Influence of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh on the productivity and physiology of three associated crops in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, West Africa

Influence of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh on the productivity and physiology of three associated crops in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, West Africa | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Influence of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh on the productivity and physiology of three associated crops in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, West Africa SORO Boukary, Hugues Romoé BAZIE, BAZIE Paulin, OUEDRAOGO Sotongo Abraham, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6263833/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Agroforestry Systems → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh is an exotic woody species found in the agroecosystems of the Sahel, often growing alongside annual crops. However, there is limited documentation regarding its ecological impacts on these crops. This study aims to assess the influence of eucalyptus on crop physiological traits and yield. To accomplish this, on-farm experiments were conducted over two years (2022 and 2023), employing a randomized complete block design with seven replications for cowpea, millet, and sorghum. The experimental design included three plot locations based on their proximity to the eucalyptus trunk: one directly under the crown, another centered at 16 m, and a control plot situated 26 m away. Various parameters, such as height, relative chlorophyll content, leaf area index, photosynthetically active radiation, and yields of grain straw, were measured across all plots and years. Results from pairwise tests indicated significant differences among the plots for most parameters studied. Notably, plant height significantly decreased in proximity to eucalyptus (p < 0.000) throughout the two years. For relative chlorophyll content, the millet and sorghum in 2022 presented significant differences between plots located at 26 m and plots under the crown. The photosynthetically active radiation indicated significant differences between the plot located at 26 m and the plot under the crown in cowpea and sorghum (2022) and sorghum (2023). Additionally, grain and straw yields were significantly lower near the eucalyptus in both years (p < 0.05). These findings suggest potential ecological risks associated with growing certain crops close to eucalyptus in the Sahel context. Allelopathy grain yield tree-crop interaction Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction Vegetation greenness over the last decades for most of the Sahel has been reported and attributed to the positive rainfall recovery after several drought episodes since the 1970’. Despite this global trend, long-term assessments at finer spatial scales highlight decline in species diversity and vegetation cover in some areas (Fensholt et al. 2017 ). This vegetation cover reduction is driven by a combination of climate change factors coupled with human activities (Kaptué et al. 2015 , Leroux et al. 2017 ). Indeed, overexploitation of forest resources by a rapidly growing population, combined with agricultural clearing, is identified as the main cause of the decline in woody species within ecosystems. In response, extensive reforestation programs have been initiated in Burkina Faso to meet the timber needs of the population and restore degraded soils. Among the species used in these reforestations’ efforts are those of the genus Eucalyptus, selected for their rapid growth (Soumare et al., 2017 ). In addition to their practical uses, such as providing fuel and construction materials, Eucalyptus camaldulensis , as an exotic species, has been the subject of numerous studies worldwide (Sawadogo, 2006 ; Mallen-Cooper et al. 2022 ; Medeiros et al. 2025 ). For instance, Goudiaby et al. ( 2017 ) showed that E. camaldulensis acidifies the soil in plots under its crown in the Sahel context. Moreover, its litter decomposes slowly and changes the chemical composition of the soil (Bernhard-Reversat, 1988 ; Peterken, 2001 ). According to Jensen ( 1983 ), cowpea yields decreased in fields protected by eucalyptus, although the limiting factor was not specified. Soumare et al ( 2013 ) also claim that E. camaldulensis litter is toxic and can alter soil pH, reducing groundnut nodulation, growth and pod yield. The species has also been blamed for causing biological homogenization in its vicinity (Tassin et al., 2011 ). Thus, there are biochemical interferences due to the secretion and release of secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds, which, if concentrated in the medium, could disrupt the germination, growth and development of neighboring crops (Aziz et al., 2021 ). This type of interference is known as allelopathy. Allelopathic compounds affect several functional processes, such as reducing the photosynthetic activity of many target plants by altering chloroplasts (Einhellig and Souza, 1992 ) or disrupting stomatal opening (Chiapusio and Pellissier, 2001 ; Chiapusio et al ., 2004). In Burkina Faso, it is reported that E. camaldulensis plantations were estimated at 67,000 ha in 2006 and that the sale of its timber generated about 3,447,000 F CFA per ha (Sawadogo, 2006 ). Despite the economic importance of the species, which could justify the expansion of plantations in recent years, its introduction into agro-ecosystems is still resisted by farmers. Indeed, in agricultural fields, the association of annual crops with E. camaldulensis is questioned because of its negative impact on neighboring crops (Jagger and Pender, 2003 ; Bouchemal et al., 2018 ). Crops in the vicinity of E. camaldulensis have reported stunted growth and low yields. As a result, the presence of E. camaldulensis in agro-ecosystems in our country generates conflicting reactions and arguments that are sometimes based on prejudice rather than research-based facts (Mallen-Cooper et al. 2022 ; Medeiros et al. 2025 ). One way to solve this problem is to understand the interactions that take place at the eucalyptus-soil-crop interface. Studying these relationships would provide a better understanding of the mechanisms used by E. camaldulensis to affect the physiological processes of neighboring crops in our context. This would provide a better understanding of the effect of this woody plant on the physiology of underlying crops in Burkina Faso agro-ecosystems. The general objective of this study was to understand the influence of E. camaldulensis on the physiology and yield of three annual crops (sorghum, millet, and cowpea). Specifically, the aim was to assess (i) the effect of E. camaldulensis on the growth and yield parameters of the three crops and (ii) its influence on the physiological parameters of these three crops. Materials and methods Study site The study took place in Gonsé, a village in the commune of Saaba, Kadiogo Province, located at 12°25'N latitude and 1°20'W longitude, with an average altitude of 200 meters (Fig. 1 ). Gonsé is situated approximately 25 kilometers from Ouagadougou within the Sudano-Sahelian climate zone, characterized by two distinct seasons: a rainy season from May to October and a dry season from November to April. The total annual rainfall for the two rainy seasons recorded was 939.1 mm for 2021/2022 and 816.5 mm for 2022/2023, as the National Meteorological Agency of Burkina Faso reported. The start of the 2023 rainy season was characterized by heavy rains unevenly distributed over time, resulting in pockets of drought. The soils in this region are classified as tropical ferruginous with variable characteristics, predominantly sandy-clay or gravelly. These soils are generally poor, exhibiting low agronomic potential. Many of the soil in Gonsé belong to the lithic soil family on lateritic cuirass as well as leached tropical ferruginous soils. The local vegetation is of the savanna type, primarily dominated by shrubs and trees, with gallery forests lining the watercourses. Plant material and tree selection The plant material consists of the following varieties: millet ( Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) of the MISARI 1 variety, sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.)) of the Soumbatimi variety, and cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) of the Tiligré variety. These varieties are the most used by farmers in the study area. The Tiligré cowpea variety was chosen for this study due to its drought and striga tolerance. It is well-adapted to the agroclimatic zone, which receives rainfall ranging from 400 to 900 mm annually. It has a semi-erect growth habit and a life cycle of 70 days. The Soumbatimi sorghum variety is characterized by moderate resistance to striga and low photosensitivity, yielding good grain and fodder outputs. Its growing cycle is approximately 110 days, and it is suited for the Sudano-Sahelian zone, which experiences rainfall between 600 and 900 mm per year. The MISARI 1 millet variety thrives in rainfall conditions of 600 to 900 mm. It has a growing cycle of 100 to 105 days and demonstrates good tolerance to diseases such as powdery mildew, smut, and ergot. For eucalyptus, 21 plants were randomly selected in 2022, and 12 in 2023, distributing them among the farms. The selection criteria included the plants' health, crown diameter, and the requirement that they be at least 40 meters away from other trees. The average crown diameter of the selected plants was 6 meters. The mean stem diameter at a height of 1.30 meters was 96.42 ± 36.96 cm, with a minimum of 46 cm and a maximum of 181 cm. Experimental design The experimental design utilized a randomized complete block layout with seven replications for each crop, resulting in a total of 21 trees in 2022. In 2023, there were four replications per crop, which yielded a total of 12 trees. Each tree served as one replication. Each eucalyptus tree was associated with three rectangular plots of 60 m² (10 m x 6 m). These included one plot located directly beneath the tree crown (SH), one plot centered 16 m from the tree trunk (HH16), and a control plot situated 26 m from the trunk (HH26) (Fig. 2 ). The rectangular shape of the plots was chosen to accommodate the varying sizes of eucalyptus crowns, as well as to consider the soil heterogeneity within the study area. A transect approach, as described by Bayala et al. ( 2015 ), was implemented, primarily following a north-south direction to minimize the impact of morning and evening shadows. The control plot (HH26) was selected to ensure it was not influenced by shade from other woody plants or from the eucalyptus plant being studied at any time of day. Consequently, some plots were slightly off from the ideal north-south orientation. Each plot was separated from the next by 1 m (Fig. 2 ). The treatments consisted of these three locations based on their distance from the tree trunk. This design allowed for the creation of 63 elementary plots in 2022 (3 crops x 3 distances x 7 trees) and 36 plots in 2023 (3 crops x 3 distances x 4 trees). Field management and data collection Field management After a useful rainfall of at least 20 mm, the ridges were plowed with animal traction, and the plots were staked. Sowing took place in the second decade of July 2022 and the third decade of the same month in 2023 due late start of rainy season. Millet and sorghum were sown at a spacing of 0.8 m between rows and 0.6 m between planting pits, while cowpea was planted at 0.8 m X 0.4 m. Demariage was performed to leave only two plants per poquet two weeks after emergence. Two manual weeding operations were carried out. The first took place between 15 and 20 days after emergence and the second 3 weeks after the first. In each plot, five (5) plants on the diagonals were selected and marked for observation and measurement of the various parameters. Data collection Measurement of growth and yield parameters Growth parameters were measured throughout the plant cycle. For the sampled plants, the number of green leaves was counted, and stem height was measured with a tape measure. These measurements were taken weekly, starting from the 15th day after emergence until flowering, which occurred 57 days after sowing (DAS) for sorghum and millet. For cowpea, height measurements and leaf counting were halted at 43 DAS, which corresponds to the point when 50% of the cowpea plants were in flower in 2022. In 2023, height measurement and leaf counting did not start 15 days after sowing due to a drought period that affected seedling emergence leading to resowing in some plots. This delay in data collection compared to 2022 is explained by these circumstances. Measurements began 43 days after sowing, even though some cowpea plants had already started flowering. