Assessing rarity: genomic insights for population assessments and conservation of the most poorly known Amazonian trees

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Abstract

Tropical forests comprise a few hyperdominant and many rare tree species, but distinguishing the truly rare from those under-sampled remains a challenge for ecology and conservation. Given the vastness of Amazonia (~6 million km2, ~3.9x1011 individual trees), increasing sampling cannot solve this problem. Still, half of all species are known from three or fewer collections, making predicting their abundances and distributions impossible with census data alone. Here, we integrate census data with genomics to assess the rarity of one of the most poorly known and highly threatened Neotropical trees, Magnolia yantzazana. Genetic analyses indicate that while there is relatively high nucleotide diversity among sequences (π > 0.5), there is also evidence of a loss of heterozygosity (He > Ho) and inbreeding (FIS ≥0.5), consistent with a small, isolated population. Demographic reconstructions show population decline since the late Pleistocene, with a predicted effective population size (Ne) of ~103 in recent millennia. Together, the low heterozygosity, potential inbreeding, demographic trajectory, and census data suggest M. yantzazana is in fact a truly rare species, highly vulnerable to ongoing environmental change and anthropogenic threats in the region, notably mining, and support updating its conservation status to Critically Endangered (CR). Here, we offer a framework for using genomic tools to advance our understanding of the rarest tropical trees and establish conservation priorities, despite the limited field collections available for most species. Los bosques tropicales están compuestos por pocas especies hiperdominantes y muchas raras, pero distinguir las verdaderamente raras de aquellas poco muestreadas sigue siendo un desafío para la ecología y la conservación. Dada la inmensidad de la Amazonia (~6 millones de km², ~3,9 x 10¹ árboles individuales), incrementar el muestreo no puede resolver este problema. Aun así, la mitad de todas las especies se conocen a partir de tres o menos colecciones, lo que hace imposible predecir su abundancia y distribución únicamente con datos de censos. En este estudio, integramos datos censales con la genómica para evaluar la rareza de uno de los árboles neotropicales más desconocidos y altamente amenazados, Magnolia yantzazana. Los análisis genéticos indican que, si bien existe una diversidad de nucleótidos relativamente alta entre las secuencias (π > 0,5), también existe evidencia de una pérdida de heterocigosidad (He > Ho) y endogamia (FIS ≥ 0,5), lo cual es consistente con una población pequeña y aislada. Las reconstrucciones demográficas muestran un declive poblacional desde finales del Pleistoceno, con un tamaño poblacional efectivo (Ne) previsto de ~103 en los últimos milenios. En conjunto, la baja heterocigosidad, la endogamia potencial, la trayectoria demográfica y los datos de censos sugieren que M. yantzazana es en realidad una especie verdaderamente rara, altamente vulnerable al cambio ambiental actual y a las amenazas antropogénicas en la región, en particular la minería, y respaldan la actualización de su estado de conservación a En Peligro Crítico (CR). Aquí, ofrecemos un marco para el uso de herramientas genómicas con el fin de avanzar nuestra comprensión sobre los árboles tropicales más raros y establecer prioridades de conservación, a pesar de las limitadas colecciones de campo disponibles para la mayoría de las especies. DOI https://doi.org/10.32942/X26K9R Subjects Life Sciences

Keywords

Amazon, biodiversity, conservation, conservation genetics, demographic history, Rare species, tropical forests Dates Published: 2025-03-04 19:31 Last Updated: 2025-06-13 13:53 Older Versions License CC-BY Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Additional Metadata Conflict of interest statement: None Data and Code Availability Statement: All genetic data generated for this study are deposited in the GenBank online repository under PRJNA1206534 (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA1206534). Language: English

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