Anthropometric Analysis of the Normal Auricle in the Adult Egyptian Population: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

Anthropometric Analysis of the Normal Auricle in the Adult Egyptian Population: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Anthropometric Analysis of the Normal Auricle in the Adult Egyptian Population: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study Ahmed Abdoo Elzhzahy, Ali Tawfik, Abas Ahmed Hussein, Mohamed Abdelbadie salem, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7226523/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Anthropometry is the scientific study of human body measurements. The auricle has long been a subject of interest in anthropometric research due to its variability in size and shape. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the anthropometric variations of the auricle in the adult Egyptian population using standardized measurements. Patients and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted over a one-year period at the Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS) outpatient clinic of Mansoura University Hospitals, Egypt. A total of 1,200 adult Egyptian participants (yielding 2,400 auricles) were included. Anthropometric measurements of the auricle were obtained using standardized techniques to assess auricular length, auricular width, lobular length, and lobular width for both right and left ears. Results: Auricular length and width measurements for both right and left ears demonstrated excellent discriminatory power between sexes. The optimal cut-off points for sex differentiation were: right auricular length ≥2.55 cm, left auricular length ≥2.47 cm, right auricular width ≥1.44 cm, and left auricular width ≥1.395 cm, with corresponding sensitivities of 86.0%, 87.2%, 71.7%, and 75.0%, respectively. Lobular dimensions showed fair discriminatory ability, with optimal cut-off points of right lobular length ≥0.645 cm, left lobular length ≥0.625 cm, right lobular width ≥0.656 cm, and left lobular width ≥0.595 cm, yielding sensitivities of 75.5%, 73.0%, 81.7%, and 62.7%, respectively. Conclusion: Establishing normative auricular measurements is essential for the diagnosis and management of congenital anomalies, syndromic conditions, and acquired deformities. These data also support applications in reconstructive surgery, forensic identification, and the design of hearing aid devices. Anthropometric Study Normal Auricle Anthroposcopy Egyptians Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Anthropometry is the scientific study of human body measurements. Biometric identification, which relies on unique physical traits, uses features such as the face, fingerprints, iris patterns, gait, auricle, and voice for personal recognition. Among these, the auricle (external ear) is particularly advantageous due to its relatively large and visible size, making it easier to observe from a distance compared to smaller features like the iris or fingerprint. Moreover, unlike many facial features that change with expression or emotion, the auricle retains a stable shape over time. These characteristics make it a valuable tool in various fields, including forensic science, prosthetic design, and ENT and plastic surgery. A comprehensive understanding of normal and abnormal auricular anatomy is essential for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment planning, and optimal patient care and rehabilitation [ 1 – 3 ]. Anatomically, the external ear consists of two main parts: the visible pinna (auricle) and the external auditory canal. The pinna begins to develop around the fifth week of gestation from six small mesenchymal proliferations, known as the hillocks of His, which eventually form distinct parts of the auricle. Composed mainly of elastic cartilage, the auricle has an uneven and individualized shape [ 4 , 5 ]. Its anatomical landmarks—including the lobule, Darwin’s tubercle, cavum concha, cymba concha, antihelix, helix, scaphoid fossa, tragus, and antitragus—contribute to its uniqueness and reliability in personal identification [ 6 ]. Numerous anthropometric studies have examined auricular dimensions across different populations. A seminal study by Farkas in 1978 on a Caucasian sample is considered a cornerstone in the anthropometric analysis of the auricle, inspiring further research into auricular morphology and its influence on facial aesthetics [ 7 ]. The aim of the present study was to investigate and document the anthropometric variations of the auricle among the adult Egyptian population using a variety of standardized measurements. Patients and Methods This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,200 adult Egyptian individuals (totaling 2,400 auricles) at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS), Mansoura University Hospitals, over a one-year period from April 2023 to March 2024. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University (MFM-IRB) under code number MS.23.05.2405. Prior to participation, all subjects received an explanation of the study objectives through a direct interview, and written informed consent was obtained. 2.1. Sample Size Calculation The sample size was calculated based on expected differences in auricular anthropometric measurements (right vs. left) derived from previous studies [ 8 ]. Using G*Power software version 3.1.9.4, with an effect size of 0.131, a two-tailed test, α error probability of 0.05, and a power of 90%, the required sample size was estimated to be 1,214 participants. A total of 1,200 individuals were ultimately included in the analysis. 2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria The study included Egyptian adults aged 18 to 70 years who attended the ENT outpatient clinic at Mansoura University Hospitals. Individuals were excluded if they had congenital auricular deformities such as microtia, inflammatory conditions including auricular perichondritis or otitis externa, traumatic injuries like lacerations or auricular hematomas, external ear tumors, or a history of surgery involving the external or middle ear, such as tympanoplasty or mastoidectomy performed via post-auricular or endaural approaches. 2.3. Measurement Protocol All measurements were performed by a single examiner using a digital sliding caliper accurate to the nearest 0.1 mm, to minimize interobserver variability. Participants were randomly selected and their age and sex were recorded. Prior to measurement, participants were asked to remove any auricular accessories. Each participant was seated on an adjustable-height chair positioned against a blue background. They were instructed to sit upright with relaxed posture, and support for the head, back, and arms. The head was aligned in the Frankfurt Horizontal Plane. Adequate lighting was ensured to clearly visualize facial and auricular details. The examiner’s eye level was aligned with the participant’s ear to avoid parallax or distortion. Standardized auricular landmarks were identified and marked for measurement. Before each measurement, the participant’s posture and head alignment were re-checked to maintain consistency. Auricular dimensions were then measured systematically and precisely ( Fig. 1 ). Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics were presented as means ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. The independent samples t-test was used to compare auricular measurements between males and females, while paired samples t-test was applied to assess differences between right and left auricles within each sex. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between age and auricular dimensions. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify independent auricular predictors of age and generate a prediction model. To assess the discriminatory power of auricular measurements in differentiating between sexes, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted, and the area under the curve (AUC) was interpreted as follows: excellent (AUC ≥ 0.90), good (0.80–0.89), fair (0.70–0.79), and poor (< 0.70). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean age of the studied population was 39.58 ± 12.61 years, with a range from 18 to 70 years. Participants were stratified into age groups as follows: 30.3% were between 30 and 40 years, 27.5% were under 30 years, 19.6% were between 41 and 50 years, 17.8% were between 51 and 60 years, and 4.9% were aged 61 to 70 years. Females constituted 57.1% of the study population. The analysis revealed that males had significantly higher mean values for auricular length, auricular width, lobular length, lobular width, conchal length, and conchal width compared to females, with p-values less than 0.001 (Table 1). In both sexes, a statistically significant difference was found between the right and left auricles. Among males, the only parameter that did not show a significant side difference was auricular width (p = 0.095). Overall, the measurements for the right auricle were consistently higher than those of the left across all parameters, with statistical significance (p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was observed between age and all measured auricular parameters, as assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. This indicates that auricular dimensions tend to increase with age. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of age based on auricular measurements. The results showed that right auricular width, left lobular length, right and left lobular width, right conchal length, and both right and left conchal width were statistically significant predictors of age. The regression model produced the following equation: Age (years) = -36.45 + 0.161 × Right Auricular Width − 0.256 × Left Lobular Length − 0.449 × Right Lobular Width + 0.536 × Left Lobular Width + 0.274 × Right Conchal Length + 0.247 × Right Conchal Width − 0.233 × Left Conchal Width (Table 2). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated excellent discriminatory performance of auricular length and width in differentiating between males and females. The optimal cut-off values were ≥ 2.55 cm for right auricular length, ≥ 2.47 cm for left auricular length, ≥ 1.44 cm for right auricular width, and ≥ 1.395 cm for left auricular width, with sensitivities of 86.0%, 87.2%, 71.7%, and 75.0%, respectively. In contrast, lobular measurements showed fair discriminatory ability. The best cut-off points for differentiating between sexes were ≥ 0.645 cm for right lobular length, ≥ 0.625 cm for left lobular length, ≥ 0.656 cm for right lobular width, and ≥ 0.595 cm for left lobular width, with respective sensitivities of 75.5%, 73.0%, 81.7%, and 62.7%. Conchal measurements demonstrated good discriminatory power between males and females. The optimal cut-off values were ≥ 0.725 cm for right conchal length, ≥ 0.695 cm for left conchal length, ≥ 0.655 cm for right conchal width, and ≥ 0.645 cm for left conchal width, achieving sensitivities of 82.5%, 88.7%, 77.9%, and 83.9%, respectively (Table 3 , Fig. 2 ). Discussion Anthroposcopy, the visual examination of the human body, has been a fundamental aspect of medical practice since its inception. While it allows for the detection of morphological abnormalities, asymmetries, and disproportions, it remains a highly subjective method that depends heavily on the examiner’s experience, aesthetic perception, attentiveness, and even emotional state. Visual assessments alone are unreliable for precise evaluation of dimensions such as length, width, or angles, and interobserver variability can be considerable. Additionally, visual impressions are difficult to recall consistently for future comparisons or progress evaluations [ 1 ]. The average adult auricle typically measures between 5.5 and 6.5 cm in length, with a width that is approximately 50–60% of its length (2.75–3.5 cm). Auricular growth is most rapid during the first two to three years of life, achieving about 95% of adult size by the age of four to six. The auricle generally projects from the scalp at an angle of 15–20 degrees, and the distance between the auricle and scalp varies by region. The upper rim of the auricle usually aligns with the lateral margin of the eyebrow [ 9 ]. Our findings demonstrated that males had significantly greater mean values for auricular length, auricular width, lobular length, lobular width, conchal length, and conchal width compared to females (p < 0.001). Additionally, significant differences were observed between right and left auricular measurements in both sexes, except for auricular width in males, which did not show statistical significance (p = 0.095). A statistically significant positive correlation was also identified between participants’ age and all auricular measurements, indicating that auricular dimensions increase with age. The results of our study are consistent with previous anthropometric analyses. Purkait and Singh conducted a study on adult males in Central India and found that Indian males had the smallest auricular and lobular heights among the populations studied, although their widths were comparable to others. In contrast, our findings revealed that Egyptian auricles were larger than those of Central Indian males [ 10 ]. We also observed that Egyptian males had longer auricular lengths than females, averaging 6.85 cm and 6.09 cm, respectively. These values are slightly higher than those reported in other populations, including Chinese cohorts studied by Lu et al. [ 11 ]. Age-related increases in auricular measurements were also confirmed in our study. We observed that auricular length, lobular length, and lobular width increased progressively across older age groups. These findings align with prior studies, such as those by Lennon and Chinnadurai [ 12 ], who noted age-related auricular changes in patients with craniofacial syndromes. They reported that the maximum auricular width was typically reached by age seven in boys and age six in girls. They also highlighted the impact of external factors such as earrings, which may contribute to lobular elongation due to traction. Similarly, Eboh et al. [ 13 ] reported an average earlobe length of 1.58 cm, which increased with both aging and the use of earrings. The elongation was attributed to gravitational forces causing gradual stretching of the soft earlobe tissue. Livia et al. further emphasized the importance of proportional relationships among auricular measurements, noting a positive correlation between conchal dimensions and overall auricular length and width [ 14 ]. In line with this, Farhan et al. in Iraq also found strong positive correlations between auricular and conchal dimensions, reinforcing the importance of these parameters in auricular analysis [ 15 ]. From a surgical perspective, these findings have important implications. Boesoirie et al. conducted a study in Indonesia on patients with microtia and highlighted the critical role of accurate auricular measurements in preoperative planning and postoperative assessment of reconstructive outcomes [ 16 ]. Parameters such as auricular length, width, and specific anatomical features are essential for achieving aesthetically and functionally satisfactory results. This study employed a cross-sectional analytical design and provided comprehensive data on auricular dimensions by reporting ranges, means, and standard deviations across a relatively large sample. However, despite the robust sample size, the results may not fully represent the entire Egyptian population. Future research should include a broader geographic and demographic sampling and consider additional parameters such as auricular projection and inclination to provide a more complete anthropometric profile. Nevertheless, the findings presented herein are of potential value in various clinical and forensic disciplines, including ENT and plastic surgery, criminology, and physical anthropology. Conclusion A comprehensive understanding of normal auricular