Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Pharmacological Evaluation of Passiflora foetida L. Leaf Extract Found in the Vicinity of Lonar Lake: A Distinctive Saline Crater Lake in India

Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Pharmacological Evaluation of Passiflora foetida L. Leaf Extract Found in the Vicinity of Lonar Lake: A Distinctive Saline Crater Lake in India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Pharmacological Evaluation of Passiflora foetida L. Leaf Extract Found in the Vicinity of Lonar Lake: A Distinctive Saline Crater Lake in India Sharmishtha Doifode, Sunita Bhosle This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6833796/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Lonar Lake Distinctive Saline Crater Lake Located in Maharashtra's Buldhana district, India, Crater Lake is encircled by thick woodlands containing numerous plants with medicinal properties. Passiflora foetida L. commonly known as stinking passion flower has been used as traditional medicine in treating diseases such as throat infection, giddiness, liver disorder, diarrhea, tumor, nervous disorder, anxiety, sleep disorders, skin infections, hysteria and asthma. The present study was carried out to assess phytoconstituents and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of Passiflora foetida L. The Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Passiflora foetida L. leaves were subjected to GC-MS analysis. The Ethyl acetate extracts yielded thirty-four phytochemical compounds, while the ethanol extracts revealed twenty-eight phytochemical compounds upon analysis. The compounds were identified by comparing their retention time and peak area with that of the literature and by interpretation of mass spectra. Using the agar disc diffusion method, antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated for extracts obtained using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water as solvents. The phytoconstituents of Passiflora foetida L. may have other medicinal uses beyond its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, such as lowering the use of synthetic medications. GC-MS Phytochemicals Lonar Lake Passiflora foetida L Antibacterial activity Antifungal activity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Meteor impact craters like Barringer Crater in Arizona United States and the Lonar Crater in Buldhana District of Maharashtra, India are rare on Earth‘s surface [1, 2]. Lonar Lake is a salt water lake created due to the impact of massive meteorites. It is a unique saline water lake in Asia. It is situated in Buldhana district of Maharashtra (India). The Lake is surrounded by the dense forest. It preserves innumerable valuable plants with medicinal values [3]. Plants are a great source of medications, especially in traditional medicine, that can be utilized to treat a wide range of diseases [4]. About 90% of prescribed medicines are plant-based in the traditional practice of Unani, Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and Siddha in India [5].It has been observed that the therapeutic impact of medicinal plants is related to the existence of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenolic and other organic compounds, which are synthesized in all parts of the plant [6]. The presence of these compounds increases the potential for antidiabetic [7], antioxidant [8], anti-inflammatory [9, 10], antimicrobial activities [11, 12], anti-urease [13] of medicinal plants in a lesser or larger capacity [14]. Passiflora foetida L. popularly known as striking passionflower [15] is a particularly renowned species belonging to the genus Passiflora , with tremendous ethnobotanical applications. Various studies conducted on Passiflora foetida L. have revealed extracts of the plant to possess numerous promising bioactivities such as antidiarrhoeal, antiulcerogenic, analgesic, antidepressant anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, hepaprotective, anticancer, antibacterial and antinociceptive [16–21]. The Passiflora foetida L. Leaf extracts holds significant pharmacological value. In order to encourage industrialization and modernization, this study focuses on the GC-MS study of the phytochemicals present in the leaves and their respective fractions. Subsequently, in vitro assays will be conducted to determine the different extracts that predominantly exhibits antimicrobial activity for the first time. