Anxiety and Immigration Attitude The relationship between unemployment stress and migration behavior is identified to be particularly high in developing countries. As an example, some research studies in the health field have sounded warning that a rise in graduate unemployment could trigger migration, leading to the loss of human capital (Acea-López et al., 2022 ; Prado-Gascó et al., 2021 ; Tosun, 2021 ). These studies depict that employment insecurity is a real problem for young graduates and takes a deep toll on their health and well-being. Increasing unemployment and precarious employment conditions are one of the factors contributing to their decision to emigrate, with roughly 66 percent of students choosing to immigrate to other regions where there are greater opportunities (Acea-López et al., 2022 ). The main reasons for youth unemployment in Türkiye are limited qualified job vacancies for youngsters, education of a poor quality, and school programs that are far away from the needs of the labor market. In addition, the reason why young people are newcomers to the labor market and want to work under better conditions as they increase their education level is one of the causes increasing unemployment (Tokol and Alper, 2012 mentioned in Tosun, 2021 ). 2.5. Theoretical Framework The conceptual basis of the research is a multi-dimensional investigation of the impact of fear of unemployment on attitude towards migration among university students and an intervening role, if any, of a sense of personal failure in this regard. Within this paradigm, four central theories offer a comprehensive theoretical model that explains individual psychological processes and the economic and social mechanisms of migration: Conservation of Resources Theory (COR), Push–Pull Model, Expected Income and Job Finding Probability Model (Todaro), and New Economics of Labor Migration Theory (NELM). With the emergence of Hobfoll ( 1989 ), the COR theory centers on individuals' motivations to maintain and build their material, social, and psychological resources. According to this view, loss or risk of loss of resources is the primary source of stress responses. For university students, employment fear is a cognitive-emotional danger in relation to the potential loss of basic resources such as post-graduation income, job security, and social standing. Actually, studies such as Dinc et al. ( 2025 ), Yumuşak ( 2024 ), Korkmazer ( 2020 ), and Şahin Kutlu et al. ( 2019 ) show that unemployment fear increases hopelessness, depression, and future anxiety. These findings suggest that personal accomplishment is one of the COR psychological resources, and undermining this resource (allegiance shift from personal accomplishment to personal failure) will increase the stress effect of unemployment anxiety on migration behavior. Lee ( 1966 ) Push-Pull Factors Model, a popular theory in the migration literature, suggests that the decision to migrate is determined by the interaction between push factors such as unemployment, economic uncertainty, and lack of career opportunities in the home country and pull factors such as increased earning and improved professional opportunities in the destination country. Studies that explored the brain drain from Türkiye to Europe, i.e., Yılmaz ( 2022 ), Zırh ( 2022 ), and Mutlu et al. ( 2024 ), indicate that push factors emerging due to economic and social conditions strengthen the migration intentions of young people. To this end, fear of unemployment as a robust push factor speeds up migration behavior, whereas individual failure alters the individual choice thresholds and determines the intensity of migration intentions. Todaro's (1969) Job Finding Probability Model of Expected Income splits the explanation of the migration decision as a rational one not based solely on wage differentials but also on the urban job search probability weighted expected income differential. Macroeconomic studies of youth unemployment in Türkiye (İncekara, 2010 ; Tosun, 2021 ) point out that unemployment rates are a factor of migration decision; Shahabadi et al. ( 2020 ) examined foreign brain drain in the frames of economic competitiveness and countries' prospects, demonstrating that expectation of high salaries evokes migration. Thus, fear of unemployment can render migration a reasonable choice by reducing the perceived income in the domestic labor market; whereas feeling personally in failure will mediate this process by influencing the perception of one's own employability. While Stark and Bloom's (1985) New Economic Theory of Migration (NELM), however, not only specifies migration as the income-maximizing strategy of a single individual but also as the risk-reducing and income-diversifying strategy of a household. In this context, migration serves as economic insurance for the household, providing income diversification through remittances. Yılmaz ( 2022 ) and Zırh ( 2022 ) have shown that migration in Türkiye is shaped not only by the individual but also by family and social networks; Mutlu et al. ( 2024 ) and Prado-Gascó et al. ( 2021 ) have shown that job insecurity, particularly in the healthcare sector, triggers brain drain. In this context, unemployment anxiety can strengthen a household's fear of insufficient future economic resources, making migration more attractive. However, a sense of personal failure, on the other hand, may enhance the intention to migrate by heightening the fear of not contributing to the family, or it may undermine it by heightening the fear of failure (Carling & Schewel, 2018 ). The combined use of these four approaches helps to explain the hypotheses proposed in this study in a multidimensional way. COR theory helps to explain unemployment anxiety as a threat of resource loss, while it also explains the buffering or reinforcing effect of a sense of personal failure against this threat. The Push-Pull model helps to explain the balance between push and pull factors that determine the decision to migrate, while personal factors affect the decision threshold. The Todaro model (1969) bases young people's migration decisions on economic rationality, as measured by expected income and job prospects. NELM, however, views migration as a reduction of risk and diversification of income at the household level, while it highlights that migration in a context of economic uncertainty is part of the search for individual and familial security. This theoretical integration creates a solid foundation for providing an empirical basis for explaining the relationship between unemployment anxiety and migration attitudes, and the moderating role of a sense of personal failure in Turkish and European societies, thereby enriching the scientific basis of research hypotheses. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of unemployment anxiety on migration attitudes among university students and the potential moderating role of a sense of personal accomplishment in this relationship. 3. METHOD The present study used a cross-sectional survey design to explore the associations between unemployment anxiety, personal failure, and migration attitudes among university students. The cross-sectional survey design is particularly useful for investigating theoretically derived associations between latent psychological constructs under theoretically important conditions, such as the school-to-work transition. The present study does not aim to establish causal relations between variables, but rather conditional associations that are theoretically consistent with the COR model. 3.1. Hypotheses and Research Model Drawing upon the literature on unemployment anxiety, emigration attitude, and personal accomplishment, the present study proposes the following hypotheses: H1. Unemployment anxiety has a positive and significant effect on individuals’ emigration attitude. H2. Personal accomplishment (reverse-scored, indicating a sense of personal failure) moderates the relationship between unemployment anxiety and emigration attitude, such that the positive effect of unemployment anxiety on emigration attitude becomes stronger when the sense of personal failure is higher (i.e., when personal accomplishment is lower). The hypothesized research model is presented in Fig. 1 . As shown, unemployment anxiety is expected to exert a direct influence on emigration attitude, while personal accomplishment is conceptualized as a moderator that alters the strength of this relationship. 3.2. Sampling The data were collected through an online survey administered via Google Forms. Participants were selected using a non-probability convenience sampling method, targeting senior students from two public and two private universities in Istanbul. Prior to data collection, ethical approval was obtained, and all participants provided informed consent. No personal or identifiable information was collected. Although a non-probability convenience sampling strategy was employed, this approach is widely used in psychological research focusing on subjective experiences such as anxiety, self-evaluation, and future-oriented attitudes. In studies where the primary objective is theory testing and examination of psychological processes rather than population-level estimation, convenience sampling is considered methodologically acceptable and informative. The use of an online data collection method ensured anonymity and voluntary participation, which is particularly important when assessing sensitive psychological constructs such as unemployment anxiety and perceived personal failure. Prior research suggests that online self-report surveys may reduce social desirability bias and encourage more honest responses when individuals evaluate their emotional states and personal vulnerabilities. The final sample consisted of 488 participants, with 62.5% female, 78.5% aged between 21 and 25, and 72.3% unemployed. Descriptive information is presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Socio-demographical Characteristics of the Participants Frequency Percent (%) Valid Percent (%) Cumulative Percent (%) Gender Female 305 62,5 62,5 62,5 Male 183 37,5 37,5 100,0 Total 488 100,0 100,0 Marital Status 1 77 15,8 15,8 15,8 2 276 56,6 56,6 72,3 3 83 17,0 17,0 89,3 4 52 10,7 10,7 100,0 Total 488 100.0 100.0 Age 20 and below 87 17,8 17,8 17,8 21–25 383 78,5 78,5 96,3 26 and above 18 3,7 3,7 100,0 Total 488 100,0 100,0 Continent 20000 TL 55 11,3 11,3 100,0 Total 488 100,0 100,0 Accommodation With My Family 364 74,6 74,6 74,6 Alone 33 6,8 6,8 81,4 Private Dormitory 30 6,1 6,1 87,5 Public Dormitory 61 12,5 12,5 100,0 Total 488 100,0 100,0 Working Status I am not working 353 72,3 72,3 72,3 Part time 108 22,1 22,1 94,5 Full Time 27 5,5 5,5 100,0 Total 488 100,0 100,0 Although the use of convenience sampling facilitated easy access to a relatively large sample size, it is important to note that this type of sampling inherently limits the generalizability of the results. Therefore, the results are recommended to be interpreted with caution, as they might not fully represent the entire population of students in the country of Türkiye. Secondly, the sample of the study was found to have a gender bias, where 70% of the sample respondents were female. This might have impacted the results of the study in some way. Therefore, the results are recommended to be interpreted with caution, as the study suggests that gender could be a potential controlling variable in the results of the study. Consequently, the results are recommended to be interpreted as having a basis in psychological theory rather than providing a general estimate of the population of interest. 3.3. Measures The questionnaire consisted of four parts. In the first part, demographic characteristics of the participants were assessed. In the second part, validated scales measuring the main constructs of the study were administered. - Unemployment Anxiety : Participants’ unemployment anxiety was measured using the 10-item Job-Seeking Anxiety Scale developed by Gül-Şanlı et al. (2023). Items included statements such as “I am worried that I may not find a job after graduation” and “The unemployment rate in the country makes me anxious about finding a job.” Responses were recorded on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ( Strongly disagree ) to 5 ( Strongly agree ). - Personal Accomplishment / Sense of Personal Failure : In this study, the construct of personal accomplishment was measured using the subdimension of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1981 ), adapted into Turkish by Ergin ( 1992 ). This subscale consists of 8 items (e.g., “I believe that I am positively influencing other people’s lives” and “I have accomplished many worthwhile things in my work”), rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree, 5 = Strongly agree). Importantly, this subscale is reverse scored, meaning that lower scores indicate higher personal accomplishments, while higher scores indicate a sense of personal failure. Consistent with the conceptual model developed in this current study, higher scores on this measure were interpreted as increased personal failures. This method is consistent with previous research that has utilized this subdimension as an indication of reduced personal accomplishments rather than personal achievements (Maslach & Jackson, 1981 ; Ergin, 1992 ). The terminology has been adjusted accordingly to eliminate conceptual confusion. - Emigration attitude : Emigration attitude was measured with the 16-item Attitude Towards Brain Drain Scale developed by Öncü et al. ( 2018 ). The scale comprises two dimensions: pull factors (e.g., “I believe that living abroad would increase my quality of life”) and push factors (e.g., “I think that every minute spent in this country is wasted”). Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 ( Strongly disagree ) to 5 ( Strongly agree ). Reliability and validity analyses were conducted, and all scales demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s α > .70). All scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.774 for personal accomplishment, 0.791 for unemployment anxiety, and 0.899 for emigration attitude. To reduce the risk of common method bias, anonymity was emphasized, items were presented in a mixed order, and the hypothesized model was tested using a latent variable approach, in line with recommendations by Podsakoff et al. ( 2003 ). 3.4. Confirmatory Factor Analyses The AMOS 25.0 software was used to assess the structural model prior to hypothesis testing. The moderated model demonstrated an acceptable level of fit to the data (χ²/df = 2.226; CFI = 0.908; GFI = 0.868; AGFI = 0.812; RMSEA = 0.069). These values indicate a good model fit according to the thresholds recommended by Hu and Bentler ( 1999 ) and Byrne ( 2010 ). In addition to model fit, convergent validity was also examined. Although the standardized loadings of the items are not tabulated here, suffice it to say that all the items loaded significantly on their respective constructs (p < .001), with values greater than the recommended threshold of .50 (Hair et al., 2019 ). Moreover, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values for the constructs are greater than .50, and the Composite Reliability (CR) values are greater than .70 (see Table 2 ). All these results provide strong support for convergent validity and construct reliability. To ensure discriminant validity and reduce the possibility of common method variance, a structural model approach was adopted, as recommended by Podsakoff et al. ( 2003 ). As can be seen in Table 2 , the factor structure of the constructs is consistent with the conceptual model proposed in this study. 3.5. Descriptive Analysis The SPSS 25 software was used in this section to analyze correlation analysis and basic descriptive statistics. As seen in Table 2 , the mean values indicated that participants reported a moderate level of unemployment anxiety (M = 3.30; SD = 0.74), relatively high levels of personal accomplishment (M = 3.65; SD = 0.57), and a moderate level of emigration attitude (M = 3.37; SD = 0.75). This suggests that while students feel moderately anxious about their future employment prospects, they simultaneously perceive themselves as fairly accomplished, with balanced but not extreme emigration intentions. Table 2 Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Matrix Mean SD Skewness Kurtosis CR AVE MSV WO JS JP Unemployment Anxiety (UA) 3,3 0,744 -0,482 -0,169 0.814 0.527 0.073 1 Personal Accomplishment (PA) 3,65 0,577 -0,651 1,319 0.766 0.556 0.035 − .038 1 Emigration Attitude (EA) 3,37 0,752 -0,504 -0,051 0.902 0.570 0.073 .277** .137* 1 Note(s): SD = Standard deviation; CR = composite reliability; AVE = average variance extracted; MSV = maximum shared variance, **p < 0.01; * < 0.05 Correlation analysis further revealed that unemployment anxiety was positively associated with emigration attitude (r = 0.277, p < .01), suggesting that higher levels of employment-related concerns are linked to stronger intentions to emigrate. By contrast, unemployment anxiety showed no significant relationship with personal accomplishment (r =- 0.038, p > .05). Interestingly, personal accomplishment was positively correlated with emigration attitude (r = 0.137, p < .05), albeit to a lesser extent. This finding implies that students who perceive themselves as more accomplished may also be more open to considering emigration opportunities. 3.6. Hypothesis Testing Moderation analyses were conducted using SPSS 25 and AMOS 25. In the first step, all variables (Unemployment Anxiety – UA, Personal Accomplishment – PA, and Emigration Attitude – EA) were mean-centered and standardized. An interaction term (UA × PA) was created to test the hypothesized moderating effect. The analysis results are presented in Table 3 . Table 3: Hierarchical Regression Results for Moderation The results provide empirical support for both hypothesized relationships. Specifically, H1 was supported, indicating a significant and positive association between unemployment anxiety and emigration attitude (β = 0.282, p < 0.01). Similarly, H2 was also supported, showing that personal accomplishment has a significant positive effect on emigration attitude (β = 0.105, p < 0.05). More importantly, the interaction term (UA × PA) was statistically significant (β = − 0.060, p < 0.05), supporting H2, which posited that personal accomplishment moderates the relationship between unemployment anxiety and emigration attitude. This moderation effect is illustrated in Fig. 2 . Figure 2 demonstrates how personal accomplishment moderates the relationship between unemployment anxiety and emigration attitude. While emigration attitude increases with unemployment anxiety, the extent to which this relationship holds depends on personal accomplishment level. In detail, it was found that individuals with low personal accomplishment levels showed a stronger positive relationship between unemployment anxiety and emigration attitude, implying a direct impact of unemployment anxiety on emigration attitude. On the contrary, individuals with high personal accomplishment levels showed a weaker positive relationship between unemployment anxiety and emigration attitude. This pattern suggests that personal accomplishment buffers the impact of unemployment anxiety on emigration attitude; thus, it can be considered a protective psychological resource in emigration decision-making. 4. Findings and Discussion The research was carried out with a group of 488 senior students of two state and two foundation universities in Istanbul. The research group comprised 62.5% females, 78.5% aged between 21 and 25, and 72.3% were unemployed. These figures correspond to the general demographic characteristics of young people graduating in Türkiye and entering the workforce. As a result of preliminary research, it was seen that gender, age, and work status did not affect the relationships in the main model, and hypothesis tests were carried out with the main variables of unemployment anxiety, personal failure, and migration attitudes, and these control variables were not included in the research. Participants reported moderate levels of unemployment anxiety (M = 3.30; SD = 0.74), and relatively high levels of personal failure (M = 3.65; SD = 0.57). Their migration attitudes were reported as moderate (M = 3.37; SD = 0.75). According to the correlation analysis, there is a positive and significant relationship between unemployment anxiety and migration attitude (r = 0.277, p < 0.01). A lower but significant positive relationship was also found between the sense of personal failure and migration attitude (r = 0.137, p 0.05). These findings show that as students' unemployment anxiety increases, their tendency to migrate also strengthens; however, the sense of personal failure is not directly related to this anxiety. Confirmatory factor analysis performed with AMOS 25.0 revealed that the proposed model showed a good fit (χ²/df = 2.226; CFI = 0.908; GFI = 0.868; AGFI = 0.812; RMSEA = 0.069). Factor loadings of all variables are significant (p < 0.001) and above 0.50. Average Variance Explanation (AVE) values ​​are above 0.50, and Composite Reliability (CR) values ​​are above 0.70. These results prove that the model has convergent and discriminant validity. Hierarchical regression analysis supported the research hypotheses. According to the first hypothesis, the effect of unemployment anxiety on migration attitude is positive and significant (β = 0.282; p < 0.01). The second hypothesis was also confirmed; a sense of personal failure significantly affects migration attitude (β = 0.105; p < 0.05). Most importantly, the interaction term (unemployment anxiety × a sense of personal failure) was found to be statistically significant (β = − 0.060; p < 0.05). This result indicates that a sense of personal failure moderates the relationship between unemployment anxiety and migration attitude. In other words, as unemployment anxiety increases, the intention to migrate also increases; However, this relationship is weaker among students with a low sense of personal failure (high sense of personal success) and stronger among those with a high sense of personal failure. This indicates that having a low personal failure component, or high personal success component, is a mitigating factor against the impact of unemployment anxiety on increasing migration intentions. The findings of this research have indicated that university students experience an increase in their migration attitudes due to unemployment anxiety, with personal failure acting as a moderator to increase this relationship. The findings are consistent with the literature that addresses psychological as well as economic and social aspects of migration. Firstly, when the findings are set against the Conservation of Resources Theory (COR), they support Hobfoll's (1989) model that indicates that individuals have the tendency to conserve and increase their resources. As studies such as Dinc et al. ( 2025 ) and Yumuşak ( 2024 ) have demonstrated, unemployment anxiety increases the perception of uncertainty about the future and hopelessness in young adults. In this study, unemployment anxiety triggered migration attitudes more strongly among students with a high sense of personal failure, consistent with the COR proposition that "weakening psychological resources strengthens stress responses." Therefore, a low sense of personal failure (high sense of personal accomplishment) is positioned as a critical psychological resource buffering the effect of unemployment anxiety on migration intention. The findings are also consistent with the Push–Pull Factors Model (Push–Pull) literature. Lee's (1966) model, which explains migration decisions through the interaction of push factors such as economic uncertainty and unemployment, and pull factors such as high income and professional opportunities, has been supported by studies on the brain drain from Türkiye to Europe by Yılmaz ( 2022 ), Zırh ( 2022 ), and Mutlu et al. ( 2024 ). On this issue, the finding that unemployment worry, as a strong push factor, increases migration sentiments is consistent with the model's inherent assumptions. Secondly, the moderating role of the belief of individual failure as an individual character variable that shifts the decision boundary in this process adds a psychological dimension to the model, and proves that migration choices are not only based on economic and structure variables but also on subjective factors. Todaro's Expected Income and Probability of Job Finding Model (1969) posits that migration decisions are not only based on wage differentials but also on expected income multiplied by the probability of finding urban jobs. In this study, that unemployment concern strengthens migration attitudes is consistent with the findings of İncekara ( 2010 ) and Tosun ( 2021 ), demonstrating that youth unemployment in Türkiye consolidates migration intentions. The moderating role of personal failure reveals the dual interaction between economic rationality and psychological resources, suggesting that individual psychological resilience can counterbalance the impact of economic expectations on migration choice. Lastly, the New Economic Theory of Migration (NELM) of Stark & Bloom ( 1985 ) accounts for migration as a risk-reducing and income-diversifying action of the household. The results indicate that unemployment fear enhances the household concern that economic resources in the future will fall short, and therefore migration becomes appealing. On the other hand, an experience of personal failure might confirm the migratory choice in the search for personal and family security and invalidate it by fear of being left behind. This is consistent with Carling & Schewel ( 2018 ) assessment of bidirectional psychological effects of migration decisions and Mutlu et al. ( 2024 ) and Prado-Gascó et al. ( 2021 ) on the economic insecurity role in triggering migration. This study makes two significant contributions to the migration literature. First, this research accounts for youth migration ambitions not only in terms of macroeconomic considerations but also from the perspective of individual psychological resources, empirically demonstrating the determinant character of subjective psychological variables in migration decision. Second, the role of personal failure in mediating unemployment anxiety-migration attitude association provides an original contribution towards an individual difference variable rarely considered in the literature. Implications for policy are that keeping young talent in Türkiye requires not only the creation of employment but also interventions that boost the subjective feeling of success (reducing personal failure perceptions) and psychological resilience among students. 