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) was measured at five locations within the plot using a PL-80 AccuPAR ceptometer (Decagon Devices, Inc., METER Group) equipped with an external PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) sensor. Measurements were conducted between 12 p.m. and 2 p.m. on clear, sunny days. The average LAI value for each plot was then calculated from the five individual measurements taken at different positions. In 2022, LAI measurements were performed for all three treatments (SH, HH16, and HH26) across all plots. Due to the distance between the fields where our plots are located, in 2022, it was difficult to complete the LAI measurement before sunset. Therefore, after analysing the LAI data for 2022, we found that there was no significant difference between the LAI at HH16 and that at HH26. Therefore, in 2023 we decided to measure LAI only at SH and HH26. Yield Evaluation Regarding yield parameters, a complete harvest was conducted in each plot at the end of the crop cycle. After harvesting, the pods, ears, and panicles were air-dried and weighed before being threshed and sifted to obtain the grains. The stalks were cut at the collar, collected in piles, dried, and then weighed. To calculate the yields, the dry masses obtained from each plot were converted into kilograms per hectare (kg/ha). Measurement of physiological parameters Physiological parameters were measured at a single time point: 52 days after sowing in 2022 and 57 days after sowing in 2023. Measurements focused on the third leaf from the top of five selected sorghum and millet plants per plot. For cowpea, measurements were taken from the fully expanded, sun-exposed, and disease-free leaves of each selected plant. Since these measurements were non-destructive, they were conducted directly on the leaves while still attached to the plant. Chlorophyll content (RCC) was measured using a SPAD-502Plus (Minolta), linear electron flow (LEF), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were assessed using a PhotosynQ MultispeQ (MultispeQ V2.0). This device includes sensors for relative humidity and temperature, CO 2 levels, and red-green-blue-white (RGBW) light, manufactured by AMS-TAOS, Inc. (Plano, USA) (Kuhlgert et al., 2016 ). Measurements were taken once between 12 p.m. and 2 p.m. in 2022 and at similar times in 2023. The five selected plants in each sample were analysed per plot. Leaf stomatal conductance was measured using an AP4 porometer (Delta-T Devices Ltd, Cambridge, UK), which was calibrated with a calibration plate before each series of measurements. Destructive measurements of minimum and base water potentials were conducted after all other parameters were measured. Minimum water potential was recorded in the field between 12 p.m. to 2 p.m., while base water potential was measured between 5 a.m. to 6 a.m., just before sunrise, in 2022. These measurements were carried out using a membrane hydraulic press (Campbell J14 Instruments) and reported in bars before conversion to megapascals for calculations. The measurements were taken from the third leaf from the top of the stem for sorghum and millet, and from the fully expanded leaf for cowpea. Each leaf was cut into three pieces, which were immediately placed in the press to determine the water potential. The minimum water potential of each plant was calculated as the average of these three values, while the minimum for each plot was the average of the five measurements taken from the five plants of the selected crops. To minimize evaporation after leaf removal, each measurement was performed within two minutes. If this two-minute time limit could not be met, the leaves were placed in plastic bags immediately after harvesting. Due to equipment availability, water potential measurements were not conducted in 2023. Data analysis Data were recorded using Excel spreadsheets. For physiological parameters, the data from the 5 plants per plot were used to calculate the mean, which represents the plot situation. Repeated data of leaf number and plant height were averaged per measurement date and used for growth plots. However, the pairwise t-test was performed only at the last measurement date. The other dates show the evolution of the parameter’s height and number of leaves on the yield curves. Each crop was considered a separate experiment, so no comparisons were made between them. Data were also analysed by year. All data were analysed using R software version 4.3.0 (2023-04-21ucrt), taking into account the distance factor (SH, HH16, HH26) of the plots from the eucalyptus trunk. In the experimental design used in this study, the allocation of plots according to distance from the eucalyptus trunk was not completely random, which made randomization difficult. The systematic arrangement of plots does not allow the determination of a valid estimate of error, as neighboring plots could have correlated residuals (Wilson et al ., 1998; Sanou, 2010 ; Bayala et al., 2015 ). Therefore, variations in the data as a function of distance from the eucalyptus trunk were compared using a pairwise t-test at the 5% significance level. The t-tests were performed by formulating the hypothesis (H0) "the difference between the two plots compared is zero" and this hypothesis is rejected if the p-value is less than 0.05. Results Effect of Eucalyptus on Height of Associated Crops For plant height at the different dates, particularly for 43DAS and 63 DAS, only HH16 and HH26 did not differ significantly during the two years (2022 and 2023) for both cowpea and millet (Table 1 , Fig. 3 a, b, c & d). For sorghum, only SH and HH26 differed significantly in 2023 as opposed to the rest of the pairs (Table 1 ; Fig. 3 e & f). Table 1 Results of pairwise t-test for height of associated crops with Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Burkina Faso * = P < 0.05 ** = P < 0.01 ***= P < 0.001 et ns = no significant Years crops Dates Group1 Group2 N Statistic df p.adj Significance 2022 cowpea 43DAS HH16 HH26 35 -1.51 47.53 0.137 ns HH16 SH 35 6.93 46.99 0.000 *** HH26 SH 32 5.59 34.59 0.000 *** 2023 64DAS HH16 HH26 20 -1.86 31.85 0.073 ns HH16 SH 20 4.76 36.36 0.000 *** HH26 SH 20 8.14 35.76 0.000 *** 2022 millet 57DAS HH16 HH26 35 -0.87 66.64 0.385 ns HH16 SH 35 3.56 40.29 0.000 *** HH26 SH 35 5.32 42.32 0.000 *** 2023 64DAS HH16 HH26 20 0.45 31.67 0.659 ns HH16 SH 20 2.9 36.9 0.013 * HH26 SH 20 3.13 34.92 0.011 * 2022 sorghum 57DAS HH16 HH26 35 -2.32 60.19 0.024 * HH16 SH 35 3.63 59.98 0.001 ** HH26 SH 35 5.29 48.18 0.000 *** 2023 64DAS HH16 HH26 20 -1.85 37.86 0.145 ns HH16 SH 20 1.79 36.47 0.145 ns HH26 SH 20 3.74 35.56 0.002 ** Effects of Eucalyptus on the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of associated Crops The LAI of cowpea showed a highly significant difference between HH16 and SH as well as between HH26 and SH whereas the pair HH16-HH26 did not differ in 2022 (Fig. 4 a). For millet and sorghum all pairs did not differ in 2022 except between HH16 and SH for millet (Fig. 4 a). In 2023, all pairs did not differ significantly for both cowpea and millet except sorghum (Fig. 4 b). Effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on water potential (ψ) All pairs significantly differed for basal water potential for cowpea and millet whereas none of them differed for cowpea minimum water potential (Fig. 5 ). Only HH26 and SH had differed for millet minimum water potential (Fig. 5 ). In sorghum, none of the pairs differed for both the basal and minimum water potential (Fig. 5 ). Effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on the relative chlorophyll content (RCC) of associated crops. The pairwise test indicated no significant difference for relative chlorophyll content of cowpeas among the three groups (HH16, HH26, and SH) (p > 0.05) in both 2022 (Fig. 6 a) and in 2023 (Fig. 6 b). This trend was observed for millet and sorghum in 2023. Conversely, for millet in 2022, significant differences were noted between HH16 and SH (p < 0.05) and a highly significant difference between HH26 and SH (p < 0.000); however, no significant difference was observed between HH16 and HH26 (p = 0.372) (Fig. 6 a). For sorghum in 2022, the analysis revealed a significant difference between HH16 and HH26 (p < 0.05) and a highly significant difference between HH26 and SH (p 0.05) (Fig. 6 a). Effect of Eucalyptus on the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of companion crops The PAR pairwise comparison test for 2022 data revealed no statistical difference in pairs for millet whereas only SH and HH26 differed significantly both for cowpea and sorghum (Fig. 7 a &c). In 2023, no significant differences were observed among the pairs of cowpea plots and millet (Fig. 7 a &b). In the case of sorghum, SH differed with both HH16 and HH26 while no significant difference was found between HH16 and HH26 (Fig. 7 c). In 2022, the results of pairwise test on linear electron flow (LEF) of cowpea and sorghum showed a significant difference between the HH26 and SH groups (p < 0.05) (Fig. 7 a &c). But no significant difference was observed for the rest of the pairs in 2022 (Fig. 7 a, b &c). In 2023, SH differed both from HH16 and HH26 whereas the two later did not differ significatively. The rest of the pairs did not differ (Fig. 7 a, b &c). Effect of eucalyptus on grain and straw yields of associated crops In 2022, the results of the pairwise test on grain yield showed a significant difference between all pairs for cowpea and sorghum except between HH16 and HH26 for sorghum. For millet, a significant difference was found only between HH26 and SH (Table 2 , Fig. 8 a). In 2023, a significant difference was found for all pairs of plots for cowpea, millet, and sorghum except between HH16 and HH26 for sorghum (Table 2 , Fig. 8 b). For straw yield in 2022, significant differences were noted between all pairs of plots for all crops (p 0.05) (Table 2 , Fig. 8 c). In 2023, similar results were observed, with significant differences between all pairs of plots for all crops (p 0.05) (Table 2 , Fig. 8 d). Table 2 Results of pairwise t-test for grain and straw yield of associated crops with Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Burkina Faso *= P < 0.05 ** = P < 0.01 ***= P < 0.001 and ns = no significant Years Crops Yields Group1 Group2 N Statistic df p.adj Significance 2022 Cowpea Grain yield HH16 HH26 7 -3.40 11.43 0.010 * HH16 SH 7 2.91 11.98 0.010 * HH26 SH 7 5.93 11.60 0.000 *** Straw yield HH16 HH26 7 -0.64 9.51 0.540 ns HH16 SH 7 6.64 9.10 0.000 *** HH26 SH 7 10.63 