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a system that unites the characteristics of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine the different substances present in a given test sample [22, 23]. This study screened phytoconstituents present in the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts by GC-MS analysis. The antimicrobial potency of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water was evaluated using the disc-diffusion assay assessing the antimicrobial efficiency [24]. The leaves were collected from Lonar Lake area Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods Sample collection The leaf samples were collected in rainy season July 2023 from the Lonar Lake Forest geographical locality (Latitude: 19.970386 and Longitude: 76.512862), District Buldhana, Maharashtra, India, identified and samples deposited at the Department of Botany Herbarium Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada, University Chh.Sambhajinagar (Accession no.-01156). The plant samples were shade-dried, ground to powder, and stored at −4 ̊C for future use. Preparation of Extracts 5g of leaf sample powder were sequentially extracted with solvents namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol by soxhelt apparatus [25, 26]. Water extract was prepared by maceration process, leaf powder was soaked in water for 72 Hrs with occasional shaking filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper. Crude filtrate extract was used for preliminary phytochemical study. Phytochemical Analysis Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of the Extracts Phytochemical examination of n-hexane, Ethyl acetate, Acetone, Ethanol, Methanol extracts was performed using established protocols to detect the active components present in the extracts. Alkaloids, saponins, phenols, tannins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids, and steroids were tested [27–30]. Test for Alkaloids (Wagner’s Reagent Test) [31] Plant extracts were diluted in HCl and filtered. Wagner’s reagent (which is an iodine solution in potassium iodide) was applied to filtrates. The presence of alkaloids in the extracts was confirmed by a reddish-brown precipitate. Phenol Test (Ferric Chloride Test) [32] The extract (50 mg) was dissolved in 5 mL of purified water. A few drops of neutral 5% ferric chloride solution were added to these. The presence of phenolic compounds was indicated by bluish green or black coloration. Test for Saponins (Foam Test) [33] The crude extract was mixed with 5 mL of distilled water in a test tube and was shake vigorously for 30 seconds. The formation of stable foam for 10 min indicated the presence of saponins. Test for Terpenoids [34] The crude extract was dissolved in 2 mL of chloroform and dried by evaporation. To this, 2 mL of the concentrated sulfuric acid was added. Formation of a reddish-brown coloration at the interface indicated the presence of terpenoids. Test for Tannins (Ferric Chloride Test) [35] Each plant extract was stirred with 1 mL of distilled water, after being filtered, ferric chloride reagent was added to the filtrate. A blue-black, green, or blue-green precipitate indicated the presence of tannins. Test for Steroids [36] To each of the four plant extracts, 10 mL of chloroform was added. 1 mL of acetic anhydride was added to these extracts, followed by 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid along the walls of the test tube. The appearance of blue green color at the junction indicated the presence of steroids. Test for Flavonoids (Alkaline Reagent Test) [37] The extract was treated with 2–3 drops of Sodium hydroxide solution. Acute yellow color development showed the presence of flavonoids, which turned colorless when some drops of sulfuric acid were added. Preliminary phytochemical screening shown in Table 1. Table 1 . Preliminary phytochemical screening of Passiflora foetida L leaves Sr.No Phytoconstituents n-hexane Ethyl Acetate Acetone Ethanol Methanol Water 1 Alkaloids + + - + + + 2 Carbohydrates - + + + + + 3 Glycosides - - - - - - 4 Flavonoids + + + + - + 5 Phenols & Tannins + + + + + - 6 Steroids + - - + - - 7 Terpenoids - + + + + - 8 Saponins - - - + - - 9 Proteins + + + + - + 10 Amino Acids + + - + + - Antimicrobial Assay Microbial culture Four bacterial strains were used for assay, including two Gram positive bacteria, viz . Bacillus subtilis (NCIM 2250) and Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM 2079) and two Gram negative bacteria, viz. Salmonella typhimurium (MTCC 3224) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (NCTC 13368). Fungi were used as Penicillium chrysogenum (ATCC 10106), Tricoderma viride (ATCC 20476) and Aspergillus niger (NCIM 1196).The Nutrient agar slants were used for microbial culture. Antibiotic vancomycin, was used as a standard reference antibiotic and the concentrations are prepared according to NCCLS[38]. Antifungal Activity Antifungal activity was determined by disc diffusion method [39]. The fungal spores were adjusted to the concentration of 1 × 108 CFU mL−1 as per McFarland standard and suspension was swabbed on the potato dextrose agar. Then, 50 µL of each extract dilution was impregnated into sterile discs of 90 mm in diameter. Nystatin (50 µL) was used as a positive control and respective solvents loaded discs were used as negative control. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 8 h. The zone of inhibition around the discs was measured after the incubation. Each experiment was conducted in triplicates and the average inhibition zone values were calculated [40]. GC-MS Analysis The extract was directly used for GC-MS analysis. GC-MS analysis was carried out on a GCMS-QP2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) system with head space sampler (AOC-20s) and auto-injector (AOC-20i), equipped with mass selective detector, having ion source temperature of 230°C, interface temperature of 260°C, a solvent cut time of 2.50 min. threshold of 1,000 eV and mass range of 40 to 650 m/z. Statistical section All experimental work carried out in this study were performed on triplicate. Results were expressed as mean (±) standard deviation (SD). Results and Discussion Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis The preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts of Passiflora foetida L. showed the containment of flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, phenols, carbohydrates, amino acids, tannin and cardiac glycosides in all the extracts. Phytochemical tests for the presence of secondary phytoconstituents showed the following results shown in (Table 1) Antibacterial Activity Ethanol leaf extract exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (20.5 mm). Phytochemical screening of ethanol extract showed (17.29%) of cis-13-Docosenamide responsible for the activity. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited good activity against Salmonella typhimurium (24.5 mm). n-hexane extract shows remarkable activity against Klebsiella pneumonia (23.5mm). Water extract did not show positive activity against any bacteria. Whereas acetone and methanol extract did not show any activity against Klebsiella pneumonia . The ethanol leaf extract exhibited its good activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumonia. The antimicrobial activity of all solvents was compared with standard reference antibiotic vancomycin. (Table 2). Results of the anti-bacterial activities are provided visually in (Fig.1). Zones of inhibitions were measured in mm (millimeters). Table 2. Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Passiflora foetida L. Sr. No. Solvent Zone of inhibition in (mm) Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis Salmonella typhimurium Klebsiella pneumoniae 1 n-hexane 16.5 11.5 18 23.5 2 Ethyl acetate 18.5 15.5 24.5 19.5 3 Acetone 16.5 26.5 15.5 NA 4 Ethanol 20.5 16.5 21.5 17.5 5 Methanol NA 15 20.5 NA 6 Water NA NA NA NA 7 DMSO NA NA NA NA 8 Vancomycin 19 24 28 23 Fig.1 showing antibacterial assays of crude extract of Passiflora foetida L. against human pathogens [(A1,A2,A3)- Staphylococcus aureus ,(B1,B2)- Bacillus subtilis ,(C1,C2)- Salmonella typhimurium , (D1,D2)- Klebsiella pneumonia Antifungal Activity Each extract antifungal properties were observed against three fungal pathogens listed in (Table 3). Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed higher zone of inhibition against Aspergillus niger with a 26 ± 0.50 mm inhibition zone at 50µL compared to other extracts. Ethanol extract showed a higher zone of inhibition against Penicillium chrysogenum with a 24mm inhibition zone at 50µL. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract showed higher zone of inhibition against Trichoderma viride with a 25 mm inhibition zone at 50µL compared to other extracts. Out of all the fungi examined, the aqueous extract exhibited the least antifungal activity. Results of antifungal activities are provided visually in (Fig.2). Zones of inhibitions were measured in mm (millimeters). Table 3. Antifungal activity of leaf extract of Passiflora foetida L. Sr. No. Solvent Zone of inhibition in (mm) Penicillium chrysogenum Trichoderma viride Aspergillus niger 1 n-hexane 14 14.5 20 2 Ethyl acetate 15.5 25 26 3 Acetone 16 17 24 4 Ethanol 24 25 25.5 5 Methanol 21 17 26.5 6 Water NA NA NA 7 Nystatin 26 46 36 Fig. 2 Antifungal activity of crude extracts of Passiflora foetida L. against (A1,A2) Tricoderma viride; (B1,B2) Aspergillus niger; (C1,C2) Penicillium chrysogenum Chemical Characterization via (GC-MS) Analysis Medicinally important thirty-four phytoconstituents were found in the ethyl acetate extract according to the GC-MS analysis. Plants containing these phytoconstituents have been shown to have pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. The chromatogram is shown in (Fig. 3) and phytochemical constituents with activities are shown in the (Table 4). Fig. 3 GC-MS chromatogram showing relative abundance and retention time of the Ethyl acetate leaf extracts of Passiflora foetida L. Table 4. Phytochemical constituents identified in the ethyl acetate leaf extracts of Passiflora foetida L . using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their activities Peak No. R.T. Peak Area % Name of compound Activity 1 7.861 10.6 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate Dermatological agent used as an antiseptic [41]. 