5. Conclusion and Recommendations This study contributes significantly to the youth unemployment and migration literature by demonstrating that fear of unemployment significantly increases migration intentions among university students, and a perception of personal failure moderates the effect in an amplifying manner. The findings indicate that anxiety about finding a job after graduation strengthens migration intentions, but this effect weakens among students with a low sense of personal failure (high sense of personal accomplishment). These results empirically support the protective role of psychological resources within the framework of Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll, 1989) and add a psychological layer to the economic and sociocultural explanations of the Push–Pull model (Lee, 1966), the Todaro Expected Income Model (1969), and the New Economic Theory of Migration (Stark & Bloom, 1985). The study contributes to the literature in three dimensions. Primarily, by emphasizing the role of individual-level psychological resources in migration decisions, it presents a new perspective to scholarship in the migration literature that is liable to focus on economic drivers (e.g., de Haas, 2010; Czaika & Toma, 2017). Second, by uncovering the moderating effect of a perception of personal failure, it shows that migration choices are influenced not just by macroeconomic push-pull mechanisms (Yılmaz, 2022; Mutlu et al., 2024) but also by psychological resilience at the individual level and subjective definitions of success. Third, it provides a new theoretical and empirical basis for the discussion of "qualified human resource retention in the country," which has been increasing in the agenda of the literature on youth unemployment and brain drain in Türkiye (Tosun, 2021; İçduygu & Sert, 2020). Policy and practice recommendations can be suggested based on these findings on a multi-level basis: Universities and career centres should expand programs that target the development of students' labor market self-efficacy during the pre-graduation period. Evidence in the literature that career planning and competency building activities reduce young people's fear of unemployment (Schneiderman et al., 2005) and moderate their migration intentions gives weight to this recommendation. Public policies should include social support mechanisms aimed not only at creating employment but also at strengthening young people's psychological resilience and subjective perception of success (reducing feelings of personal failure). Dinc et al. (2025) and Yumuşak (2024) emphasize the buffering effect of a low sense of personal failure on the negative consequences of unemployment anxiety. In this context, mentoring, entrepreneurship incubation centers, and psychosocial support programs should be developed for young people. Strategies to reduce the brain drain should focus not only on economic incentives, as suggested by the OECD (2019) and Carling & Schewel (2018), but also on developing the career development and innovation ecosystem in the country of origin. Providing young people with more academic and professional opportunities to fulfill their potential in their countries of origin will reduce the push factors affecting their decision to migrate. In conclusion, this study has shown that migration trends are related not only to economic factors and employment rates, as suggested by various studies, but also to psychological resources and perceptions of success, which are unique characteristics of the micro level. The complex approach to understanding migration trends is a powerful theoretical and empirical base for the academic literature and youth unemployment and brain drain policies, suggesting the need to design macroeconomic regulations and micro-level psychological interventions. 6. Future Research and Limitations of the Study While the findings of this study suggest that both economic and psychological factors should be considered together in explaining the migration intentions of university students in Türkiye, the results should be evaluated with some methodological and contextual limitations. First, the cross-sectional design of the study does not allow for a definitive determination of the causal directionality between unemployment anxiety and migration attitudes. Therefore, longitudinal studies in the future could better investigate the impact of changing unemployment anxiety over time on migration plans and the dynamic moderating role of personal failure in such a relationship (Podsakoff et al., 2003 ). Second, the sample was limited to certain universities in Istanbul and used a convenience sampling strategy, which limited the potential for the findings to be generalized to different socioeconomic contexts in Türkiye or to student samples in other countries (Byrne, 2010 ). Also, the overrepresentation of females in the sample (70%) calls for further testing of the potential role of gender differences on migration intentions with more balanced samples. While satisfactory validity and reliability of Turkish translations of the scales have been documented (Ergin, 1992 l-Şanlı et al., 2023), measurement validity and possible social desirability bias in different cultures must be considered. Against the context of these constraints, various lines of potential future research are offered. First, comparative studies conducted across other cities and countries in longitudinal and multicenter designs can untangle the way in which the relationship between unemployment anxiety and migration intention varies across cultural and economic contexts (Carling & Schewel, 2018 ; de Haas, 2010 ). Besides, to enhance the multilevel nature of psychological resources as postulated by Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll, 1989 ), other personal variables such as resilience, career self-efficacy, or future expectations can be added to the model (Moorhouse & Caltabiano, 2007 ; Dinc et al., 2025 ). This allows for a test of the interaction between other personal resources and the effect of individual failure on migration intentions. Secondly, qualitative-based research (e.g., focus group or in-depth interviews) can supplement quantitative analysis with evidence of the emotional and subjective dimensions of migration intentions (Czaika & Toma, 2017 ). Finally, empirical evidence supporting brain-drain reduction strategies can be provided by future studies by analyzing the indirect effects of public and university support systems (career guidance, mentoring initiatives, entrepreneurship incubators) on migration intentions among young people (Mutlu et al., 2024 ). These approaches will keep exploring the intersection between macroeconomic measures and psychological determinants of individual action in the literature on migration, with comparative and multi-disciplinary contributions to theories and youth unemployment and brain drain policies. Declarations Disclosure Statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Ethical Approval This study was reviewed and approved by the Social and Human Sciences Research Ethics Committee of Istanbul University–Cerrahpaşa on 04 March 2025 (Decision No: 2025/174; document no: E-74555795-050.04-1261858, dated 18 March 2025). 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8724019","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":598889926,"identity":"e590aa05-c75f-4d5e-b635-e7eea6cf86e6","order_by":0,"name":"Ali Kuzu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ali","middleName":"","lastName":"Kuzu","suffix":""},{"id":598889929,"identity":"3d5f3a07-6891-4dcf-a81b-3dbdad8c33e3","order_by":1,"name":"Gülçin Kazan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sabahattin Zaim University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gülçin","middleName":"","lastName":"Kazan","suffix":""},{"id":598889936,"identity":"884e1b54-e213-48a1-a38f-81f6c298263c","order_by":2,"name":"Serap Özdemir-Güzel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Serap","middleName":"","lastName":"Özdemir-Güzel","suffix":""},{"id":598889940,"identity":"53ca6a6e-9ca7-4ce2-bc3c-14aee8adfdd9","order_by":3,"name":"Tuğçe Uzun-Kocamış","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHAD5gMHwPQBAup4EEy2BJgWxgYitfAYMBClxV4i/eKHDwyH7Q1u93w8zFPDIMd3I4H9cQU+WyRyiiVnMBxmNrhzdsNhnmMMxpI3Ehgbz+DXksbMw3CYzeBG7obDvA0MiRtAWvC5DKzlD8NhHoMbOQ9AWuqJ0JJ+jJmB4bAEUAsDSEuCAUEtZ94wS/YYpBtI3kgzODjnmIThzDMPG2fi08Lenv7ww48Ka3u+G8mPP7ypsZHnO5584CM+LZDoMIDzJIAYf7SA7HlAQMEoGAWjYBSMeAAA4LNOunMgpzEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tuğçe","middleName":"","lastName":"Uzun-Kocamış","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-28 17:24:45","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8724019/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8724019/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":103715667,"identity":"41bbfe07-ae49-4ff6-b398-7b211e0556fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 05:45:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14798,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConceptual model of the study\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8724019/v1/7bb7a80b95c06733a6d94f52.png"},{"id":103715662,"identity":"b0df5efc-f5b4-41d1-b897-e86f0e3be669","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 05:45:23","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":98965,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Interaction between UA and PA\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8724019/v1/d919b0c5591aa4a850b9be52.png"},{"id":104808757,"identity":"4b235cb1-3f51-4d9b-bce3-7b9c8388656a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-17 12:39:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":996167,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8724019/v1/3ddf0887-c093-4b7e-bdb5-279efc7a025f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Mediating Effect of Personal Failure Feeling in the Effect of Unemployment Anxiety on Migration Attitude: A Study on University Students","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 21st century, migration has become an important concept not only in the context of individual displacement but also in the context of global inequalities, brain drain, and social transformation (Castles et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; UN DESA, 2020). Migration is the movement of people from one place to another for economic, social, political, environmental, and other reasons. This action is a temporary or even a complete shift of place of residence (Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e; \u0026Ccedil;elik \u0026amp; Arslan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). While various reasons push individuals to migrate, favorable and unfavorable factors can also serve as push and pull factors. Push forces of migration are unpleasant circumstances that force people away from their places of residence or accelerate their decision to do so (Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e). Economic shortfalls, unemployment, low incomes, and restricted career prospects are the most commonly mentioned push factors (de Haas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). For youth specifically, fear of unemployment and economic uncertainty regarding the future boost the motivation to migrate (King \u0026amp; Raghuram, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Aside from these, political instability, curbed freedom of expression, distrust of the rule of law, and social