11.93 0.000 *** Millet Grain yield HH16 HH26 7 -1.52 11.97 0.240 ns HH16 SH 7 1.71 10.00 0.240 ns HH26 SH 7 3.62 10.30 0.013 * Straw yield HH16 HH26 7 -4.25 11.95 0.001 ** HH16 SH 7 5.33 8.73 0.001 ** HH26 SH 7 10.36 8.44 0.000 *** Sorghum Grain yield HH16 HH26 7 -1.35 11.70 0.200 ns HH16 SH 7 5.16 8.40 0.001 ** HH26 SH 7 6.15 7.77 0.000 *** Straw yield HH16 HH26 7 1.16 10.52 0.270 ns HH16 SH 7 10.48 11.96 0.000 *** HH26 SH 7 7.02 10.19 0.000 *** 2023 Cowpea Grain yield HH16 HH26 4 -3.25 5.33 0.021 * HH16 SH 4 5.06 5.46 0.006 ** HH26 SH 4 8.13 4.40 0.002 ** Straw yield HH16 HH26 4 -6.26 5.58 0.002 ** HH16 SH 4 4.90 5.39 0.004 ** HH26 SH 4 9.74 5.97 0.000 *** Millet Grain yield HH16 HH26 4 -3.38 3.27 0.038 * HH16 SH 4 8.93 3.62 0.004 ** HH26 SH 4 5.44 3.03 0.024 * Straw yield HH16 HH26 4 -3.72 5.98 0.020 * HH16 SH 4 2.73 5.73 0.036 * HH26 SH 4 6.97 5.86 0.001 ** Sorghum Grain yield HH16 HH26 4 -2.10 3.82 0.107 ns HH16 SH 4 7.89 4.46 0.003 ** HH26 SH 4 5.44 3.22 0.02 * Straw yield HH16 HH26 4 -1.52 6.00 0.18 ns HH16 SH 4 3.57 5.42 0.028 * HH26 SH 4 5.36 5.46 0.007 ** Discussion The results of this study indicated that, over the two-year period, crop growth and the number of leaves on crop plants under Eucalyptus camaldulensis crowns were reduced. This reduced plant growth may be attributed to the canopy's interception of light, which lowers the quality of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching the plants. As a result, the photosynthetic activity of these plants declines, leading to a reduced production of photo-assimilates necessary for growth and the development of new leaves. Additionally, the chemical interference caused by the allelopathic compounds released by E. camaldulensis can further hinder crop growth and reduce the number of leaves. Previous studies (Kaur et al., 2011 ; Belline Ndzeli et al., 2019 ; Erau, 2019 ; Rim et al., 2020 ) have shown similar results, indicating that E. camaldulensis , along with other species such as Grevillea robusta, Casuarina equisetifolia, Populus deltoides , Azadirachta indica , and Melia azedarach , release allelopathic compounds that inhibit the growth of neighboring crops including maize, wheat, and rice. Furthermore, according to Abdoulaye et al. ( 2012 ), the addition of heavy eucalyptus litter significantly reduced both the growth and yield of peanut pods. Earlier studies (Leather and Einhellig, 1988 ; Siqueira et al., 1991 ) suggested that eucalyptus might release substances that negatively impact the growth of neighboring plants. The stunted growth and reduced leaf number observed in plants near eucalyptus may also be attributed to water scarcity. Eucalyptus has a robust root system with extensive horizontal branching (Battie and Laclau, 2009; Da Silva et al., 2009 ; Laclau et al., 2013 )d camaldulensis competes directly with the roots of nearby annual crops in the upper soil layers (Borden et al., 2017 ). This competition leads to the absorption of essential minerals, which can disadvantage adjacent crops. Consequently, these crops may quickly experience water and nutrient deficits, resulting in slower growth and potentially premature leaf loss. This issue is further illustrated by the low basal water potential recorded in 2022 for crops located near E. camaldulensis stems. To cope with water limitations, plants growing in proximity to E. camaldulensis employ osmotic regulation mechanisms to lower their water potential, allowing them continued access to water. Thus, the decrease in basal water potential adversely affects other physiological parameters in these plants. The relative chlorophyll content (RCC) of sorghum and millet was significantly reduced near Eucalyptus camaldulensis compared to plants located 26 meters away from the eucalyptus in 2022. A similar trend was observed in wheat, which also showed a decrease in chlorophyll content alongside a reduction in water potential (Kara, 2023). This decrease in chlorophyll content may be attributed to allelopathic compounds. Iqbal et al. ( 2022 ) found that the presence of allelopathic compounds in poplar leaves led to a reduction in chlorophyll a and b content in wheat. Additionally, researchers such as Aissa and Radhouane ( 2014 ), Bouchemal et al. ( 2018 ), and Chafika et al. ( 2014 ) reported that phenolic compounds significantly decreased chlorophyll content in sorghum, wheat, pigeonpea, and rice, respectively. These findings can be explained by the inhibitory effect of allelopathic compounds on the activity of enzymes involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll molecules in one hand. On the other hand, the relative chlorophyll content of cowpeas slightly increased under the crown compared to outside the crown. These results are consistent with findings by Poorter et al. ( 2012 ) and Poorter and Bongers ( 2006 ), who reported that the chlorophyll concentration in certain plants increases in shaded areas. This trend is associated with greater development of the palisade parenchyma, which enhances the number of chloroplasts and the amount of photosynthetic enzymes, thereby improving light absorption under low light conditions. In the case of cowpeas, there was no significant variation in relative chlorophyll content between treatments when compared over the two years of the trial. This lack of variation may be attributed to the presence of a cuticle on cowpea leaves, which could have hindered the penetration of allelopathic compounds. Additionally, being a leguminous plant, cowpeas can fix atmospheric nitrogen to help compensate for any nitrogen deficit in the vicinity of eucalyptus trees. The absence of significant differences in the data from 2023 may be related to a drought period experienced in September, which likely adversely affected the chlorophyll content of the plants. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that in 2022, the leaf area index (LAI) of cowpea and sorghum was significantly reduced under the crown of Eucalyptus camaldulensis compared to areas outside the crown. This finding contrasts with the results of Sanou ( 2010 ), who reported higher LAI values for millet and taro grown under baobab and néré canopies. The decrease in LAI under the eucalyptus crown may be attributed to water deficits caused by this species, which affected the associated crops by lowering their water potential in that area. Consequently, the plants may have reduced the size or number of their leaves to minimize water loss (Jean et al. , 2020). In 2023, a significant reduction in LAI was observed in sorghum at the HH26 location, likely due to grazing by animals that damaged two plots located outside the crown just a week prior to measurement. Throughout both years, millet consistently exhibited higher LAI in the SH area than in HH16 and HH26. These observations suggest that during its vegetative phase, millet has developed adaptations to cope with the effects of eucalyptus, particularly the associated water deficit. Given that millet is a C4 crop, it possesses a higher photosynthetic yield and utilizes water more efficiently, allowing it to thrive despite lower water potential. For all crops, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and linear electron flow (LEF) displayed similar trends across the two years. Generally, there were no significant differences observed between HH26 and SH, nor between HH16 and SH, or between HH16 and HH26. The notable difference between SH and HH26 can be attributed to the sparse canopy of Eucalyptus camaldulensis , which intercepts some incident light compared to the areas outside the canopy that receive all available light. In this context, Martinez-Garcia and Rodriguez-Concepcion ( 2023 ) noted that certain trees can filter sunlight beneath their canopy, thereby reducing both PAR and the linear electron flux that relies on the light intensity received by plants. Regarding photosystem quantum efficiency (data not shown in this article), its maximum value was below the reference threshold for unstressed crops (0.83), as reported by Bjorkman and Demming ( 1987 ) and Sanou ( 2010 ), irrespective of the crop. These findings indicate that our crops experienced stress on the measurement day. According to Sanou ( 2010 ), this stress may have resulted from drought, high temperatures, or low light intensity. The effect of E. camaldulensis on the growth and physiological parameters of the crops affected their yield. Statistical analysis showed that grain and straw yields of all three crops were lower under E. camaldulensis (SH) than under HH16 and HH26. Thus, regardless of the crop, the lowest yields were recorded under the crown, and the highest yields were recorded outside the canopy. Abdoulaye et al. ( 2012 ) have already observed similar results and found a reduction in peanut pod yield in the vicinity of eucalyptus trees. Similarly, Jensen ( 1983 ) had already observed a decrease in cowpea yield in fields protected by eucalyptus. The water deficit caused by nearby eucalyptus would have contributed to stunted growth, with the consequent reduction in the number of leaves, which in turn reduces the leaf surface area, resulting in a decrease in the amount of light captured and CO 2 absorbed. This will ultimately lead to a reduction in the production of photo-assimilates and therefore lower yields. What's more, if the water deficit occurred during the grain filling stage, as in our study, it could directly affect final production by reducing grain weight and the size of millet ears, sorghum panicles, and cowpea pods. The eucalyptus canopy intercepts much of the photosynthetically active radiation to the detriment of crops below the crown. As a result, photosynthesis of these crops can be disrupted, resulting in lower yields. Also at the root level, eucalyptus has a fairly horizontally branching root system, which allows it to absorb water and mineral salts to the detriment of nearby crops, which could explain the low yield under the crown. Finally, the low yield under the eucalyptus crown could be explained by the probable emission of allelopathic compounds, which would have contributed to reducing the relative chlorophyll content, thereby reducing photosynthesis and hence yield. In general, the average yields in our plots are lower than the potential yields under optimal conditions for the same varieties, which are 3 t/ha for sorghum, 2 t/ha for millet, and 1.5 to 2 t/ha for cowpea (CILSS, 2017). This low yield could be explained, on the one hand, by soil poverty, as we did not apply any fertilizer, and, on the other hand, by the poor temporal distribution of rainfall, characterized by drought spells during the grain-filling period, which could reduce yields. The low yields of millet and sorghum in the first year (2022) could be justified on the one hand by the granivorous birds that attacked some ears and panicles during the grain-filling phase. On the other hand, cowpea had a higher yield than millet and sorghum, which could be explained by the fact that cowpea, as a legume, could fix atmospheric nitrogen to compensate for the nitrogen deficit of the soil, which is not the case for the two cereals. Conclusion This study has demonstrated the impact of E. camaldulensis on neighboring crops. It showed that the growth of the three crops was negatively affected in the vicinity of E. camaldulensis . Similarly, certain physiological parameters such as relative chlorophyll content, LAI, and water potential of neighboring crops were affected around this species. Thus, E. camaldulensis caused a significant decrease in stomatal conductance in sorghum, but not in cowpea. Finally, grain and straw yields of all three crops decreased as they approached the E. camaldulensis crown. Overall, this study