2 9.323 0.23 Pyranone Antitumor activity [42]. 3 10.628 0.23 5-Octen-2-yn-4-ol Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects [43]. 4 11.727 0.17 γ -Terpineol Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects [44]. 5 12.116 2.59 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate Dermatological agent used as an antiseptic [41]. 6 12.887 0.53 2,4-Dimethylfuran Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects [45]. 7 18.810 0.33 Heneicosane Exhibits antimicrobial activity [46]. 8 23.813 0.32 Eicosane Exhibits antimicrobial activity [46]. 9 25.188 0.96 Tetradecanoic acid Antimicrobial and anticancer activity [47]. 10 26.102 0.89 cis-11-Hexadecenal Antimelanogenic, antifungal properties [48]. 11 26.497 0.62 Isopropyl myristate Used in cosmetics [49]. 12 28.450 0.37 2-Hexyldecanol Anti-inflammatory activity [50]. 13 29.341 11.98 n-Hexadecanoic acid Anti-inflammatory, Antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51]. 14 29.911 0.37 Hexadecanoic acid Anti-inflammatory, Antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51]. 15 30.352 10.7 Hydnocarpic acid Use to treat leprosy [52]. 16 30.923 1.11 Ethyl hydnocarpate Antileprotic activity, antimicrobial and anticancer properties [53]. 17 31.781 0.52 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. 18 31.918 0.45 9-Octadecenoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. 19 32.134 0.65 Phytol Cytotoxic, antioxidant, autophagy- and apoptosis-inducing, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory [55]. 20 32.537 8.97 (9E,11E)-Octadecadienoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic activity [54]. 21 32.654 12.4 9-Octadecenoic acid, Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. 22 33.093 3.71 Octadecanoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. 23 34.122 4.57 Chaulmoogric acid Use to treat leprosy [52]. 24 34.652 0.69 2-Cyclopentene-1-tridecanoic acid Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties [56] 25 38.288 1.31 9-Octadecenoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. 26 39.326 2.74 Tetradecahydrocyclododeca[c]furan Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity [45]. 27 39.473 0.97 2-Eicosen-5-olide Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity 28 41.249 0.75 (9Z)-9-Tetradecenal Pheromone 29 41.608 4.27 Shyobunol Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-tumor activities [57] 30 42.745 6.14 2-[(9Z,12Z)-9,12-Octadecadienyloxy]ethanol Used as surfactant. 31 42.879 6.99 cis-13-Docosenamide Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties [58]. 32 44.115 1.03 E,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene-5,14-diol Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties [59] 33 45.077 0.84 (R)-(-)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol Long chain fatty alcohol. 34 45.192 0.88 cis-4,4-Dimethylbicyclo(6.3.0)undecane-2,6-dione Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties [60] Medicinally important twenty-eight phytoconstituents were found in the ethanol extract according to the GC-MS analysis. Fig.4 GC-MS chromatogram showing relative abundance and retention time of the Ethanol leaf extracts of Passiflora foetida L. The chromatogram is shown in (Fig. 4) and phytochemical constituents with activities are shown in the (Table 5). Table 5. Phytochemical constituents identified in the ethanol leaf extracts of Passiflora foetida L . using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their activities Peak No. R.T. Peak Area % Name of compound Activity 1 16.567 1.89 Tetradecane Antimicrobial properties.[61]. 2 18.500 0.71 1-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties [62] 3 19.139 0.35 Pentadecane Alkane. 4 19.710 1.89 Benzoic acid Antimicrobial and Antifungal Agent [63]. 5 25.200 4.54 Tetradecanoic acid Antimicrobial and Anticancer activity[47]. 6 25.405 1.00 3-Methylheptadecane Alkane. 7 26.111 2.49 cis-9-Hexadecenal Antimelanogenic, antifungal properties [48]. 8 26.507 0.94 Isopropyl myristate Used in Cosmetics [49]. 9 29.322 9.67 n-Hexadecanoic acid Anti-inflammatory, Antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51]. 10 29.512 1.17 3-Methylheptadecane Alkane. 11 29.923 2.02 Hexadecanoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51]. 12 32.533 3.86 10E,12Z-Octadecadienoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. 13 32.652 10.94 9-Octadecenoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. 14 33.096 4.22 Octadecanoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. 15 33.634 4.76 Octadecanoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. 