dimensions is essential for the diagnosis and management of congenital anomalies, syndromic conditions, and acquired deformities. These measurements serve as a critical reference for ENT and plastic surgeons during reconstructive procedures, aid forensic scientists in personal identification, and inform the design of hearing instruments. The present study represents one of the largest anthropometric surveys of the adult Egyptian population, establishing normative data for auricular measurements. The findings revealed significant interethnic, intergender, and intrasubject variations in auricular dimensions, consistent with previously published literature. This database provides a valuable foundation for future clinical, forensic, and anthropological applications. Abbreviations ENT Ear, Nose, and Throat ORL-HNS Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery MFM-IRB Mansoura Faculty of Medicine – Institutional Review Board ROC Receiver Operating Characteristic AUC Area Under the Curve SD Standard Deviation cm Centimeter mm Millimeter SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Declarations Author Contribution A.A.E. and E.H.S. wrote the main manuscript text and figures preparationM.A.S., A.T., and A.A.H. idea formulation and references collection. All authors review the manuscript and reference Acknowledgements and conflict of interest statement: i) Funding: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. ii) Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. iii) The study obtained a Mansoura Faculty of Medicine Institutional Research Board (MFM-IRB) approval (code ID: MS.23.05.2405). iv) Informed consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants enrolled in the study. v) The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are saved with the primary investigator to protect confidentiality of participants and available upon reasonable request. vi) Acknowledgement: none References Hiware SD, AlFaqeeh KA, Alattallah SS, Faisal AY, Alessa AM, Amalraj VC, Ismail EE, Bayer SB, Singh BR, Gajbe U, Hiware SD (2024) Morphometric Parameters of the Ear and Their Sexual Dimorphism in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Cureus 16(1) Rani D, Krishan K, Sahani R, Baryah N, Kanchan T (2021) Variability in human external ear anthropometry-Anthropological and forensic applications. Clin Ter 25;172(6) Kumar A, Wu C (2012) Automated human identification using ear imaging. Pattern Recogn 45(3):956–968 Prasad RJ, Shakya A, Acharya A, Neupane GP (2022) Anthropometric study of external ear: a comparative study. J Natl Med Coll 7(1):36–41 Mallo M (2003) Formation of the outer and middle ear, molecular mechanisms. Curr Top Dev Biol 57:85–113 Krishan K, Kanchan T (2016) Identification: Prints–Ear. Encyclopedia of forensic and legal medicine 74–80 Khobkhun P, Pungrasmi P, Suwajo P, Nilprapha K, Meevassana J, Promniyom P, Angspatt A, Jindarak S, Iamphongsai S (2022) An anthropometric study of the external ear in the Thai population. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg 75(4):1417–1423 EL-Faresy H, Elgazzar F, Elgohary M, Heshmat M (2016) The use of auricular biometrics to identify age and sex in Egyptian population sample. Ain Shams J Forensic Med Clin Toxicol 26(1):105–114 Nazarian R, Eshraghi AA (2011) Otoplasty for the protruded ear. In Seminars in plastic surgery. Thieme Med Publishers 25(4):288–294 Purkait R, Singh P (2007) Anthropometry of the normal human auricle: a study of adult Indian men. Aesthetic Plast Surg 31:372–379 Lu P, Tsao L, Yu C, Ma L (2021) Survey of ear anthropometry for young college students in China and its implications for ear-related product design. Hum Factors Ergon Manuf Serv Ind 31(1):86–97 Lennon C, Chinnadurai S (2018) Nonsurgical management of congenital auricular anomalies. Facial Plast Surg Clin 26(1):1–8 Eboh DE (2013) Morphological changes of the human pinna in relation to age and gender of Urhobo people in Southern Nigeria. J Experimental Clin Anat 12(2):68–74 Petrescu L, Gheorghe A, Tirgoviste CP, Petrescu CD (2018) Anthropometric investigation of external ear morphology, as a pattern of uniqueness, useful in identifying the person. Publ House Rom Acad 20(2):95–104 Farhan SS, Al-Jewari WM, Al-Maathidy AQ, Al-Qtaitat A (2019) Morphological assessment of Ear auricle in a group of Iraqi subjects and its possible role in personal identification. Italian J Anat Embryol 124(3):432–442 Boesoirie SF, Handayani R, Gatera VA, Aroeman NA, Boesoirie TS (2022) Determination of the difference between men and women anthropometry auricles using photogrammetric method in Sundanese ethnic group. Clin Cosmet Invest Dermatology 1:2133–2141 Tables Table (1): Anthropometric variations of the auricle between right and left sides and between males and females in the adult Egyptian population. Sex Test of significance P value# Male (n=515) Female (n=685) Auricular length Right 6.85±0.22 6.2±0.17 24.78 <0.001* Left 6.8±0.22 6±0.17 24.48 <0.001* P value# <0.001* <0.001* Auricular Width Right 3.8±0.15 3.4±0.09 23.92 <0.001* Left 3.8±0.18 3.3±0.16 19.58 <0.001* P value# 0.095 <0.001* Lobular Length Right 1.73±0.08 1.61±0.06 12.02 <0.001* Left 1.69±0.075 1.58±0.065 11.7 <0.001* P value# <0.001* <0.001* Lobular Width Right 1.59±0.08 1.49±0.07 9.47 <0.001* Left 1.55±0.07 1.45±0.07 8.94 <0.001* P value# <0.001* <0.001* Choncal Length Right 2.1±0.115 1.84±0.09 14.98 <0.001* Left 2±0.102 1.8±0.09 14.69 <0.001* P value# <0.001* <0.001* Choncal width Right 1.83±0.08 1.64±0.07 16.09 <0.001* Left 1.7±0.087 1.61±0.08 15.73 <0.001* P value# <0.001* <0.001* Paired t-test was used. P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Table (2): Multiple linear regression analysis for predictors of age based on anthropometric measurements. Predictors β T P value 95.0% Confidence Interval for β Lower Bound Upper Bound (Constant) -36.449 -9.183 .001* -44.237 -28.662 Auricular Length (right) .243 .983 .326 -12.868 38.721 Auricular Length (left) .125 .515 .607 -18.566 31.787 Auricular Width (right) .161 3.069 .002* 4.912 22.321 Auricular Width (left) .039 .960 .337 -2.637 7.693 Lobular Length(right) .105 1.216 .224 -10.840 46.162 Lobular Length (left) -.256 -2.866 .004* -74.313 -13.910 Lobular Width (right) -.449 -5.155 .001* -102.352 -45.920 Lobular Width (left) .536 6.083 .001* 61.128 119.334 Choncal Length (right) .274 2.538 .011* 7.057 55.116 Choncal Length (left) -.160 -1.475 .140 -44.276 6.274 Choncal width (right) .247 2.305 .021* 5.287 65.772 Choncal width (left) -.233 -2.164 .031* -63.192 -3.093 F=45.04, P<0.001* R 2 =0.313 β: regression coefficient, *statistically significant Table (3): ROC curve analysis for predicting sex based on auricular measurements. Test Result Variable(s) Area P value Asymptotic 95% Confidence Interval Cut off point Sensitivity % Specificity % Lower Bound Upper Bound Auricular length (right) .850 <.001* .826 .874 ≥2.55 86.0 74.2 Auricular length (left) .846 <.001* .822 .870 ≥2.47 87.2 61.6 Auricular Width (right) .825 <.001* .800 .851 ≥1.44 71.7 87.0 Auricular Width (left) .820 <.001* .794 .846 ≥1.395 75.0 70.7 Lobular Length (right) .695 <.001* .665 .725 ≥0.645 75.5 52.7 Lobular Length (left) .680 <.001* .650 .711 ≥0.625 73.0 56.6 Lobular Width (right) .664 <.001* .634 .695 ≥0.656 81.7 35.6 Lobular Width (left) .671 <.001* .640 .702 ≥0.595 62.7 70.7 Choncal Length (right) .741 <.001* .714 .769 ≥0.725 82.5 63.9 Choncal Length (left) .742 <.001* .715 .770 ≥0.695 88.7 52.6 Choncal width (right) .758 <.001* .730 .786 ≥0.655 77.9 62.3 Choncal width (left) .755 <.001* .726 .783 ≥0.645 83.9 52.4 AUC = Area Under the Curve. P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 07 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 31 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 28 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 27 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7226523","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":502711392,"identity":"20b5af0c-b60d-4f27-97ea-c5e70810fcd6","order_by":0,"name":"Ahmed