Litter C:N ratios drive priming effects via enzymes and microbial resource limitation in soils of differing fertility, thereby influencing soil carbon sequestration

Litter C:N ratios drive priming effects via enzymes and microbial resource limitation in soils of differing fertility, thereby influencing soil carbon sequestration | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Litter C:N ratios drive priming effects via enzymes and microbial resource limitation in soils of differing fertility, thereby influencing soil carbon sequestration Tian Li, Shujie Miao, Guoyi Zhou, Jie Yu, Yudie Zhao, Lei Liu, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7563288/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background and aims Soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover is strongly influenced by the priming effect (PE), yet the interactive roles of litter quality, soil fertility, and temperature remain unclear. The objective was to determine how responses of SOC mineralization to the carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio of litter in different soils and incubation temperature, and which mechanism controls the responses. Methods A 42-day incubation experiment was conducted using seven 13 C-labeled litters with contrasting C:N ratios, which were added to high- and low-fertility soils and incubated at 23°C and 33°C. CO₂ efflux, PE, extracellular enzyme activities, and microbial resource limitations were subsequently quantified. Results Litter decomposition proceeded faster in fertile soils. High C:N ratio litter decomposed more rapidly than low C:N ratio litter, reflecting differences in their chemical composition and origin. The direction of PE shifted with litter C:N ratio: low C:N litter induced a positive PE, whereas high C:N litter induced a negative PE. Temperature exerted only minor effects; however, PE was strongly associated with extracellular enzyme activities and microbial C limitation. Soil fertility amplified both litter decomposition and PE, underscoring its pivotal role in regulating SOC dynamics. Litter quality and soil fertility emerged as the dominant regulators of PE, with extracellular enzyme activity mediating the microbial response. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of microbial traits, enzyme activity, and litter stoichiometry in regulating SOC turnover and provide insights into soil C management under varying environmental conditions. priming effect soil organic carbon litter C:N ratio extracellular enzymes microbial resource limitation soil carbon sequestration Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 19 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 18 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 13 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 12 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 08 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7563288","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":540333841,"identity":"eac1bda3-e9bb-4f43-90fc-c5effceffa6f","order_by":0,"name":"Tian Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanjing University of Information Sciences \u0026 Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tian","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":540333843,"identity":"4e547306-5a8e-4a56-b307-07c14a0a16a1","order_by":1,"name":"Shujie Miao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanjing University of Information Sciences 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sequestration","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"carbon-balance-and-management","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cbam","sideBox":"Learn more about [Carbon Balance and Management](https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13021","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13021/3","title":"Carbon Balance and Management","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"priming effect, soil organic carbon, litter C:N ratio, extracellular enzymes, microbial resource limitation, soil carbon sequestration","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7563288/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7563288/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground and aims\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil organic carbon (SOC) turnover is strongly influenced by the priming effect (PE), yet the interactive roles of litter quality, soil fertility, and temperature remain unclear. The objective was to determine how responses of SOC mineralization to the carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio of litter in different soils and incubation temperature, and which mechanism controls the responses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA 42-day incubation experiment was conducted using seven \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC-labeled litters with contrasting C:N ratios, which were added to high- and low-fertility soils and incubated at 23\u0026deg;C and 33\u0026deg;C. CO₂ efflux, PE, extracellular enzyme activities, and microbial resource limitations were subsequently quantified.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLitter decomposition proceeded faster in fertile soils. High C:N ratio litter decomposed more rapidly than low C:N ratio litter, reflecting differences in their chemical composition and origin. The direction of PE shifted with litter C:N ratio: low C:N litter induced a positive PE, whereas high C:N litter induced a negative PE. Temperature exerted only minor effects; however, PE was strongly associated with extracellular enzyme activities and microbial C limitation. Soil fertility amplified both litter decomposition and PE, underscoring its pivotal role in regulating SOC dynamics. Litter quality and soil fertility emerged as the dominant regulators of PE, with extracellular enzyme activity mediating the microbial response.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings underscore the importance of microbial traits, enzyme activity, and litter stoichiometry in regulating SOC turnover and provide insights into soil C management under varying environmental conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Litter C:N ratios drive priming effects via enzymes and microbial resource limitation in soils of differing fertility, thereby influencing soil carbon sequestration","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-13 19:10:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7563288/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-19T13:43:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-19T03:11:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-13T16:56:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"199462714421727640994617527485062389088","date":"2026-02-28T11:22:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"62105340088765946965373208361493140294","date":"2026-02-27T03:27:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-03T10:03:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-12T04:48:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-12T04:46:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Carbon Balance and Management","date":"2025-09-08T10:38:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"carbon-balance-and-management","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cbam","sideBox":"Learn more about [Carbon Balance and Management](https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13021","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13021/3","title":"Carbon Balance and Management","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2eaaeefb-a61b-47c2-aed1-3ee6ce7cef9e","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-17T09:08:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-13 19:10:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7563288","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7563288","identity":"rs-7563288","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}