highlighted the inhibitory effect of E. camaldulensis on certain parameters of crops. These detrimental effects could be caused either by competition or by chemical interference through the release of allelochemical compounds. These compounds affect many physiological processes in the crop’s underneath shade, for example by interfering with the action of many enzymes and hormones. In addition, the impact of E. camaldulensis on crops could be justified by competition both above ground for light and below ground for water and mineral salts. However, one of the major difficulties in this study was that in a real environment it is difficult to disentangle the effects of competition caused by exploitation from those caused by allelochemicals on under-planted crops. For this reason, trials in controlled environments would be needed to assess with certainty which of the allelopathic effects of eucalyptus has the most deleterious impact on these crops. Declarations Funding statement This research work was supported by “Projet d’Appui à l’Enseignement Supérieur/ Burkina Faso (PAES)” Acknowledgments We would also like to express our gratitude to the farmers of Gonsé for letting us use their fields and for the fruitful collaboration. Authors contributions SORO Boukary: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft BAZIE Hugues Roméo : Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original BAZIE Paulin : Methodology, Review & Editing OUEDRAOGO Sotongo Abraham : Investigation, Data curation, Writing-review SAWADOGO Boblwendé Gildas Flavien : Investigation, Data curation, Writing-review BAYALA Jules : Investigation, Methodology, Review & Editing Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper References Abdoulaye, S., Saiumldou, N. S., Georges, A. M., Mohamed, H., Ibrahima, N., & Robin, D. (2012). 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6263833","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":435812335,"identity":"8f2aef7d-073e-4e0e-905b-c7a1912dcc38","order_by":0,"name":"SORO 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3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":105265,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeekly stem evolution curves (mean standard error) of associated crops with Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Burkina Faso: a \u0026amp; b: cowpea 2002 \u0026amp; 2023; c \u0026amp; d: millet 2022 \u0026amp; 2023; e \u0026amp; f: sorghum 2022 \u0026amp; 2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6263833/v1/fe4f26893ee728a0a0b220b0.jpg"},{"id":79807566,"identity":"57cb1be7-f5a2-4f8b-8ac1-b445110f0616","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 05:43:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52049,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistogram of crop Leaf Area Index (LAI) for the years (a) 2022 and (b) 2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6263833/v1/62b063545d1ed4b04984f899.jpg"},{"id":79807570,"identity":"3a8b9772-0c90-4348-8e44-9d258af5f154","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 05:43:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51576,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistogram showing basal and minimum leaf water potentials (mean standard error) for three crops in relation to their distance from the trunk of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Burkina Faso\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6263833/v1/f293d8461922c87cac992ab0.jpg"},{"id":79808582,"identity":"7a63ba3d-7cbb-4014-a752-28bfa31581e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 06:07:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61648,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistogram showing the relative chlorophyll content (mean standard error) of associated crops with Eucalyptus camaldulensis for the years 2022 (a) and 2023 (b)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6263833/v1/8a52e4fc962c494fad244662.jpg"},{"id":79807598,"identity":"849852ac-5263-49bc-8c02-06a744f39eaa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 05:43:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":68576,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistogram of photosynthetically active radiation and linear electron flux (mean standard error) of associated crops with Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Burkina Faso: a: cowpea 2022 \u0026amp; 2023; c: millet 2022 \u0026amp; 2023; c: sorghum 2022 \u0026amp; 2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6263833/v1/f6fb3664efa544f4dd179f6d.jpg"},{"id":79807584,"identity":"ee24ed5f-d740-46ba-a6b6-c43ff1b26c5d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 05:43:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74335,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistogram of yields (mean standard error) of the 3 crops as a function of distance from the Eucalyptus camaldulensis trunk: a \u0026amp; b: cowpea 2022 \u0026amp; 2023; c \u0026amp; d: millet 2022 \u0026amp; 2023; e \u0026amp; f: sorghum 2022 \u0026amp; 2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6263833/v1/f5b6cbe3d1dc17b24b854a69.jpg"},{"id":86699420,"identity":"9249bc08-7bfc-4015-8ba1-8988ba03edae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 16:09:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2506424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6263833/v1/8fb392d2-25d6-46f4-9014-dc9dfaf57f3e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Influence of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh on the productivity and physiology of three associated crops in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, West Africa","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eVegetation greenness over the last decades for most of the Sahel has been reported and attributed to the positive rainfall recovery after several drought episodes since the 1970\u0026rsquo;. Despite this global trend, long-term assessments at finer spatial scales highlight decline in species diversity and vegetation cover in some areas (Fensholt et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). This vegetation cover reduction is driven by a combination of climate change factors coupled with human activities (Kaptu\u0026eacute; et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Leroux et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, overexploitation of forest resources by a rapidly growing population, combined with agricultural clearing, is identified as the main cause of the decline in woody species within ecosystems. In response, extensive reforestation programs have been initiated in Burkina Faso to meet the timber needs of the population and restore degraded soils. Among the species used in these reforestations\u0026rsquo; efforts are those of the genus Eucalyptus, selected for their rapid growth (Soumare et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to their practical uses, such as providing fuel and construction materials, \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e, as an exotic species, has been the subject of numerous studies worldwide (Sawadogo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Mallen-Cooper et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Medeiros et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). For instance, Goudiaby et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) showed that \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e acidifies the soil in plots under its crown in the Sahel context. Moreover, its litter decomposes slowly and changes the chemical composition of the soil (Bernhard-Reversat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Peterken, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). According to Jensen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e), cowpea yields decreased in fields protected by eucalyptus, although the limiting factor was not specified. Soumare et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) also claim that \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e litter is toxic and can alter soil pH, reducing groundnut nodulation, growth and pod yield. The species has also been blamed for causing biological homogenization in its vicinity (Tassin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, there are biochemical interferences due to the secretion and release of secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds, which, if concentrated in the medium, could disrupt the germination, growth and development of neighboring crops (Aziz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This type of interference is known as allelopathy. Allelopathic compounds affect several functional processes, such as reducing the photosynthetic activity of many target plants by altering chloroplasts (Einhellig and Souza, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e) or disrupting stomatal opening (Chiapusio and Pellissier, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Chiapusio \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2004).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Burkina Faso, it is reported that \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e plantations were estimated at 67,000 ha in 2006 and that the sale of its timber generated about 3,447,000 F CFA per ha (Sawadogo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Despite the economic importance of the species, which could justify the expansion of plantations in recent years, its introduction into agro-ecosystems is still resisted by farmers. Indeed, in agricultural fields, the association of annual crops with \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e is questioned because of its negative impact on neighboring crops (Jagger and Pender, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Bouchemal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Crops in the vicinity of \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e have reported stunted growth and low yields. As a result, the presence of \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e in agro-ecosystems in our country generates conflicting reactions and arguments that are sometimes based on prejudice rather than research-based facts (Mallen-Cooper et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Medeiros et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). One way to solve this problem is to understand the interactions that take place at the eucalyptus-soil-crop interface. Studying these relationships would provide a better understanding of the mechanisms used by \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e to affect the physiological processes of neighboring crops in our context. This would provide a better understanding of the effect of this woody plant on the physiology of underlying crops in Burkina Faso agro-ecosystems. The general objective of this study was to understand the influence of \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e on the physiology and yield of three annual crops (sorghum, millet, and cowpea). Specifically, the aim was to assess (i) the effect of \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e on the growth and yield parameters of the three crops and (ii) its influence on the physiological parameters of these three crops.