Abdoo Elzhzahy","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSDmYTjA2MDAwAZkHmDgB4kmFJCiRbIBpMWAFC0GB0DCeLTwz+5OfPCm5o5sP3v7s4c/au4kbj6/OvHDAwMGeX6xA9gtuXN2s+GcY8+MZ/YcSDeQOPYscduNt5slgA4znDk7Abs1N3K3SfOwHU7ccCPhmIQBkLHtxtkNIC0JBrexa5G/kbv9N88/kJbENokEIGPzjLObf+DTYgC0hZm3DaQlmU3iIIjB37sNry2GN3I3S87tA/nlGJtkY99h4xk3eLdZJBhI4PSL3I3cjR/efIOEmOSPb4dl+/vPbr75o8JGnl8ah/fRgWODBFilBHHKQcCegf8A8apHwSgYBaNgRAAAcrFziMeFTEMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"Abdoo","lastName":"Elzhzahy","suffix":""},{"id":502711393,"identity":"e8457618-325b-48ed-8d2f-d2a6ea9365eb","order_by":1,"name":"Ali Tawfik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ali","middleName":"","lastName":"Tawfik","suffix":""},{"id":502711394,"identity":"2efab208-c77b-4c19-a42d-0dd6d5b422ce","order_by":2,"name":"Abas Ahmed Hussein","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abas","middleName":"Ahmed","lastName":"Hussein","suffix":""},{"id":502711395,"identity":"8d1ff4c7-ef6a-4f33-8809-dac4efc68716","order_by":3,"name":"Mohamed Abdelbadie salem","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"Abdelbadie","lastName":"salem","suffix":""},{"id":502711396,"identity":"c43070a1-f54e-46f2-af56-921759c8ac29","order_by":4,"name":"Eman H.salem","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eman","middleName":"","lastName":"H.salem","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-27 13:38:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7226523/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7226523/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89823014,"identity":"31adf634-8df2-400a-956f-9573a3548870","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-25 12:02:53","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":160568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003epresents the visual representation of the auricular measurements. Subfigure (a) shows the Auricular Length, (b) displays the Auricular Width, (c) illustrates the Conchal Length, (d) shows the Conchal Width, (e) demonstrates the Lobular Length, and (f) presents the Lobular Width.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7226523/v1/df9bec1536cf5243a2b4dd7e.jpeg"},{"id":89823900,"identity":"0811963a-6d6c-413b-bb8a-7ac2d02cd9ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-25 12:10:53","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53371,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003edepicts the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the auricular parameters in predicting sex (male vs. female).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7226523/v1/11c29b3819fda4c23fec18b8.jpeg"},{"id":89824335,"identity":"583e0942-257d-484b-8ce4-cd8f49c06fe3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-25 12:18:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1215212,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7226523/v1/2c704aa9-f053-433d-b102-1412dd681f3b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Anthropometric Analysis of the Normal Auricle in the Adult Egyptian Population: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAnthropometry is the scientific study of human body measurements. Biometric identification, which relies on unique physical traits, uses features such as the face, fingerprints, iris patterns, gait, auricle, and voice for personal recognition. Among these, the auricle (external ear) is particularly advantageous due to its relatively large and visible size, making it easier to observe from a distance compared to smaller features like the iris or fingerprint. Moreover, unlike many facial features that change with expression or emotion, the auricle retains a stable shape over time. These characteristics make it a valuable tool in various fields, including forensic science, prosthetic design, and ENT and plastic surgery. A comprehensive understanding of normal and abnormal auricular anatomy is essential for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment planning, and optimal patient care and rehabilitation [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnatomically, the external ear consists of two main parts: the visible pinna (auricle) and the external auditory canal. The pinna begins to develop around the fifth week of gestation from six small mesenchymal proliferations, known as the hillocks of His, which eventually form distinct parts of the auricle. Composed mainly of elastic cartilage, the auricle has an uneven and individualized shape [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Its anatomical landmarks\u0026mdash;including the lobule, Darwin\u0026rsquo;s tubercle, cavum concha, cymba concha, antihelix, helix, scaphoid fossa, tragus, and antitragus\u0026mdash;contribute to its uniqueness and reliability in personal identification [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumerous anthropometric studies have examined auricular dimensions across different populations. A seminal study by Farkas in 1978 on a Caucasian sample is considered a cornerstone in the anthropometric analysis of the auricle, inspiring further research into auricular morphology and its influence on facial aesthetics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe aim of the present study was to investigate and document the anthropometric variations of the auricle among the adult Egyptian population using a variety of standardized measurements.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Patients and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,200 adult Egyptian individuals (totaling 2,400 auricles) at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology \u0026ndash; Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS), Mansoura University Hospitals, over a one-year period from April 2023 to March 2024. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University (MFM-IRB) under code number MS.23.05.2405. Prior to participation, all subjects received an explanation of the study objectives through a direct interview, and written informed consent was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Sample Size Calculation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated based on expected differences in auricular anthropometric measurements (right vs. left) derived from previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Using G*Power software version 3.1.9.4, with an effect size of 0.131, a two-tailed test, α error probability of 0.05, and a power of 90%, the required sample size was estimated to be 1,214 participants. A total of 1,200 individuals were ultimately included in the analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study included Egyptian adults aged 18 to 70 years who attended the ENT outpatient clinic at Mansoura University Hospitals. Individuals were excluded if they had congenital auricular deformities such as microtia, inflammatory conditions including auricular perichondritis or otitis externa, traumatic injuries like lacerations or auricular hematomas, external ear tumors, or a history of surgery involving the external or middle ear, such as tympanoplasty or mastoidectomy performed via post-auricular or endaural approaches.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Measurement Protocol\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll measurements were performed by a single examiner using a digital sliding caliper accurate to the nearest 0.1 mm, to minimize interobserver variability. Participants were randomly selected and their age and sex were recorded. Prior to measurement, participants were asked to remove any auricular accessories.