polarization also contribute to individuals feeling unsafe and in search of alternative living spaces (Castles et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Socially, individuals' views that they are socially excluded, discriminated against, or without appropriate social support networks influence their movement. In addition, the poor quality of basic services such as healthcare and education are among the factors that lower people's standard of living and raise their propensity to move (Dustmann \u0026amp; Okatenko, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In recent years, high-educated persons' migration abroad has been a key social concern, especially in developing countries (OECD, 2019). In countries like T\u0026uuml;rkiye, with a large youth and educated population, which is the determining force of any potential economic progress, brain drain is not only an individual choice but also a multifaceted phenomenon arising from the interaction between structural and psychological factors. Psychological factors are gaining more weight as deciding forces of individuals' choice of emigration (Czaiza \u0026amp; Toma, 2017). In such a situation, unemployment anxiety strengthens individuals' belief in uncertainty in the future and forces them to acquire a secure future in other countries (Demiral \u0026amp; Şahin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, unemployment anxiety is both an economic threat and an identity threat, particularly for young graduates of universities and new entrants in their working lives (\u0026Uuml;nl\u0026uuml;t\u0026uuml;rk Ulutaş \u0026amp; Erşanlı, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, a sense of personal failure becomes one of the key psychological determinants to make individuals select migration. If individuals, who possess high education and capabilities, fail to utilize their capacity in the current socioeconomic environment, then they can lay blame on personal failure or inadequacies (Ryan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Arslan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This feeling of failure can decrease the motivation of an individual to create a future for themselves in their host nation and cause them to be more susceptible to emigration (de Haas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research will seek to investigate how unemployment anxiety influences migration attitudes and the moderating role of self-feelings of failure in the relationship between unemployment anxiety and migration attitudes. This will allow us to clarify the way in which psychological processes at the individual level interact with the \"macro-level\" phenomenon of migration. Moreover, through the empirical verification of the proposed model, it will be possible to propose a new framework to explain the phenomenon of brain drain. The research, carried out specifically in T\u0026uuml;rkiye, will generally focus on the economic factors that lead to migration. The originality of this research, however, resides in the focus on subjective evaluation, which is a key factor in contemporary approaches to understanding migration, as it is now recognized that individuals make the decision to migrate not only based on objective conditions, but also on subjective psychological processes (Carling \u0026amp; Schewel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The results will be useful to contribute to academic research and to propose a policy to encourage young talents to stay in the country, providing qualified data to policy-makers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough research carried out in T\u0026uuml;rkiye has mainly focused on the economic and structural factors of migration, recent studies have shown that the role of psychological factors in migration attitudes should not be ignored. In the context of psychology, migration intention cannot simply be regarded as an economic or rational choice; instead, it could be seen as a future-oriented coping strategy against perceived threats to one\u0026rsquo;s resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, unemployment anxiety will be conceptualized as a psychological stressor that signals the potential loss of future resources. On the other hand, perceived personal failure will be regarded as a risk factor that may exacerbate the stress response of individuals in the face of uncertainty. In this context, migration attitude will not simply be regarded as an intention to migrate; instead, it will be conceptualized as a psychologically meaningful construct.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the role of psychological factors in migration will be examined by incorporating the concepts of anxiety, self-perception, and future-oriented decision-making into the migration literature. In this context, the main purpose of this study will be to examine whether the relationship between unemployment anxiety and migration attitude varies depending on perceived personal failure.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Conceptual Framework and Literature Review","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. The Concept of Brain Drain\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain drain is described as \u0026ldquo;a move to another country for the sake of a better quality of life and better technological and political conditions.\u0026rdquo; The term \"brain drain\" was originally used by a spokesperson for the Royal Society of London to refer to the emigration of scientists to Canada and the United States in the early 1950s. It later came to mean \u0026ldquo;the large-scale migration of people with technical skills to foreign countries due to a lack of opportunities in their own countries.\u0026rdquo; (Yılmaz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Displacement, seen throughout human history, generally stems from people's search for resources to meet their needs and their quest to improve living conditions. Brain drain is the migration category with the highest increase in international migration in recent years (\u0026Ouml;nc\u0026uuml; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The phenomenon of \"brain drain\" has been widely researched by both academic circles and policymakers since the mid-1960s. Brain drain, often referred to as the \"international circulation of human capital\" in developed countries, highlights the loss of talented individuals in developing countries, is considered a threat to development, and a subsidy from poor countries to rich ones. Lee's (1966) Push\u0026ndash;Pull model explains migration through the interaction of push factors (unemployment, economic uncertainty, low wages, political instability) and pull factors (high income, advanced technological opportunities, and a secure life).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkiye's first wave of \"brain drain\" began in the 1960s, when doctors and engineers were among the labor force migrating, particularly to Germany, and continues. For example, the educated population migrating abroad from T\u0026uuml;rkiye nearly doubled from 2016 to 2019. According to data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (T\u0026Uuml;İK), 40 percent of the 2019 migrant population consisted of people aged 20\u0026ndash;34. According to the Higher Education Brain Drain Statistics, which provides information on citizens who completed their undergraduate education in T\u0026uuml;rkiye and resided abroad after graduation, the brain drain rate for higher education graduates was 1.6% in 2015 and 2.0% in 2023. In 2023, the brain drain rate for women with higher education degrees was 1.6%, while the brain drain rate for men was 2.4% (TUIK, 2025).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnlike labor migration, which is seen as a solution to labor surplus and, consequently, unemployment in emigrating countries, the migration of educated and professionally qualified individuals is seen as a national loss (Zırh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Factors such as political instability, low salaries, a lack of satisfactory job opportunities upon completion of education, and the perceived attractiveness of living abroad are prominent factors in student migration. Researchers have so far emphasized and focused on factors affecting brain drain, including economic growth, quality of innovation, human capital, graduate unemployment rates, institutional quality, intellectual property rights, economic, political, and civil freedoms, the political and social environment, and inequality. Examining each of these factors, in turn, explains the causes of brain drain (Shahabadi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Studies on the factors influencing brain drain intentions and how to manage them are crucial for the efficient use and planning of a country's resources. Stark and Bloom's (1985) New Economic Theory of Migration (NELM) interprets migration not only as an individual income maximization strategy but also as a household's risk reduction and income diversification strategy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Unemployment Anxiety\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe literature on unemployment has extensively discussed the impact of unemployment on individuals, and there is a consensus that unemployment has a significant and negative impact on the lives of the unemployed individuals (Moorhouse and Caltabiano, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The concept of work is seen as essential for individuals to access the financial resources necessary to meet their basic physiological needs, as well as for self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-actualization, and a sense of well-being in social life (Yumuşak, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Hobfoll's (1989) COR theory emphasizes that individuals strive to preserve and increase their material, social, and psychological resources, and that the loss or threat of loss of these resources is a primary source of stress. In the current labor market with high unemployment rates, unemployed young adults are likely to be anxious about the future (Dinc et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployment is currently on the rise among young higher education graduates, causing post-graduation anxiety among those still in education (Şahin Kutlu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Students studying in departments where the number of graduates in the field has not increased in line with job opportunities in the sector are particularly vulnerable to unemployment (Korkmazer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The rise in youth unemployment is causing anxiety among university students who are not yet looking for regular employment but will be in the future. University students are frequently observed to experience unemployment anxiety, and this anxiety has negative effects on their mental, emotional, and physical well-being (Schneiderman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployment anxiety is an individual's fear of not being able to find a job and earn a living wage. Anxiety about the future is more prevalent during the final stage of education, the university years. Todaro (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e) attributes the migration decision not only to the wage gap but also to expected income weighted by the probability of finding a job in the city. According to the literature, it has been shown that environmental and family factors play an important role in students' unemployment anxiety (\u0026Ouml;zder et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The New Economic Migration Theory (NELM) of Stark and Bloom (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e) explains migration not only as income maximization but also as a family strategy to minimize risks and diversify income. D\u0026ouml;kmen (1989) found that incoming university students were more anxious about adapting to university life and housing problems, whereas incoming university students, concerns about the future and employment were more prominent (Ko\u0026ccedil; and Polat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). For students who are about to graduate, unemployment anxiety is above all other concerns. The increasing rate of unemployment among university graduates shows that university graduation does not guarantee employment and that employment opportunities are insufficient (İncekara, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The studies in the literature show that university students who experience unemployment anxiety suffer from depression and low self-esteem (\u0026Ouml;zder et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployment anxiety is the anxiety that a person experiences concerning the possibility of not being able to find a job or of losing the job that they are currently employed at. This anxiety, apart from being an economic issue, is also a psychological and social issue, and it creates negative emotions such as hopelessness and helplessness, which affect the self-esteem of the person. As Ayta\u0026ccedil; and Keser note, \u0026ldquo;unemployment takes away from people the money they need to live, their reputation among their family and society, their self-confidence and self-esteem, their social group at the workplace, their sense of responsibility towards society, and finally, their job, which is one of the most important factors of their quality of life.