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy site\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study took place in Gons\u0026eacute;, a village in the commune of Saaba, Kadiogo Province, located at 12\u0026deg;25'N latitude and 1\u0026deg;20'W longitude, with an average altitude of 200 meters (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Gons\u0026eacute; is situated approximately 25 kilometers from Ouagadougou within the Sudano-Sahelian climate zone, characterized by two distinct seasons: a rainy season from May to October and a dry season from November to April. The total annual rainfall for the two rainy seasons recorded was 939.1 mm for 2021/2022 and 816.5 mm for 2022/2023, as the National Meteorological Agency of Burkina Faso reported. The start of the 2023 rainy season was characterized by heavy rains unevenly distributed over time, resulting in pockets of drought. The soils in this region are classified as tropical ferruginous with variable characteristics, predominantly sandy-clay or gravelly. These soils are generally poor, exhibiting low agronomic potential. Many of the soil in Gons\u0026eacute; belong to the lithic soil family on lateritic cuirass as well as leached tropical ferruginous soils. The local vegetation is of the savanna type, primarily dominated by shrubs and trees, with gallery forests lining the watercourses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePlant material and tree selection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe plant material consists of the following varieties: millet (\u003cem\u003ePennisetum glaucum\u003c/em\u003e (L.) R. Br.) of the \u003cem\u003eMISARI 1\u003c/em\u003e variety, sorghum (\u003cem\u003eSorghum bicolor\u003c/em\u003e (L.)) of the \u003cem\u003eSoumbatimi\u003c/em\u003e variety, and cowpea (\u003cem\u003eVigna unguiculata\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Walp.) of the \u003cem\u003eTiligr\u0026eacute;\u003c/em\u003e variety. These varieties are the most used by farmers in the study area. The \u003cem\u003eTiligr\u0026eacute;\u003c/em\u003e cowpea variety was chosen for this study due to its drought and striga tolerance. It is well-adapted to the agroclimatic zone, which receives rainfall ranging from 400 to 900 mm annually. It has a semi-erect growth habit and a life cycle of 70 days. The \u003cem\u003eSoumbatimi\u003c/em\u003e sorghum variety is characterized by moderate resistance to striga and low photosensitivity, yielding good grain and fodder outputs. Its growing cycle is approximately 110 days, and it is suited for the Sudano-Sahelian zone, which experiences rainfall between 600 and 900 mm per year. The \u003cem\u003eMISARI 1\u003c/em\u003e millet variety thrives in rainfall conditions of 600 to 900 mm. It has a growing cycle of 100 to 105 days and demonstrates good tolerance to diseases such as powdery mildew, smut, and ergot. For eucalyptus, 21 plants were randomly selected in 2022, and 12 in 2023, distributing them among the farms. The selection criteria included the plants' health, crown diameter, and the requirement that they be at least 40 meters away from other trees. The average crown diameter of the selected plants was 6 meters. The mean stem diameter at a height of 1.30 meters was 96.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.96 cm, with a minimum of 46 cm and a maximum of 181 cm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental design utilized a randomized complete block layout with seven replications for each crop, resulting in a total of 21 trees in 2022. In 2023, there were four replications per crop, which yielded a total of 12 trees. Each tree served as one replication. Each eucalyptus tree was associated with three rectangular plots of 60 m\u0026sup2; (10 m x 6 m). These included one plot located directly beneath the tree crown (SH), one plot centered 16 m from the tree trunk (HH16), and a control plot situated 26 m from the trunk (HH26) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The rectangular shape of the plots was chosen to accommodate the varying sizes of eucalyptus crowns, as well as to consider the soil heterogeneity within the study area. A transect approach, as described by Bayala et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), was implemented, primarily following a north-south direction to minimize the impact of morning and evening shadows. The control plot (HH26) was selected to ensure it was not influenced by shade from other woody plants or from the eucalyptus plant being studied at any time of day. Consequently, some plots were slightly off from the ideal north-south orientation. Each plot was separated from the next by 1 m (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The treatments consisted of these three locations based on their distance from the tree trunk. This design allowed for the creation of 63 elementary plots in 2022 (3 crops x 3 distances x 7 trees) and 36 plots in 2023 (3 crops x 3 distances x 4 trees).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eField management and data collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eField management\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter a useful rainfall of at least 20 mm, the ridges were plowed with animal traction, and the plots were staked. Sowing took place in the second decade of July 2022 and the third decade of the same month in 2023 due late start of rainy season. Millet and sorghum were sown at a spacing of 0.8 m between rows and 0.6 m between planting pits, while cowpea was planted at 0.8 m X 0.4 m. Demariage was performed to leave only two plants per poquet two weeks after emergence. Two manual weeding operations were carried out. The first took place between 15 and 20 days after emergence and the second 3 weeks after the first. In each plot, five (5) plants on the diagonals were selected and marked for observation and measurement of the various parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasurement of growth and yield parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth parameters were measured throughout the plant cycle. For the sampled plants, the number of green leaves was counted, and stem height was measured with a tape measure. These measurements were taken weekly, starting from the 15th day after emergence until flowering, which occurred 57 days after sowing (DAS) for sorghum and millet. For cowpea, height measurements and leaf counting were halted at 43 DAS, which corresponds to the point when 50% of the cowpea plants were in flower in 2022. In 2023, height measurement and leaf counting did not start 15 days after sowing due to a drought period that affected seedling emergence leading to resowing in some plots. This delay in data collection compared to 2022 is explained by these circumstances. Measurements began 43 days after sowing, even though some cowpea plants had already started flowering. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) was measured at five locations within the plot using a PL-80 AccuPAR ceptometer (Decagon Devices, Inc., METER Group) equipped with an external PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) sensor. Measurements were conducted between 12 p.m. and 2 p.m. on clear, sunny days. The average LAI value for each plot was then calculated from the five individual measurements taken at different positions. In 2022, LAI measurements were performed for all three treatments (SH, HH16, and HH26) across all plots. Due to the distance between the fields where our plots are located, in 2022, it was difficult to complete the LAI measurement before sunset. Therefore, after analysing the LAI data for 2022, we found that there was no significant difference between the LAI at HH16 and that at HH26. Therefore, in 2023 we decided to measure LAI only at SH and HH26.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eYield Evaluation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding yield parameters, a complete harvest was conducted in each plot at the end of the crop cycle. After harvesting, the pods, ears, and panicles were air-dried and weighed before being threshed and sifted to obtain the grains. The stalks were cut at the collar, collected in piles, dried, and then weighed. To calculate the yields, the dry masses obtained from each plot were converted into kilograms per hectare (kg/ha).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasurement of physiological parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysiological parameters were measured at a single time point: 52 days after sowing in 2022 and 57 days after sowing in 2023. Measurements focused on the third leaf from the top of five selected sorghum and millet plants per plot. For cowpea, measurements were taken from the fully expanded, sun-exposed, and disease-free leaves of each selected plant. Since these measurements were non-destructive, they were conducted directly on the leaves while still attached to the plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorophyll content (RCC) was measured using a SPAD-502Plus (Minolta), linear electron flow (LEF), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were assessed using a PhotosynQ MultispeQ (MultispeQ V2.0). This device includes sensors for relative humidity and temperature, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e levels, and red-green-blue-white (RGBW) light, manufactured by AMS-TAOS, Inc. (Plano, USA) (Kuhlgert et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Measurements were taken once between 12 p.m. and 2 p.m. in 2022 and at similar times in 2023. The five selected plants in each sample were analysed per plot. Leaf stomatal conductance was measured using an AP4 porometer (Delta-T Devices Ltd, Cambridge, UK), which was calibrated with a calibration plate before each series of measurements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDestructive measurements of minimum and base water potentials were conducted after all other parameters were measured. Minimum water potential was recorded in the field between 12 p.m. to 2 p.m., while base water potential was measured between 5 a.m. to 6 a.m., just before sunrise, in 2022. These measurements were carried out using a membrane hydraulic press (Campbell J14 Instruments) and reported in bars before conversion to megapascals for calculations. The measurements were taken from the third leaf from the top of the stem for sorghum and millet, and from the fully expanded leaf for cowpea. Each leaf was cut into three pieces, which were immediately placed in the press to determine the water potential. The minimum water potential of each plant was calculated as the average of these three values, while the minimum for each plot was the average of the five measurements taken from the five plants of the selected crops. To minimize evaporation after leaf removal, each measurement was performed within two minutes. If this two-minute time limit could not be met, the leaves were placed in plastic bags immediately after harvesting. Due to equipment availability, water potential measurements were not conducted in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were recorded using Excel spreadsheets. For physiological parameters, the data from the 5 plants per plot were used to calculate the mean, which represents the plot situation. Repeated data of leaf number and plant height were averaged per measurement date and used for growth plots. However, the pairwise t-test was performed only at the last measurement date. The other dates show the evolution of the parameter\u0026rsquo;s height and number of leaves on the yield curves. Each crop was considered a separate experiment, so no comparisons were made between them. Data were also analysed by year. All data were analysed using R software version 4.3.0 (2023-04-21ucrt), taking into account the distance factor (SH, HH16, HH26) of the plots from the eucalyptus trunk. In the experimental design used in this study, the allocation of plots according to distance from the eucalyptus trunk was not completely random, which made randomization difficult. The systematic arrangement of plots does not allow the determination of a valid estimate of error, as neighboring plots could have correlated residuals (Wilson \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 1998; Sanou, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Bayala et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, variations in the data as a function of distance from the eucalyptus trunk were compared using a pairwise t-test at the 5% significance level. The t-tests were performed by formulating the hypothesis (H0) \"the difference between the two plots compared is zero\" and this hypothesis is rejected if the p-value is less than 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffect of Eucalyptus on Height of Associated Crops\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor plant height at the different dates, particularly for 43DAS and 63 DAS, only HH16 and HH26 did not differ significantly during the two years (2022 and 2023) for both cowpea and millet (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea, b, c \u0026amp; d). For sorghum, only SH and HH26 differed significantly in 2023 as opposed to the rest of the pairs (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ee \u0026amp; f).