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach participant was seated on an adjustable-height chair positioned against a blue background. They were instructed to sit upright with relaxed posture, and support for the head, back, and arms. The head was aligned in the Frankfurt Horizontal Plane. Adequate lighting was ensured to clearly visualize facial and auricular details. The examiner\u0026rsquo;s eye level was aligned with the participant\u0026rsquo;s ear to avoid parallax or distortion. Standardized auricular landmarks were identified and marked for measurement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBefore each measurement, the participant\u0026rsquo;s posture and head alignment were re-checked to maintain consistency. Auricular dimensions were then measured systematically and precisely \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics were presented as means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. The independent samples \u003cb\u003et-test\u003c/b\u003e was used to compare auricular measurements between males and females, while \u003cb\u003epaired samples t-test\u003c/b\u003e was applied to assess differences between right and left auricles within each sex. \u003cb\u003ePearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficient\u003c/b\u003e was used to evaluate the relationship between age and auricular dimensions. \u003cb\u003eMultiple linear regression analysis\u003c/b\u003e was performed to identify independent auricular predictors of age and generate a prediction model. To assess the discriminatory power of auricular measurements in differentiating between sexes, \u003cb\u003eReceiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis\u003c/b\u003e was conducted, and the \u003cb\u003earea under the curve (AUC)\u003c/b\u003e was interpreted as follows: excellent (AUC\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.90), good (0.80\u0026ndash;0.89), fair (0.70\u0026ndash;0.79), and poor (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.70). A \u003cb\u003ep-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/b\u003e was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the studied population was 39.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.61 years, with a range from 18 to 70 years. Participants were stratified into age groups as follows: 30.3% were between 30 and 40 years, 27.5% were under 30 years, 19.6% were between 41 and 50 years, 17.8% were between 51 and 60 years, and 4.9% were aged 61 to 70 years. Females constituted 57.1% of the study population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis revealed that males had significantly higher mean values for auricular length, auricular width, lobular length, lobular width, conchal length, and conchal width compared to females, with p-values less than 0.001 \u003cb\u003e(Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/b\u003e In both sexes, a statistically significant difference was found between the right and left auricles. Among males, the only parameter that did not show a significant side difference was auricular width (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.095). Overall, the measurements for the right auricle were consistently higher than those of the left across all parameters, with statistical significance (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA significant positive correlation was observed between age and all measured auricular parameters, as assessed using Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficient. This indicates that auricular dimensions tend to increase with age.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of age based on auricular measurements. The results showed that right auricular width, left lobular length, right and left lobular width, right conchal length, and both right and left conchal width were statistically significant predictors of age. The regression model produced the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge (years) = -36.45\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.161 \u0026times; Right Auricular Width\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.256 \u0026times; Left Lobular Length\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.449 \u0026times; Right Lobular Width\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.536 \u0026times; Left Lobular Width\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.274 \u0026times; Right Conchal Length\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.247 \u0026times; Right Conchal Width\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.233 \u0026times; Left Conchal Width \u003cb\u003e(Table\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReceiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated excellent discriminatory performance of auricular length and width in differentiating between males and females. The optimal cut-off values were \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2.55 cm for right auricular length, \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2.47 cm for left auricular length, \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.44 cm for right auricular width, and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.395 cm for left auricular width, with sensitivities of 86.0%, 87.2%, 71.7%, and 75.0%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, lobular measurements showed fair discriminatory ability. The best cut-off points for differentiating between sexes were \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.645 cm for right lobular length, \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.625 cm for left lobular length, \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.656 cm for right lobular width, and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.595 cm for left lobular width, with respective sensitivities of 75.5%, 73.0%, 81.7%, and 62.7%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConchal measurements demonstrated good discriminatory power between males and females. The optimal cut-off values were \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.725 cm for right conchal length, \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.695 cm for left conchal length, \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.655 cm for right conchal width, and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.645 cm for left conchal width, achieving sensitivities of 82.5%, 88.7%, 77.9%, and 83.9%, respectively \u003cb\u003e(Table\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/b\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAnthroposcopy, the visual examination of the human body, has been a fundamental aspect of medical practice since its inception. While it allows for the detection of morphological abnormalities, asymmetries, and disproportions, it remains a highly subjective method that depends heavily on the examiner\u0026rsquo;s experience, aesthetic perception, attentiveness, and even emotional state. Visual assessments alone are unreliable for precise evaluation of dimensions such as length, width, or angles, and interobserver variability can be considerable. Additionally, visual impressions are difficult to recall consistently for future comparisons or progress evaluations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe average adult auricle typically measures between 5.5 and 6.5 cm in length, with a width that is approximately 50\u0026ndash;60% of its length (2.75\u0026ndash;3.5 cm). Auricular growth is most rapid during the first two to three years of life, achieving about 95% of adult size by the age of four to six. The auricle generally projects from the scalp at an angle of 15\u0026ndash;20 degrees, and the distance between the auricle and scalp varies by region. The upper rim of the auricle usually aligns with the lateral margin of the eyebrow [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings demonstrated that males had significantly greater mean values for auricular length, auricular width, lobular length, lobular width, conchal length, and conchal width compared to females (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Additionally, significant differences were observed between right and left auricular measurements in both sexes, except for auricular width in males, which did not show statistical significance (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.095). A statistically significant positive correlation was also identified between participants\u0026rsquo; age and all auricular measurements, indicating that auricular dimensions increase with age.