\u0026rdquo; Therefore, unemployment anxiety feeds on the fear of these losses and negatively impacts an individual's life in multiple ways.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Personal Sense of Accomplishment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concept of burnout, first used in the 1970s during the crisis experienced by service workers in the United States, was first defined in the literature by German psychiatrist Herbert J. Freudenberger in 1974. Freudenberger used the concept to describe the extreme frustrations that led to physical and mental exhaustion he witnessed among social services personnel (Freudenberger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e). Burnout is examined in three dimensions: \"emotional exhaustion (mental fatigue),\" \"depersonalization (becoming more harsh and unsympathetic towards those around them),\" and \"a sense of diminished personal accomplishment\" (Maslach \u0026amp; Jackson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e). In this present research, this third sub-dimension of burnout will be used to measure \"sense of personal accomplishment.\" One of the most visible changes in burnt-out employees is the change in their job performance, as burnt-out employees are known to work less efficiently. These employees, being demotivated and hindered, ignore their work and do not exert enough effort in their tasks (Maslach, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Personal accomplishment is defined as \"a person's sense of competence and success in their work.\" Personal failure, on the other hand, is the negative evaluation of oneself and the tendency to fail (Leiter and Maslach, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e). When an employee is able to finish a task, it gives him the belief that he is capable of finishing similar tasks in the future. When he fails, his sense of self-efficacy and accomplishment is lessened (Yumuşak, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, personal accomplishment is considered a vital psychological resource in terms of Conservation of Resources Theory (COR). In accordance with this theory, which was put forward by Hobfoll (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e), it is stated that individuals conserve and enhance their resources, and a decrease in a resource causes an increase in stress levels. The decrease in personal accomplishment indicates a loss in a vital psychological resource, making the individual more susceptible to the threat of resource loss due to unemployment anxiety. It is assumed that unemployment anxiety will influence migration attitudes more in students who have a high level of personal failure. This assumption is supported by the findings of Dinc et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) and Yumuşak (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), which revealed that a low level of personal accomplishment increases the psychological effects of unemployment anxiety.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. The Relationship Between Unemployment Anxiety and Immigration Attitude\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationship between unemployment stress and migration behavior is identified to be particularly high in developing countries. As an example, some research studies in the health field have sounded warning that a rise in graduate unemployment could trigger migration, leading to the loss of human capital (Acea-L\u0026oacute;pez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Prado-Gasc\u0026oacute; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Tosun, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). These studies depict that employment insecurity is a real problem for young graduates and takes a deep toll on their health and well-being. Increasing unemployment and precarious employment conditions are one of the factors contributing to their decision to emigrate, with roughly 66 percent of students choosing to immigrate to other regions where there are greater opportunities (Acea-L\u0026oacute;pez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The main reasons for youth unemployment in T\u0026uuml;rkiye are limited qualified job vacancies for youngsters, education of a poor quality, and school programs that are far away from the needs of the labor market.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the reason why young people are newcomers to the labor market and want to work under better conditions as they increase their education level is one of the causes increasing unemployment (Tokol and Alper, 2012 mentioned in Tosun, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Theoretical Framework\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe conceptual basis of the research is a multi-dimensional investigation of the impact of fear of unemployment on attitude towards migration among university students and an intervening role, if any, of a sense of personal failure in this regard. Within this paradigm, four central theories offer a comprehensive theoretical model that explains individual psychological processes and the economic and social mechanisms of migration: Conservation of Resources Theory (COR), Push\u0026ndash;Pull Model, Expected Income and Job Finding Probability Model (Todaro), and New Economics of Labor Migration Theory (NELM).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the emergence of Hobfoll (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e), the COR theory centers on individuals' motivations to maintain and build their material, social, and psychological resources. According to this view, loss or risk of loss of resources is the primary source of stress responses. For university students, employment fear is a cognitive-emotional danger in relation to the potential loss of basic resources such as post-graduation income, job security, and social standing. Actually, studies such as Dinc et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), Yumuşak (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), Korkmazer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), and Şahin Kutlu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) show that unemployment fear increases hopelessness, depression, and future anxiety. These findings suggest that personal accomplishment is one of the COR psychological resources, and undermining this resource (allegiance shift from personal accomplishment to personal failure) will increase the stress effect of unemployment anxiety on migration behavior.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLee (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e) Push-Pull Factors Model, a popular theory in the migration literature, suggests that the decision to migrate is determined by the interaction between push factors such as unemployment, economic uncertainty, and lack of career opportunities in the home country and pull factors such as increased earning and improved professional opportunities in the destination country. Studies that explored the brain drain from T\u0026uuml;rkiye to Europe, i.e., Yılmaz (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), Zırh (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and Mutlu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), indicate that push factors emerging due to economic and social conditions strengthen the migration intentions of young people. To this end, fear of unemployment as a robust push factor speeds up migration behavior, whereas individual failure alters the individual choice thresholds and determines the intensity of migration intentions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTodaro's (1969) Job Finding Probability Model of Expected Income splits the explanation of the migration decision as a rational one not based solely on wage differentials but also on the urban job search probability weighted expected income differential. Macroeconomic studies of youth unemployment in T\u0026uuml;rkiye (İncekara, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Tosun, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) point out that unemployment rates are a factor of migration decision; Shahabadi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) examined foreign brain drain in the frames of economic competitiveness and countries' prospects, demonstrating that expectation of high salaries evokes migration. Thus, fear of unemployment can render migration a reasonable choice by reducing the perceived income in the domestic labor market; whereas feeling personally in failure will mediate this process by influencing the perception of one's own employability. While Stark and Bloom's (1985) New Economic Theory of Migration (NELM), however, not only specifies migration as the income-maximizing strategy of a single individual but also as the risk-reducing and income-diversifying strategy of a household.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, migration serves as economic insurance for the household, providing income diversification through remittances. Yılmaz (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and Zırh (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) have shown that migration in T\u0026uuml;rkiye is shaped not only by the individual but also by family and social networks; Mutlu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and Prado-Gasc\u0026oacute; et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) have shown that job insecurity, particularly in the healthcare sector, triggers brain drain. In this context, unemployment anxiety can strengthen a household's fear of insufficient future economic resources, making migration more attractive. However, a sense of personal failure, on the other hand, may enhance the intention to migrate by heightening the fear of not contributing to the family, or it may undermine it by heightening the fear of failure (Carling \u0026amp; Schewel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The combined use of these four approaches helps to explain the hypotheses proposed in this study in a multidimensional way. COR theory helps to explain unemployment anxiety as a threat of resource loss, while it also explains the buffering or reinforcing effect of a sense of personal failure against this threat. The Push-Pull model helps to explain the balance between push and pull factors that determine the decision to migrate, while personal factors affect the decision threshold. The Todaro model (1969) bases young people's migration decisions on economic rationality, as measured by expected income and job prospects. NELM, however, views migration as a reduction of risk and diversification of income at the household level, while it highlights that migration in a context of economic uncertainty is part of the search for individual and familial security. This theoretical integration creates a solid foundation for providing an empirical basis for explaining the relationship between unemployment anxiety and migration attitudes, and the moderating role of a sense of personal failure in Turkish and European societies, thereby enriching the scientific basis of research hypotheses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of unemployment anxiety on migration attitudes among university students and the potential moderating role of a sense of personal accomplishment in this relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. METHOD","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study used a cross-sectional survey design to explore the associations between unemployment anxiety, personal failure, and migration attitudes among university students. The cross-sectional survey design is particularly useful for investigating theoretically derived associations between latent psychological constructs under theoretically important conditions, such as the school-to-work transition. The present study does not aim to establish causal relations between variables, but rather conditional associations that are theoretically consistent with the COR model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Hypotheses and Research Model\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrawing upon the literature on unemployment anxiety, emigration attitude, and personal accomplishment, the present study proposes the following hypotheses:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH1. Unemployment anxiety has a positive and significant effect on individuals\u0026rsquo; emigration attitude.