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults of pairwise t-test for height of associated crops with Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Burkina Faso\u003c/b\u003e * = P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 ** = P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 ***= P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 et ns\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no significant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep.adj\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2022\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecowpea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2023\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2022\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emillet\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2023\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.659\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.013\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2022\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003esorghum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.024\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2023\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffects of Eucalyptus on the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of associated Crops\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe LAI of cowpea showed a highly significant difference between HH16 and SH as well as between HH26 and SH whereas the pair HH16-HH26 did not differ in 2022 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea). For millet and sorghum all pairs did not differ in 2022 except between HH16 and SH for millet (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea). In 2023, all pairs did not differ significantly for both cowpea and millet except sorghum (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on water potential (ψ)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll pairs significantly differed for basal water potential for cowpea and millet whereas none of them differed for cowpea minimum water potential (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Only HH26 and SH had differed for millet minimum water potential (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In sorghum, none of the pairs differed for both the basal and minimum water potential (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEffects of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eon the relative chlorophyll content (RCC) of associated crops.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pairwise test indicated no significant difference for relative chlorophyll content of cowpeas among the three groups (HH16, HH26, and SH) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in both 2022 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea) and in 2023 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb). This trend was observed for millet and sorghum in 2023. Conversely, for millet in 2022, significant differences were noted between HH16 and SH (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and a highly significant difference between HH26 and SH (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000); however, no significant difference was observed between HH16 and HH26 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.372) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea). For sorghum in 2022, the analysis revealed a significant difference between HH16 and HH26 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and a highly significant difference between HH26 and SH (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), but no significant difference between HH16 and SH (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffect of Eucalyptus on the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of companion crops\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PAR pairwise comparison test for 2022 data revealed no statistical difference in pairs for millet whereas only SH and HH26 differed significantly both for cowpea and sorghum (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea \u0026amp;c). In 2023, no significant differences were observed among the pairs of cowpea plots and millet (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea \u0026amp;b). In the case of sorghum, SH differed with both HH16 and HH26 while no significant difference was found between HH16 and HH26 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ec).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2022, the results of pairwise test on linear electron flow (LEF) of cowpea and sorghum showed a significant difference between the HH26 and SH groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea \u0026amp;c). But no significant difference was observed for the rest of the pairs in 2022 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea, b \u0026amp;c). In 2023, SH differed both from HH16 and HH26 whereas the two later did not differ significatively. The rest of the pairs did not differ (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea, b \u0026amp;c).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEffect of eucalyptus on grain and straw yields of associated crops\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2022, the results of the pairwise test on grain yield showed a significant difference between all pairs for cowpea and sorghum except between HH16 and HH26 for sorghum. For millet, a significant difference was found only between HH26 and SH (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ea). In 2023, a significant difference was found for all pairs of plots for cowpea, millet, and sorghum except between HH16 and HH26 for sorghum (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eb). For straw yield in 2022, significant differences were noted between all pairs of plots for all crops (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with the exception between HH26 and SH in cowpea and sorghum (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ec). In 2023, similar results were observed, with significant differences between all pairs of plots for all crops (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), except between HH26 and HH16 for sorghum (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ed).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults of pairwise t-test for grain and straw yield of associated crops with Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Burkina Faso\u003c/b\u003e *= P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 ** = P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 ***= P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 and ns\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no significant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYields\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep.adj\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"17\" rowspan=\"18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2022\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCowpea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.010\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.010\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStraw yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMillet\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.013\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStraw yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSorghum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStraw yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"17\" rowspan=\"18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2023\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCowpea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStraw yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMillet\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.038\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.024\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStraw yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.020\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.036\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSorghum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStraw yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.028\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHH26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study indicated that, over the two-year period, crop growth and the number of leaves on crop plants under \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e crowns were reduced. This reduced plant growth may be attributed to the canopy's interception of light, which lowers the quality of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching the plants. As a result, the photosynthetic activity of these plants declines, leading to a reduced production of photo-assimilates necessary for growth and the development of new leaves. Additionally, the chemical interference caused by the allelopathic compounds released by \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e can further hinder crop growth and reduce the number of leaves. Previous studies (Kaur et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Belline Ndzeli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Erau, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Rim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) have shown similar results, indicating that \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e, along with other species such as \u003cem\u003eGrevillea robusta, Casuarina equisetifolia, Populus deltoides\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eMelia azedarach\u003c/em\u003e, release allelopathic compounds that inhibit the growth of neighboring crops including maize, wheat, and rice. Furthermore, according to Abdoulaye et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), the addition of heavy eucalyptus litter significantly reduced both the growth and yield of peanut pods. Earlier studies (Leather and Einhellig, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Siqueira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that eucalyptus might release substances that negatively impact the growth of neighboring plants. The stunted growth and reduced leaf number observed in plants near eucalyptus may also be