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of our study are consistent with previous anthropometric analyses. Purkait and Singh conducted a study on adult males in Central India and found that Indian males had the smallest auricular and lobular heights among the populations studied, although their widths were comparable to others. In contrast, our findings revealed that Egyptian auricles were larger than those of Central Indian males [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. We also observed that Egyptian males had longer auricular lengths than females, averaging 6.85 cm and 6.09 cm, respectively. These values are slightly higher than those reported in other populations, including Chinese cohorts studied by Lu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge-related increases in auricular measurements were also confirmed in our study. We observed that auricular length, lobular length, and lobular width increased progressively across older age groups. These findings align with prior studies, such as those by Lennon and Chinnadurai [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], who noted age-related auricular changes in patients with craniofacial syndromes. They reported that the maximum auricular width was typically reached by age seven in boys and age six in girls. They also highlighted the impact of external factors such as earrings, which may contribute to lobular elongation due to traction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, Eboh et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] reported an average earlobe length of 1.58 cm, which increased with both aging and the use of earrings. The elongation was attributed to gravitational forces causing gradual stretching of the soft earlobe tissue. Livia et al. further emphasized the importance of proportional relationships among auricular measurements, noting a positive correlation between conchal dimensions and overall auricular length and width [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. In line with this, Farhan et al. in Iraq also found strong positive correlations between auricular and conchal dimensions, reinforcing the importance of these parameters in auricular analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom a surgical perspective, these findings have important implications. Boesoirie et al. conducted a study in Indonesia on patients with microtia and highlighted the critical role of accurate auricular measurements in preoperative planning and postoperative assessment of reconstructive outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Parameters such as auricular length, width, and specific anatomical features are essential for achieving aesthetically and functionally satisfactory results.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a cross-sectional analytical design and provided comprehensive data on auricular dimensions by reporting ranges, means, and standard deviations across a relatively large sample. However, despite the robust sample size, the results may not fully represent the entire Egyptian population. Future research should include a broader geographic and demographic sampling and consider additional parameters such as auricular projection and inclination to provide a more complete anthropometric profile. Nevertheless, the findings presented herein are of potential value in various clinical and forensic disciplines, including ENT and plastic surgery, criminology, and physical anthropology.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA comprehensive understanding of normal auricular dimensions is essential for the diagnosis and management of congenital anomalies, syndromic conditions, and acquired deformities. These measurements serve as a critical reference for ENT and plastic surgeons during reconstructive procedures, aid forensic scientists in personal identification, and inform the design of hearing instruments. The present study represents one of the largest anthropometric surveys of the adult Egyptian population, establishing normative data for auricular measurements. The findings revealed significant interethnic, intergender, and intrasubject variations in auricular dimensions, consistent with previously published literature. This database provides a valuable foundation for future clinical, forensic, and anthropological applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eENT\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEar, Nose, and Throat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eORL-HNS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOtorhinolaryngology \u0026ndash; Head and Neck Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMFM-IRB\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e Mansoura Faculty of Medicine \u0026ndash; Institutional Review Board\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eROC\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReceiver Operating Characteristic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAUC\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArea Under the Curve\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSD\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ecm\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCentimeter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003emm\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMillimeter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSPSS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA.A.E. and E.H.S. wrote the main manuscript text and figures preparationM.A.S., A.T., and A.A.H. idea formulation and references collection. All authors review the manuscript and reference\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements and conflict of interest statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ei) Funding: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eii) Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eiii) The study obtained a Mansoura Faculty of Medicine Institutional Research Board (MFM-IRB) approval (code ID: MS.23.05.2405).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eiv) Informed consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants enrolled in the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ev) The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are saved with the primary investigator to protect confidentiality of participants and available upon reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003evi) Acknowledgement: none\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHiware SD, AlFaqeeh KA, Alattallah SS, Faisal AY, Alessa AM, Amalraj VC, Ismail EE, Bayer SB, Singh BR, Gajbe U, Hiware SD (2024) Morphometric Parameters of the Ear and Their Sexual Dimorphism in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Cureus 16(1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRani D, Krishan K, Sahani R, Baryah N, Kanchan T (2021) Variability in human external ear anthropometry-Anthropological and forensic applications. Clin Ter 25;172(6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar A, Wu C (2012) Automated human identification using ear imaging. Pattern Recogn 45(3):956\u0026ndash;968\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePrasad RJ, Shakya A, Acharya A, Neupane GP (2022) Anthropometric study of external ear: a comparative study. J Natl Med Coll 7(1):36\u0026ndash;41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMallo M (2003) Formation of the outer and middle ear, molecular mechanisms. Curr Top Dev Biol 57:85\u0026ndash;113\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKrishan K, Kanchan T (2016) Identification: Prints\u0026ndash;Ear. Encyclopedia of forensic and legal medicine 74\u0026ndash;80\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhobkhun P, Pungrasmi P, Suwajo P, Nilprapha K, Meevassana J, Promniyom P, Angspatt A, Jindarak S, Iamphongsai S (2022) An anthropometric study of the external ear in the Thai population. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg 75(4):1417\u0026ndash;1423\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEL-Faresy H, Elgazzar F, Elgohary M, Heshmat M (2016) The use of auricular biometrics to identify age and sex in Egyptian population sample. Ain Shams J Forensic Med Clin Toxicol 26(1):105\u0026ndash;114\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNazarian R, Eshraghi AA (2011) Otoplasty for the protruded ear. In Seminars in plastic surgery. Thieme Med Publishers 25(4):288\u0026ndash;294\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePurkait R, Singh P (2007) Anthropometry of the normal human auricle: a study of adult Indian men. Aesthetic Plast Surg 31:372\u0026ndash;379\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLu P, Tsao L, Yu C, Ma L (2021) Survey of ear anthropometry for young college students in China and its implications for ear-related product design. Hum Factors Ergon Manuf Serv Ind 31(1):86\u0026ndash;97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLennon C, Chinnadurai S (2018) Nonsurgical management of congenital auricular anomalies. Facial Plast Surg Clin 26(1):1\u0026ndash;8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEboh DE (2013) Morphological changes of the human pinna in relation to age and gender of Urhobo people in Southern Nigeria. J Experimental Clin Anat 12(2):68\u0026ndash;74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePetrescu L, Gheorghe A, Tirgoviste CP, Petrescu CD (2018) Anthropometric investigation of external ear morphology, as a pattern of uniqueness, useful in identifying the person. Publ House Rom Acad 20(2):95\u0026ndash;104\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFarhan SS, Al-Jewari WM, Al-Maathidy AQ, Al-Qtaitat A (2019) Morphological assessment of Ear auricle in a group of Iraqi subjects and its possible role in personal identification. Italian J Anat Embryol 124(3):432\u0026ndash;442\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBoesoirie SF, Handayani R, Gatera VA, Aroeman NA, Boesoirie TS (2022) Determination of the difference between men and women anthropometry auricles using photogrammetric method in Sundanese ethnic group. Clin Cosmet Invest Dermatology 1:2133\u0026ndash;2141\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable (1): Anthropometric variations of the auricle between right and left sides and between males and females in the adult Egyptian population.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"548\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest of significance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=515)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=685)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuricular length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.85±0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2±0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8±0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6±0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuricular Width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8±0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4±0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8±0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3±0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLobular Length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73±0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61±0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69±0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58±0.065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLobular Width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59±0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49±0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55±0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45±0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChoncal Length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1±0.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84±0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2±0.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8±0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChoncal width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83±0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64±0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7±0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61±0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaired t-test was used. P \u0026lt; 0.05 considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable (2): Multiple linear regression analysis for predictors of age based on anthropometric measurements.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"562\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredictors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.0% Confidence Interval for β\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLower Bound\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUpper Bound\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Constant)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-36.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-44.237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-28.662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuricular Length (right)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.983\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.326\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.721\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuricular Length (left)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.515\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.607\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-18.566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.787\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuricular Width (right)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.002*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.321\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuricular Width (left)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.693\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLobular Length(right)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.840\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLobular Length (left)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.866\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.004*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-74.313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.910\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLobular Width (right)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-102.352\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-45.920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLobular Width (left)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119.334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChoncal Length (right)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.011*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChoncal Length (left)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-44.276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChoncal width (right)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.021*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.772\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChoncal width (left)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.031*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-63.