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH2. Personal accomplishment (reverse-scored, indicating a sense of personal failure) moderates the relationship between unemployment anxiety and emigration attitude, such that the positive effect of unemployment anxiety on emigration attitude becomes stronger when the sense of personal failure is higher (i.e., when personal accomplishment is lower).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe hypothesized research model is presented in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. As shown, unemployment anxiety is expected to exert a direct influence on emigration attitude, while personal accomplishment is conceptualized as a moderator that alters the strength of this relationship.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Sampling\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe data were collected through an online survey administered via Google Forms. Participants were selected using a non-probability convenience sampling method, targeting senior students from two public and two private universities in Istanbul. Prior to data collection, ethical approval was obtained, and all participants provided informed consent. No personal or identifiable information was collected.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough a non-probability convenience sampling strategy was employed, this approach is widely used in psychological research focusing on subjective experiences such as anxiety, self-evaluation, and future-oriented attitudes. In studies where the primary objective is theory testing and examination of psychological processes rather than population-level estimation, convenience sampling is considered methodologically acceptable and informative.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe use of an online data collection method ensured anonymity and voluntary participation, which is particularly important when assessing sensitive psychological constructs such as unemployment anxiety and perceived personal failure. Prior research suggests that online self-report surveys may reduce social desirability bias and encourage more honest responses when individuals evaluate their emotional states and personal vulnerabilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe final sample consisted of 488 participants, with 62.5% female, 78.5% aged between 21 and 25, and 72.3% unemployed. Descriptive information is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographical Characteristics of the Participants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid Percent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative Percent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 and below\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContinent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5000 TL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5000\u0026ndash;10000 TL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10000\u0026ndash;20000 TL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20000 TL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccommodation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith My Family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e364\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81,4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate Dormitory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic Dormitory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorking Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am not working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePart time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough the use of convenience sampling facilitated easy access to a relatively large sample size, it is important to note that this type of sampling inherently limits the generalizability of the results. Therefore, the results are recommended to be interpreted with caution, as they might not fully represent the entire population of students in the country of T\u0026uuml;rkiye. Secondly, the sample of the study was found to have a gender bias, where 70% of the sample respondents were female. This might have impacted the results of the study in some way. Therefore, the results are recommended to be interpreted with caution, as the study suggests that gender could be a potential controlling variable in the results of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsequently, the results are recommended to be interpreted as having a basis in psychological theory rather than providing a general estimate of the population of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Measures\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire consisted of four parts. In the first part, demographic characteristics of the participants were assessed. In the second part, validated scales measuring the main constructs of the study were administered.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e- Unemployment Anxiety\u003c/strong\u003e: Participants\u0026rsquo; unemployment anxiety was measured using the 10-item \u003cem\u003eJob-Seeking Anxiety Scale\u003c/em\u003e developed by G\u0026uuml;l-Şanlı et al. (2023). Items included statements such as \u0026ldquo;I am worried that I may not find a job after graduation\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;The unemployment rate in the country makes me anxious about finding a job.\u0026rdquo; Responses were recorded on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (\u003cem\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/em\u003e) to 5 (\u003cem\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e- Personal Accomplishment / Sense of Personal Failure\u003c/strong\u003e: In this study, the construct of \u003cem\u003epersonal accomplishment\u003c/em\u003e was measured using the subdimension of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach \u0026amp; Jackson, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e), adapted into Turkish by Ergin (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). This subscale consists of 8 items (e.g., \u0026ldquo;I believe that I am positively influencing other people\u0026rsquo;s lives\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;I have accomplished many worthwhile things in my work\u0026rdquo;), rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Strongly disagree, 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Strongly agree).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImportantly, this subscale is reverse scored, meaning that lower scores indicate higher personal accomplishments, while higher scores indicate a sense of personal failure. Consistent with the conceptual model developed in this current study, higher scores on this measure were interpreted as increased personal failures. This method is consistent with previous research that has utilized this subdimension as an indication of reduced personal accomplishments rather than personal achievements (Maslach \u0026amp; Jackson, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e; Ergin, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). The terminology has been adjusted accordingly to eliminate conceptual confusion.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e- Emigration attitude\u003c/strong\u003e: Emigration attitude was measured with the 16-item \u003cem\u003eAttitude Towards Brain Drain Scale\u003c/em\u003e developed by \u0026Ouml;nc\u0026uuml; et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The scale comprises two dimensions: \u003cem\u003epull factors\u003c/em\u003e (e.g., \u0026ldquo;I believe that living abroad would increase my quality of life\u0026rdquo;) and \u003cem\u003epush factors\u003c/em\u003e (e.g., \u0026ldquo;I think that every minute spent in this country is wasted\u0026rdquo;). Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (\u003cem\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/em\u003e) to 5 (\u003cem\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/em\u003e). Reliability and validity analyses were conducted, and all scales demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha;\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.70).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha values of 0.774 for personal accomplishment, 0.791 for unemployment anxiety, and 0.899 for emigration attitude.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo reduce the risk of common method bias, anonymity was emphasized, items were presented in a mixed order, and the hypothesized model was tested using a latent variable approach, in line with recommendations by Podsakoff et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Confirmatory Factor Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe AMOS 25.0 software was used to assess the structural model prior to hypothesis testing. The moderated model demonstrated an acceptable level of fit to the data (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.226; CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.908; GFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.868; AGFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.812; RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.069). These values indicate a good model fit according to the thresholds recommended by Hu and Bentler (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e) and Byrne (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn addition to model fit, convergent validity was also examined. Although the standardized loadings of the items are not tabulated here, suffice it to say that all the items loaded significantly on their respective constructs (p \u0026lt; .001), with values greater than the recommended threshold of .50 (Hair et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values for the constructs are greater than .50, and the Composite Reliability (CR) values are greater than .70 (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). All these results provide strong support for convergent validity and construct reliability. To ensure discriminant validity and reduce the possibility of common method variance, a structural model approach was adopted, as recommended by Podsakoff et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). As can be seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the factor structure of the constructs is consistent with the conceptual model proposed in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Descriptive Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe SPSS 25 software was used in this section to analyze correlation analysis and basic descriptive statistics. As seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the mean values indicated that participants reported a moderate level of unemployment anxiety (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.30; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.74), relatively high levels of personal accomplishment (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.65; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.57), and a moderate level of emigration attitude (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.37; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.75). This suggests that while students feel moderately anxious about their future employment prospects, they simultaneously perceive themselves as fairly accomplished, with balanced but not extreme emigration intentions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDescriptive Statistics and Correlation Matrix\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkewness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKurtosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAVE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMSV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployment Anxiety (UA)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,482\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.814\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonal Accomplishment (PA)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,577\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,651\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.766\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmigration Attitude (EA)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,752\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.570\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.277**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.137*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eNote(s): SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard deviation; CR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;composite reliability; AVE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;average variance extracted; MSV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;maximum shared variance, **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; * \u0026lt; 0.05\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelation analysis further revealed that unemployment anxiety was positively associated with emigration attitude (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.277, p \u0026lt; .01), suggesting that higher levels of employment-related concerns are linked to stronger intentions to emigrate. By contrast, unemployment anxiety showed no significant relationship with personal accomplishment (r =- 0.038, p \u0026gt; .05). Interestingly, personal accomplishment was positively correlated with emigration attitude (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.137, p \u0026lt; .05), albeit to a lesser extent. This finding implies that students who perceive themselves as more accomplished may also be more open to considering emigration opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6. Hypothesis Testing\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModeration analyses were conducted using SPSS 25 and AMOS 25. In the first step, all variables (Unemployment Anxiety \u0026ndash; UA, Personal Accomplishment \u0026ndash; PA, and Emigration Attitude \u0026ndash; EA) were mean-centered and standardized. An interaction term (UA \u0026times; PA) was created to test the hypothesized moderating effect. The analysis results are presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003eTable 3: Hierarchical Regression Results for Moderation\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003eThe results provide empirical support for both hypothesized relationships. Specifically, H1 was supported, indicating a significant and positive association between unemployment anxiety and emigration attitude (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.282, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Similarly, H2 was also supported, showing that personal accomplishment has a significant positive effect on emigration attitude (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.105, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore importantly, the interaction term (UA \u0026times; PA) was statistically significant (\u0026beta; = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.060, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), supporting H2, which posited that personal accomplishment moderates the relationship between unemployment anxiety and emigration attitude. This moderation effect is illustrated in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates how personal accomplishment moderates the relationship between unemployment anxiety and emigration attitude. While emigration attitude increases with unemployment anxiety, the extent to which this relationship holds depends on personal accomplishment level.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn detail, it was found that individuals with low personal accomplishment levels showed a stronger positive relationship between unemployment anxiety and emigration attitude, implying a direct impact of unemployment anxiety on emigration attitude. On the contrary, individuals with high personal accomplishment levels showed a weaker positive relationship between unemployment anxiety and emigration attitude.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis pattern suggests that personal accomplishment buffers the impact of unemployment anxiety on emigration attitude; thus, it can be considered a protective psychological resource in emigration decision-making.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Findings and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research was carried out with a group of 488 senior students of two state and two foundation universities in Istanbul. The research group comprised 62.5% females, 78.5% aged between 21 and 25, and 72.3% were unemployed. These figures correspond to the general demographic characteristics of young people graduating in T\u0026uuml;rkiye and entering the workforce. As a result of preliminary research, it was seen that gender, age, and work status did not affect the relationships in the main model, and hypothesis tests were carried out with the main variables of unemployment anxiety, personal failure, and migration attitudes, and these control variables were not included in the research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants reported moderate levels of unemployment anxiety (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.30; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.74), and relatively high levels of personal failure (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.65; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.57). Their migration attitudes were reported as moderate (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.37; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.75). According to the correlation analysis, there is a positive and significant relationship between unemployment anxiety and migration attitude (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.277, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). A lower but significant positive relationship was also found between the sense of personal failure and migration attitude (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.137, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). On the other hand, no significant relationship was observed between unemployment anxiety and the sense of personal failure (r=-0.038, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). These findings show that as students' unemployment anxiety increases, their tendency to migrate also strengthens; however, the sense of personal failure is not directly related to this anxiety. Confirmatory factor analysis performed with AMOS 25.0 revealed that the proposed model showed a good fit (χ\u0026sup2;/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.226; CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.908; GFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.868; AGFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.812; RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.069). Factor loadings of all variables are significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and above 0.50. Average Variance Explanation (AVE) values ​​are above 0.50, and Composite Reliability (CR) values ​​are above 0.70. These results prove that the model has convergent and discriminant validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHierarchical regression analysis supported the research hypotheses. According to the first hypothesis, the effect of unemployment anxiety on migration attitude is positive and significant (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.282; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). The second hypothesis was also confirmed; a sense of personal failure significantly affects migration attitude (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.105; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Most importantly, the interaction term (unemployment anxiety \u0026times; a sense of personal failure) was found to be statistically significant (β = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.060; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). This result indicates that a sense of personal failure moderates the relationship between unemployment anxiety and migration attitude. In other words, as unemployment anxiety increases, the intention to migrate also increases; However, this relationship is weaker among students with a low sense of personal failure (high sense of personal success) and stronger among those with a high sense of personal failure. This indicates that having a low personal failure component, or high personal success component, is a mitigating factor against the impact of unemployment anxiety on increasing migration intentions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of this research have indicated that university students experience an increase in their migration attitudes due to unemployment anxiety, with personal failure acting as a moderator to increase this relationship. The findings are consistent with the literature that addresses psychological as well as economic and social aspects of migration. Firstly, when the findings are set against the Conservation of Resources Theory (COR), they support Hobfoll's (1989) model that indicates that individuals have the tendency to conserve and increase their resources. As studies such as Dinc et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) and Yumuşak (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) have demonstrated, unemployment anxiety increases the perception of uncertainty about the future and hopelessness in young adults. In this study, unemployment anxiety triggered migration attitudes more strongly among students with a high sense of personal failure, consistent with the COR proposition that \"weakening psychological resources strengthens stress responses.\" Therefore, a low sense of personal failure (high sense of personal accomplishment) is positioned as a critical psychological resource buffering the effect of unemployment anxiety on migration intention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings are also consistent with the Push\u0026ndash;Pull Factors Model (Push\u0026ndash;Pull) literature. Lee's (1966) model, which explains migration decisions through the interaction of push factors such as economic uncertainty and unemployment, and pull factors such as high income and professional opportunities, has been supported by studies on the brain drain from T\u0026uuml;rkiye to Europe by Yılmaz (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), Zırh (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and Mutlu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). On this issue, the finding that unemployment worry, as a strong push factor, increases migration sentiments is consistent with the model's inherent assumptions. Secondly, the moderating role of the belief of individual failure as an individual character variable that shifts the decision boundary in this process adds a psychological dimension to the model, and proves that migration choices are not only based on economic and structure variables but also on subjective factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTodaro's Expected Income and Probability of Job Finding Model (1969) posits that migration decisions are not only based on wage differentials but also on expected income multiplied by the probability of finding urban jobs. In this study, that unemployment concern strengthens migration attitudes is consistent with the findings of İncekara (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) and Tosun (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), demonstrating that youth unemployment in T\u0026uuml;rkiye consolidates migration intentions. The moderating role of personal failure reveals the dual interaction between economic rationality and psychological resources, suggesting that individual psychological resilience can counterbalance the impact of economic expectations on migration choice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLastly, the New Economic Theory of Migration (NELM) of Stark \u0026amp; Bloom (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e) accounts for migration as a risk-reducing and income-diversifying action of the household. The results indicate that unemployment fear enhances the household concern that economic resources in the future will fall short, and therefore migration becomes appealing. On the other hand, an experience of personal failure might confirm the migratory choice in the search for personal and family security and invalidate it by fear of being left behind. This is consistent with Carling \u0026amp; Schewel (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) assessment of bidirectional psychological effects of migration decisions and Mutlu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and Prado-Gasc\u0026oacute; et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) on the economic insecurity role in triggering migration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study makes two significant contributions to the migration literature. First, this research accounts for youth migration ambitions not only in terms of macroeconomic considerations but also from the perspective of individual psychological resources, empirically demonstrating the determinant character of subjective psychological variables in migration decision. Second, the role of personal failure in mediating unemployment anxiety-migration attitude association provides an original contribution towards an individual difference variable rarely considered in the literature. Implications for policy are that keeping young talent in T\u0026uuml;rkiye requires not only the creation of employment but also interventions that boost the subjective feeling of success (reducing personal failure perceptions) and psychological resilience among students.