attributed to water scarcity. Eucalyptus has a robust root system with extensive horizontal branching (Battie \u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e Laclau, 2009; Da Silva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Laclau et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e)d \u003cem\u003ecamaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e competes directly with the roots of nearby annual crops in the upper soil layers (Borden et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). This competition leads to the absorption of essential minerals, which can disadvantage adjacent crops. Consequently, these crops may quickly experience water and nutrient deficits, resulting in slower growth and potentially premature leaf loss. This issue is further illustrated by the low basal water potential recorded in 2022 for crops located near \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e stems. To cope with water limitations, plants growing in proximity to \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e employ osmotic regulation mechanisms to lower their water potential, allowing them continued access to water. Thus, the decrease in basal water potential adversely affects other physiological parameters in these plants. The relative chlorophyll content (RCC) of sorghum and millet was significantly reduced near \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e compared to plants located 26 meters away from the eucalyptus in 2022. A similar trend was observed in wheat, which also showed a decrease in chlorophyll content alongside a reduction in water potential (Kara, 2023). This decrease in chlorophyll content may be attributed to allelopathic compounds. Iqbal et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) found that the presence of allelopathic compounds in poplar leaves led to a reduction in chlorophyll a and b content in wheat. Additionally, researchers such as Aissa and Radhouane (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), Bouchemal et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), and Chafika et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) reported that phenolic compounds significantly decreased chlorophyll content in sorghum, wheat, pigeonpea, and rice, respectively. These findings can be explained by the inhibitory effect of allelopathic compounds on the activity of enzymes involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll molecules in one hand. On the other hand, the relative chlorophyll content of cowpeas slightly increased under the crown compared to outside the crown. These results are consistent with findings by Poorter et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) and Poorter and Bongers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), who reported that the chlorophyll concentration in certain plants increases in shaded areas. This trend is associated with greater development of the palisade parenchyma, which enhances the number of chloroplasts and the amount of photosynthetic enzymes, thereby improving light absorption under low light conditions. In the case of cowpeas, there was no significant variation in relative chlorophyll content between treatments when compared over the two years of the trial. This lack of variation may be attributed to the presence of a cuticle on cowpea leaves, which could have hindered the penetration of allelopathic compounds. Additionally, being a leguminous plant, cowpeas can fix atmospheric nitrogen to help compensate for any nitrogen deficit in the vicinity of eucalyptus trees. The absence of significant differences in the data from 2023 may be related to a drought period experienced in September, which likely adversely affected the chlorophyll content of the plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the statistical analysis indicated that in 2022, the leaf area index (LAI) of cowpea and sorghum was significantly reduced under the crown of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e compared to areas outside the crown. This finding contrasts with the results of Sanou (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), who reported higher LAI values for millet and taro grown under baobab and n\u0026eacute;r\u0026eacute; canopies. The decrease in LAI under the eucalyptus crown may be attributed to water deficits caused by this species, which affected the associated crops by lowering their water potential in that area. Consequently, the plants may have reduced the size or number of their leaves to minimize water loss (Jean \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020). In 2023, a significant reduction in LAI was observed in sorghum at the HH26 location, likely due to grazing by animals that damaged two plots located outside the crown just a week prior to measurement. Throughout both years, millet consistently exhibited higher LAI in the SH area than in HH16 and HH26. These observations suggest that during its vegetative phase, millet has developed adaptations to cope with the effects of eucalyptus, particularly the associated water deficit. Given that millet is a C4 crop, it possesses a higher photosynthetic yield and utilizes water more efficiently, allowing it to thrive despite lower water potential.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor all crops, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and linear electron flow (LEF) displayed similar trends across the two years. Generally, there were no significant differences observed between HH26 and SH, nor between HH16 and SH, or between HH16 and HH26. The notable difference between SH and HH26 can be attributed to the sparse canopy of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e, which intercepts some incident light compared to the areas outside the canopy that receive all available light. In this context, Martinez-Garcia and Rodriguez-Concepcion (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) noted that certain trees can filter sunlight beneath their canopy, thereby reducing both PAR and the linear electron flux that relies on the light intensity received by plants. Regarding photosystem quantum efficiency (data not shown in this article), its maximum value was below the reference threshold for unstressed crops (0.83), as reported by Bjorkman and Demming (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e) and Sanou (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), irrespective of the crop. These findings indicate that our crops experienced stress on the measurement day. According to Sanou (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), this stress may have resulted from drought, high temperatures, or low light intensity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e on the growth and physiological parameters of the crops affected their yield. Statistical analysis showed that grain and straw yields of all three crops were lower under \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e (SH) than under HH16 and HH26. Thus, regardless of the crop, the lowest yields were recorded under the crown, and the highest yields were recorded outside the canopy. Abdoulaye et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) have already observed similar results and found a reduction in peanut pod yield in the vicinity of eucalyptus trees. Similarly, Jensen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e) had already observed a decrease in cowpea yield in fields protected by eucalyptus. The water deficit caused by nearby eucalyptus would have contributed to stunted growth, with the consequent reduction in the number of leaves, which in turn reduces the leaf surface area, resulting in a decrease in the amount of light captured and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e absorbed. This will ultimately lead to a reduction in the production of photo-assimilates and therefore lower yields. What's more, if the water deficit occurred during the grain filling stage, as in our study, it could directly affect final production by reducing grain weight and the size of millet ears, sorghum panicles, and cowpea pods. The eucalyptus canopy intercepts much of the photosynthetically active radiation to the detriment of crops below the crown. As a result, photosynthesis of these crops can be disrupted, resulting in lower yields. Also at the root level, eucalyptus has a fairly horizontally branching root system, which allows it to absorb water and mineral salts to the detriment of nearby crops, which could explain the low yield under the crown. Finally, the low yield under the eucalyptus crown could be explained by the probable emission of allelopathic compounds, which would have contributed to reducing the relative chlorophyll content, thereby reducing photosynthesis and hence yield. In general, the average yields in our plots are lower than the potential yields under optimal conditions for the same varieties, which are 3 t/ha for sorghum, 2 t/ha for millet, and 1.5 to 2 t/ha for cowpea (CILSS, 2017). This low yield could be explained, on the one hand, by soil poverty, as we did not apply any fertilizer, and, on the other hand, by the poor temporal distribution of rainfall, characterized by drought spells during the grain-filling period, which could reduce yields. The low yields of millet and sorghum in the first year (2022) could be justified on the one hand by the granivorous birds that attacked some ears and panicles during the grain-filling phase. On the other hand, cowpea had a higher yield than millet and sorghum, which could be explained by the fact that cowpea, as a legume, could fix atmospheric nitrogen to compensate for the nitrogen deficit of the soil, which is not the case for the two cereals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study has demonstrated the impact of \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e on neighboring crops. It showed that the growth of the three crops was negatively affected in the vicinity of \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e. Similarly, certain physiological parameters such as relative chlorophyll content, LAI, and water potential of neighboring crops were affected around this species. Thus, \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e caused a significant decrease in stomatal conductance in sorghum, but not in cowpea. Finally, grain and straw yields of all three crops decreased as they approached the \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e crown. Overall, this study highlighted the inhibitory effect of \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e on certain parameters of crops. These detrimental effects could be caused either by competition or by chemical interference through the release of allelochemical compounds. These compounds affect many physiological processes in the crop\u0026rsquo;s underneath shade, for example by interfering with the action of many enzymes and hormones. In addition, the impact of \u003cem\u003eE. camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e on crops could be justified by competition both above ground for light and below ground for water and mineral salts. However, one of the major difficulties in this study was that in a real environment it is difficult to disentangle the effects of competition caused by exploitation from those caused by allelochemicals on under-planted crops. For this reason, trials in controlled environments would be needed to assess with certainty which of the allelopathic effects of eucalyptus has the most deleterious impact on these crops.