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF=45.04, P\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.313\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eβ: regression coefficient, *statistically significant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable (3): ROC curve analysis for predicting sex based on auricular measurements.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"630\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest Result Variable(s)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsymptotic 95% Confidence Interval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCut off point\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSensitivity %\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecificity %\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLower Bound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpper Bound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuricular length (right)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≥2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuricular length (left)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.822\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≥2.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuricular Width (right)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.825\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≥1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuricular Width (left)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.820\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.794\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≥1.395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLobular Length (right)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.695\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≥0.645\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLobular Length (left)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.680\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.650\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.711\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≥0.625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLobular Width (right)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.634\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.695\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≥0.656\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLobular Width (left)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.671\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.702\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≥0.595\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChoncal Length (right)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.741\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.714\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.769\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≥0.725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChoncal Length (left)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.742\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.715\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.770\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≥0.695\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChoncal width (right)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.758\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.786\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≥0.655\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChoncal width (left)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.726\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.783\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≥0.645\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAUC = Area Under the Curve. \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05 considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-egyptian-journal-of-otolaryngology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology](https://ejo.springeropen.com/)","snPcode":"43163","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/43163/3","title":"The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anthropometric Study, Normal Auricle, Anthroposcopy, Egyptians","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7226523/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7226523/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eAnthropometry is the scientific study of human body measurements. The auricle has long been a subject of interest in anthropometric research due to its variability in size and shape.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAim:\u003c/strong\u003e This study aimed to investigate the anthropometric variations of the auricle in the adult Egyptian population using standardized measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatients and Methods:\u003c/strong\u003e This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted over a one-year period at the Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS) outpatient clinic of Mansoura University Hospitals, Egypt. A total of 1,200 adult Egyptian participants (yielding 2,400 auricles) were included. Anthropometric measurements of the auricle were obtained using standardized techniques to assess auricular length, auricular width, lobular length, and lobular width for both right and left ears.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Auricular length and width measurements for both right and left ears demonstrated excellent discriminatory power between sexes. The optimal cut-off points for sex differentiation were: right auricular length ≥2.55 cm, left auricular length ≥2.47 cm, right auricular width ≥1.44 cm, and left auricular width ≥1.395 cm, with corresponding sensitivities of 86.0%, 87.2%, 71.7%, and 75.0%, respectively. Lobular dimensions showed fair discriminatory ability, with optimal cut-off points of right lobular length ≥0.645 cm, left lobular length ≥0.625 cm, right lobular width ≥0.656 cm, and left lobular width ≥0.595 cm, yielding sensitivities of 75.5%, 73.0%, 81.7%, and 62.7%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003eEstablishing normative auricular measurements is essential for the diagnosis and management of congenital anomalies, syndromic conditions, and acquired deformities. These data also support applications in reconstructive surgery, forensic identification, and the design of hearing aid devices.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Anthropometric Analysis of the Normal Auricle in the Adult Egyptian Population: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-25 12:02:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7226523/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-09-07T11:02:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-05T03:49:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-31T05:18:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"271565806595041692980274276933828287305","date":"2025-08-29T03:36:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"278880750179675844390370313780988542067","date":"2025-08-17T08:16:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-17T08:06:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-28T12:56:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-28T12:56:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology","date":"2025-07-27T13:32:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-egyptian-journal-of-otolaryngology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology](https://ejo.springeropen.com/)","snPcode":"43163","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/43163/3","title":"The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"41e1469f-2b52-4fbd-a0d2-49b0a6a7ad1e","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-07T11:53:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-25 12:02:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7226523","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7226523","identity":"rs-7226523","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}