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion and Recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study contributes significantly to the youth unemployment and migration literature by demonstrating that fear of unemployment significantly increases migration intentions among university students, and a perception of personal failure moderates the effect in an amplifying manner. The findings indicate that anxiety about finding a job after graduation strengthens migration intentions, but this effect weakens among students with a low sense of personal failure (high sense of personal accomplishment). These results empirically support the protective role of psychological resources within the framework of Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll, 1989) and add a psychological layer to the economic and sociocultural explanations of the Push\u0026ndash;Pull model (Lee, 1966), the Todaro Expected Income Model (1969), and the New Economic Theory of Migration (Stark \u0026amp; Bloom, 1985).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study contributes to the literature in three dimensions. Primarily, by emphasizing the role of individual-level psychological resources in migration decisions, it presents a new perspective to scholarship in the migration literature that is liable to focus on economic drivers (e.g., de Haas, 2010; Czaika \u0026amp; Toma, 2017). Second, by uncovering the moderating effect of a perception of personal failure, it shows that migration choices are influenced not just by macroeconomic push-pull mechanisms (Yılmaz, 2022; Mutlu et al., 2024) but also by psychological resilience at the individual level and subjective definitions of success. Third, it provides a new theoretical and empirical basis for the discussion of \u0026quot;qualified human resource retention in the country,\u0026quot; which has been increasing in the agenda of the literature on youth unemployment and brain drain in T\u0026uuml;rkiye (Tosun, 2021; İ\u0026ccedil;duygu \u0026amp; Sert, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePolicy and practice recommendations can be suggested based on these findings on a multi-level basis:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUniversities and career centres should expand programs that target the development of students\u0026apos; labor market self-efficacy during the pre-graduation period. Evidence in the literature that career planning and competency building activities reduce young people\u0026apos;s fear of unemployment (Schneiderman et al., 2005) and moderate their migration intentions gives weight to this recommendation.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePublic policies should include social support mechanisms aimed not only at creating employment but also at strengthening young people\u0026apos;s psychological resilience and subjective perception of success (reducing feelings of personal failure). Dinc et al. (2025) and Yumuşak (2024) emphasize the buffering effect of a low sense of personal failure on the negative consequences of unemployment anxiety. In this context, mentoring, entrepreneurship incubation centers, and psychosocial support programs should be developed for young people.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStrategies to reduce the brain drain should focus not only on economic incentives, as suggested by the OECD (2019) and Carling \u0026amp; Schewel (2018), but also on developing the career development and innovation ecosystem in the country of origin. Providing young people with more academic and professional opportunities to fulfill their potential in their countries of origin will reduce the push factors affecting their decision to migrate.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study has shown that migration trends are related not only to economic factors and employment rates, as suggested by various studies, but also to psychological resources and perceptions of success, which are unique characteristics of the micro level. The complex approach to understanding migration trends is a powerful theoretical and empirical base for the academic literature and youth unemployment and brain drain policies, suggesting the need to design macroeconomic regulations and micro-level psychological interventions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Future Research and Limitations of the Study","content":"\u003cp\u003eWhile the findings of this study suggest that both economic and psychological factors should be considered together in explaining the migration intentions of university students in T\u0026uuml;rkiye, the results should be evaluated with some methodological and contextual limitations. First, the cross-sectional design of the study does not allow for a definitive determination of the causal directionality between unemployment anxiety and migration attitudes. Therefore, longitudinal studies in the future could better investigate the impact of changing unemployment anxiety over time on migration plans and the dynamic moderating role of personal failure in such a relationship (Podsakoff et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Second, the sample was limited to certain universities in Istanbul and used a convenience sampling strategy, which limited the potential for the findings to be generalized to different socioeconomic contexts in T\u0026uuml;rkiye or to student samples in other countries (Byrne, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Also, the overrepresentation of females in the sample (70%) calls for further testing of the potential role of gender differences on migration intentions with more balanced samples. While satisfactory validity and reliability of Turkish translations of the scales have been documented (Ergin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003el-Şanlı et al., 2023), measurement validity and possible social desirability bias in different cultures must be considered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgainst the context of these constraints, various lines of potential future research are offered. First, comparative studies conducted across other cities and countries in longitudinal and multicenter designs can untangle the way in which the relationship between unemployment anxiety and migration intention varies across cultural and economic contexts (Carling \u0026amp; Schewel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; de Haas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Besides, to enhance the multilevel nature of psychological resources as postulated by Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e), other personal variables such as resilience, career self-efficacy, or future expectations can be added to the model (Moorhouse \u0026amp; Caltabiano, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Dinc et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). This allows for a test of the interaction between other personal resources and the effect of individual failure on migration intentions. Secondly, qualitative-based research (e.g., focus group or in-depth interviews) can supplement quantitative analysis with evidence of the emotional and subjective dimensions of migration intentions (Czaika \u0026amp; Toma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, empirical evidence supporting brain-drain reduction strategies can be provided by future studies by analyzing the indirect effects of public and university support systems (career guidance, mentoring initiatives, entrepreneurship incubators) on migration intentions among young people (Mutlu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These approaches will keep exploring the intersection between macroeconomic measures and psychological determinants of individual action in the literature on migration, with comparative and multi-disciplinary contributions to theories and youth unemployment and brain drain policies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was reviewed and approved by the Social and Human Sciences Research Ethics Committee of Istanbul University\u0026ndash;Cerrahpaşa on 04 March 2025 (Decision No: 2025/174; document no: E-74555795-050.04-1261858, dated 18 March 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data and the code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAcea-L\u0026oacute;pez, L., Pastor-Bravo, M. del M., Rubinat-Arnaldo, E., Bellon, F., Blanco-Blanco, J., Gea-Sanchez, M. and Briones-Vozmediano, E. 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(2024) The Mediator Role of the Feeling of Personal Unaccomplishment in the Effect of Unemployment Anxiety on Depression: A Research on Business Faculty Students in T\u0026uuml;rkiye. \u003cem\u003eFronters in Public Health\u003c/em\u003e, 12:1421137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1421137\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZırh, B.C. (2022). Gidemeyenlerin \u0026Uuml;lkesi 2.0: \u0026ldquo;Beyin G\u0026ouml;\u0026ccedil;\u0026uuml;\u0026rdquo; Değil, \u0026ldquo;Duygu G\u0026ouml;\u0026ccedil;\u0026uuml;\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003ePerspektif\u003c/em\u003e, No.316, pp.22-25. https://perspektif.eu/2022/12/01/gidemeyenlerin-ulkesi-2-0-beyin-gocu-degil-duygu-gocu/ (Accessed on 21st April 2025).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Unemployment anxiety, migration attitude, sense of personal failure, Conservation of Resources Theory, youth unemployment","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8724019/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8724019/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn the migration literature, young people's migration intentions are mostly explained through macroeconomic conditions and labor market indicators. Considering the current situation of increasing youth unemployment and brain drain in T\u0026uuml;rkiye, the post-graduation unemployment anxiety is identified as a significant factor in migration, and subjective perception of success is identified as a critical psychological resource in this process. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of unemployment anxiety on migration attitudes of university students in T\u0026uuml;rkiye and the moderating effect of personal failure in this influence process. The study with 488 students in universities in Istanbul, it has been found that unemployment anxiety and personal failure feeling significantly and positively influence migration attitude and interaction term is statistically significant. The results of this study show that the influence of unemployment anxiety on migration attitude is less in students with low levels of personal failure feeling and more in students with high levels of personal failure feeling. The research shows that, in fact, intentions to migrate are not only related to macro-economic factors, but also to psychological resources, thus suggesting that not only should policies be designed to create jobs, but also to enhance students' subjective feelings of success, reducing their sense of personal failure.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Mediating Effect of Personal Failure Feeling in the Effect of Unemployment Anxiety on Migration Attitude: A Study on University Students","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-02 05:45:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8724019/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"15690f06-d5e6-4e87-b465-b5ffac8fe459","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 2nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T02:40:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-02 05:45:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8724019","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8724019","identity":"rs-8724019","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}