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research work was supported by \u0026ldquo;Projet d\u0026rsquo;Appui \u0026agrave; l\u0026rsquo;Enseignement Sup\u0026eacute;rieur/ Burkina Faso (PAES)\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would also like to express our gratitude to the farmers of Gons\u0026eacute; for letting us use their fields and for the fruitful collaboration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSORO Boukary:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, Funding acquisition, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBAZIE Hugues Rom\u0026eacute;o\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing \u0026ndash; original\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBAZIE Paulin\u003c/strong\u003e: Methodology, Review \u0026amp; Editing\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOUEDRAOGO Sotongo Abraham\u003c/strong\u003e: Investigation, Data curation, Writing-review\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSAWADOGO Boblwend\u0026eacute; Gildas Flavien\u003c/strong\u003e: Investigation, Data curation, Writing-review\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBAYALA Jules\u003c/strong\u003e: Investigation, Methodology, Review \u0026amp; Editing\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdoulaye, S., Saiumldou, N. S., Georges, A. M., Mohamed, H., Ibrahima, N., \u0026amp; Robin, D. (2012). Effect of eucalyptus (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e) and maize (\u003cem\u003eZea may\u003c/em\u003es) litter on growth, development, mycorrhizal colonization and root nodulation of Arachis hypogaea. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(93), 15994\u0026ndash;16002. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb12.1751\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAziz, M. M., Ahmad, A., Ullah, E., Kamal, A., Nawaz, M. Y., \u0026amp; Ali, H. H. (2021). Plant Allelopathy in Agriculture and Its Environmental and Functional Mechanisms: A Review. International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture, 5(4), 623\u0026ndash;626. https://doi.org/10.26855/ijfsa.2021.12.009\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBattie Laclau, P., \u0026amp; Laclau, J. P. (2009). Growth of the whole root system for a plant crop of sugarcane under rainfed and irrigated environments in Brazil. Field Crops Research, 114(3), 351\u0026ndash;360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.09.004\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBayala, J., Sanou, J., Teklehaimanot, Z., Ouedraogo, S. J., Kalinganire, A., Coe, R., \u0026amp; Noordwijk, M. Van. (2015). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Advances in knowledge of processes in soil tree crop interactions in parkland systems in the West African Sahel : A review. \u0026ldquo;Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,\u0026rdquo; 205, 25\u0026ndash;35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.02.018\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBelline Ndzeli et al. (2019). Profils chimiques communs des huiles essentielles d\u0026rsquo;\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus citriodora\u003c/em\u003e hook. (Myrtaceae) et de \u003cem\u003eCymbopogon nardus\u003c/em\u003e (L.) rendle (Poaceae) du Congo-Brazzaville. 363\u0026ndash;373. American Journal of Innovative Research and Applied Sciences. 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Leaf traits are good predictors of plant performance across 53 rainforest species. Ecology, 87(7), 1733\u0026ndash;1743. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1733:LTAGPO]2.0.CO;2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRadhouane, L. \u0026amp; Aissa, N. (2014). Importance du statut hydrique et de l\u0026rsquo;indice chlorophyllien de la feuille drapeau du sorgho. 10(1), 111\u0026ndash;117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jab.v74i1.6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRim, M., Khaoula, B., \u0026amp; Rania, B. (2020). Etude des propri\u0026eacute;t\u0026eacute;s physicochimiques et biologiques d \u0026rsquo;\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus citriodora\u003c/em\u003e Hook Master, Universit\u0026eacute; des Fr\u0026egrave;res Mentouri Constantine, Algeria\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSanou. (2010). Optimizing the productivity of agroforestry parkland systems in West Africa using shade-tolerant annual crops thesis By School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSawadogo. (2006). Adapter les approches de l\u0026rsquo;am\u0026eacute;nagement durable des for\u0026ecirc;ts s\u0026egrave;ches aux aptitudes sociales, \u0026eacute;conomiques et technologiques en Afrique. Le cas du Burkina Faso. ISBN 979-24-4674-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSiqueira, J. O., Safir, G. R., \u0026amp; Nair, M. G. (1991). Stimulation of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhiza formation and growth of white clover by flavonoid compounds. New Phytologist, 118(1), 87\u0026ndash;93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00568.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSoumare, A., Diedhiou, A. G., \u0026amp; Kane, A. (2017). Les plantations d \u0026rsquo; Eucalyptus au Sahel : distribution , importance socio- \u0026eacute;conomique et inqui\u0026eacute;tude \u0026eacute;cologique Eucalyptus plantations in the Sahel : distribution , socio-economic importance and ecological concern. 11(December), 3005\u0026ndash;3017. DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v11i6.36\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSoumare, A., Diop, T., Lahcen, O., Bassene, G., Duponnois, R., \u0026amp; Ndoye, I. (2013). Impact de \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e sur la diversit\u0026eacute; des rhizobiums associ\u0026eacute;s \u0026agrave; \u003cem\u003eAcacia senegal\u003c/em\u003e et \u003cem\u003eA. seyal\u003c/em\u003e au S\u0026eacute;n\u0026eacute;gal. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 67(0), 5183. https://doi.org/10.4314/jab.v67i0.95038\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTassin, J., Missamba-Lola, A. P., \u0026amp; Marien, J. N. (2011). Biodiversity of eucalyptus plantations. Bois et Forets Des Tropiques, 65(309), 27\u0026ndash;35. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2011.309.a20463\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWilson, B., and T. (1998). Interactions between n\u0026eacute;r\u0026eacute; (\u003cem\u003eParkia biglobosa\u003c/em\u003e) and under-planted sorghum in a parkland system in Burkina Faso. 34, 85\u0026ndash;99. Expl Agric. (1998), volume 34, pp. 85\u0026plusmn;99\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"agroforestry-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agfo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Agroforestry Systems](http://link.springer.com/journal/10457)","snPcode":"10457","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10457/3","title":"Agroforestry Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Allelopathy, grain yield, tree-crop interaction","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6263833/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6263833/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh is an exotic woody species found in the agroecosystems of the Sahel, often growing alongside annual crops. However, there is limited documentation regarding its ecological impacts on these crops. This study aims to assess the influence of eucalyptus on crop physiological traits and yield. To accomplish this, on-farm experiments were conducted over two years (2022 and 2023), employing a randomized complete block design with seven replications for cowpea, millet, and sorghum. The experimental design included three plot locations based on their proximity to the eucalyptus trunk: one directly under the crown, another centered at 16 m, and a control plot situated 26 m away. Various parameters, such as height, relative chlorophyll content, leaf area index, photosynthetically active radiation, and yields of grain straw, were measured across all plots and years. Results from pairwise tests indicated significant differences among the plots for most parameters studied. Notably, plant height significantly decreased in proximity to eucalyptus (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000) throughout the two years. For relative chlorophyll content, the millet and sorghum in 2022 presented significant differences between plots located at 26 m and plots under the crown. The photosynthetically active radiation indicated significant differences between the plot located at 26 m and the plot under the crown in cowpea and sorghum (2022) and sorghum (2023). Additionally, grain and straw yields were significantly lower near the eucalyptus in both years (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). These findings suggest potential ecological risks associated with growing certain crops close to eucalyptus in the Sahel context.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Influence of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh on the productivity and physiology of three associated crops in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, West Africa","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-03 05:42:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6263833/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-04-16T14:19:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-09T15:45:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-07T09:41:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-05T23:35:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"131710159862933882591407966760271417796","date":"2025-03-29T23:31:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"206115377071731070122942415982957521930","date":"2025-03-29T13:36:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"31780810575828316810840546983167793105","date":"2025-03-27T13:38:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"217853844458338064104589719076253747289","date":"2025-03-27T10:44:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"94792285476406419492661162130473421226","date":"2025-03-26T11:09:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-25T09:51:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-24T11:25:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-21T02:27:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Agroforestry Systems","date":"2025-03-19T18:06:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"agroforestry-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agfo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Agroforestry Systems](http://link.springer.com/journal/10457)","snPcode":"10457","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10457/3","title":"Agroforestry Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0f4cf768-ddae-4d26-ae69-518a9cc0fef0","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-14T16:02:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6263833","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-025-01247-z","journal":{"identity":"agroforestry-systems","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Agroforestry Systems"},"publishedOn":"2025-07-07 15:57:38","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 7th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-03 05:42:58","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10457-025-01247-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-025-01247-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6263833","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6263833","identity":"rs-6263833","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}