16 36.498 3.21 12-Hydroxystearic acid Fatty acid surfactant. 17 38.084 3.70 Tricyclo[20.8.0.0(7,16)]triacontane No activity. 18 38.923 2.56 Hexadecanoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51]. 19 39.102 2.02 Undec-10-ynoic acid Fatty acid. 20 39.341 3.41 Tetradecahydrocyclododeca[c]furan Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity [45]. 21 39.490 1.41 2-Eicosen-5-olide Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant Activity [64] 22 40.923 1.31 9-Octadecenoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. 23 41.623 3.24 Tricyclo[20.8.0.0(7,16)]triacontane No activity. 24 42.379 2.90 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid Antimicrobial, antifungal, and cytotoxic effects [65]. 25 42.764 5.56 E,E-3,13-Octadecadien-1-ol Pheromone. 26 42.894 17.29 cis-13-Docosenamide Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties [58]. 27 43.381 1.09 Squalene antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating effects[66]. 28 44.134 1.83 E,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene-5,14-diol Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties [59] Discussion This study conducted phytochemical screening tests to substantiate its traditional applications and offer scientific support. The phytochemical analysis with ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts revealed the existence of several major groups of phytoconstituents (Fig.3; Table 4) and (Fig.4; Table 5) respectively bolstering the potential of the plant as an herbal remedy against certain diseases. Ethyl acetate extract contains (10.6%) 1, 2, 3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate showed dermatological and antiseptic activity [41]. n-hexadecanoic acid (11.98%) exhibited anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51]. Octadecanoic acid and its derivatives in high abundance (27.36%) exhibited anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. Compounds like hydnocarpic acid (10.7%) and chaulmoogric acid (4.57%) exhibited activity against leprosy [52]. Heneicosane and eicosane are pheromones that exhibited microbial activity [46]. Ethanol extract contains tetradecane (1.89%) was reported to possess antimicrobial properties [61]. Hexadecenoic acid (12.15%) and octadecanoic acid (8.98%) exhibits anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. It was declared that hexadecanoic acid (14.25%) had anti-inflammatory, Antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51]. cis-13-Docosenamide (17.29%) showed Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties [58]. Plant material extraction and analysis are crucial to the creation, modernization, and quality assurance of herbal medicines [67]. Intense pharmacological research has been conducted over the past few decades to increase the value of different medicinal plants as possible sources of novel therapeutics and top prospects for drug development [68]. Conclusion In the present study, GC–MS analysis were performed to explore the phytochemical constituents profile of this Passiflora foetida L collected from the dense forest near Lonar Lake:A Distinctive Saline Crater Lake in IndiaThirty-four phytochemical constituents have been identified from the ethyl acetate extract and twenty-eight phytoconstituents identified in the ethanol extract of leaves of Passiflora foetida L. This study supports the use of leaf as traditional medicine. The compounds identified in the present study may be extracted and quantified to develop a new drug to use as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, fungicide, insecticide and antibiotic in the field of pharmacy. As a result, Passiflora foetida L. may be used as an essential candidate for pharmacological activity testing. Thus, further pharmacological research are required to confirm the exact compound/compounds responsible for health benefits. Declarations Acknowledgments We are thankful to Management, Principal and Head Dept. of Botany, M.S.P. Mandal’s Balbhim Arts, Science and Commerce College Beed, Maharashtra, India for availing all necessary facilities and infrastructure for carrying out the research. Also we would like to thank Centre For Analytical Instrumentation, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, India for providing GC-MS facility. Authors Contributions Conceptualization, Methodology, GC-MS analysis, Investigation, Writing- original draft preparation- Sunita Bhosle, Sharmishtha Doifode, Experimentation-Sharmishtha Doifode, Writing—review and editing-Sunita Bhosle, Sharmishtha Doifode. Funding This work was supported by the Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Research and Training Institute [MAHAJYOTI] [An autonomous institute of the OBC welfare Department, Govt. of Maharashtra] Data availability All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files]. Ethical Approval Not applicable [Research not involving human research participants or live vertebrates] Consent to Participate Not applicable. Consent for Publication Granted for publication. Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. References Iqbal, N., Vahia, M. N., Masood, T., & Ahmad, A. (n.d.). A Probable Meteor Impact Crater in Kashmir Valley (India). Lyttleton, R. A. (1964). The Moon, Meteorites, and Comets. Surve, R. R., Shirke, A. V., Athalye, R. R., & Sangare, M. M. (2021). A Review on Chemical and Ecological Status of Lonar Lake. Current World Environment , 16 (1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.16.1.07 Ahmad Khan, M. S., & Ahmad, I. (2019). Herbal Medicine. In New Look to Phytomedicine (pp. 3–13). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814619-4.00001-X Shukia, R., Sharma, S. B., Puri, D., Prabhu, K. M., & Murthy, P. S. (2000). Medicinal plants for treatment of diabetes mellitus. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry , 15 (S1), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02867556 A. Hussein, R., & A. El-Anssary, A. (2019). Plants Secondary Metabolites: The Key Drivers of the Pharmacological Actions of Medicinal Plants. In P. F. Builders (Ed.), Herbal Medicine . IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76139 Shokeen, P., Anand, P., Murali, Y. K., & Tandon, V. (2008). Antidiabetic activity of 50% ethanolic extract of Ricinus communis and its purified fractions. Food and Chemical Toxicology , 46 (11), 3458–3466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.020 Sharifi Rad, J., Hoseini Alfatemi, S. M., Sharifi Rad, M., & Iriti, M. (2014). Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Activities of Different Parts of Nitraria schoberi L. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature , 4 (1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2014.890070 Saini, A. K., Goyal, R., Gauttam, V. K., & Kalia, A. N. (2010). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of Ricinus communis Linn leaves extracts and its flavonoids content in Wistar rats. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research , 2 (5), 690–695. Sharifi-Rad, M., Panda, J., Mohanta, Y. K., Pohl, P., Zengin, G., & Moloney, M. G. (2025). Essential oil of Cleome coluteoides (Boiss.): phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, enzymatic inhibition, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory properties. Journal of Herbal Medicine , 52 , 101036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101036 Rao, N., Mittal, S., & Menghani, E. (2013). Assessment of phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial potential of the methanolic extract of Ricinus communis L. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology , 3 (1), 20–25. Sharifi-Rad, M., Mohanta, Y. K., Pohl, P., Jaradat, N., Aboul-Soud, M. A. M., & Zengin, G. (2022). Variation of phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties of Grantia aucheri (Boiss.) at different growth stages. Microbial Pathogenesis , 172 , 105805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105805 Benmohamed, M., Guenane, H., Messaoudi, M., Zahnit, W., Egbuna, C., Sharifi-Rad, M. Yousfi, M. (2023). Mineral Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Anti-Urease and Anti-α-Amylase Activities of the Unripe Fruit Extracts of Pistacia atlantica. Molecules , 28 (1), 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010349 Shaiq Ali, M., Ahmed, F., Kashif Pervez, M., Azhar, I., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2005). Parkintin: A new flavanone with epoxy-isopentyl moiety from Parkinsonia aculeata linn. (Caesalpiniaceae). Natural Product Research , 19 (1), 53–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410310001643812 Chiavaroli, A., Di Simone, S. C., Sinan, K. I., Ciferri, M. C., Angeles Flores, G., Zengin, G., … Orlando, G. (2020). Pharmacological Properties and Chemical Profiles of Passiflora foetida L. Extracts: Novel Insights for Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals. Processes , 8 (9), 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091034 Patil, A. S., Paikrao, H. M., & Patil, S. R. (2013). Passiflora foetida Linn: a complete morphological and phytopharmacological review. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences , 4 (1), 285–296. Sasikala, V., Saravanan, S., & Parimelazhagan, T. (2011). Analgesic and anti–inflammatory activities of Passiflora foetida L. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine , 4 (8), 600–603. Sutar, V., & Bhosale, U. P. (2013). Screening of Passiflora foetida extracts as anticancer agents on MCF 7 cell line. BIOINFOLET-A Quarterly Journal of Life Sciences , 10 (3a), 808–810. Anandan, R., Jayakar, B., Jeganathan, S., Manavalan, R., & Kumar, S. R. (2009). Effect of ethanol extract of fruits of Passiflora foetida Linn. on CCl. J. Pharm. Res , 2 , 413–415. Sathish, R., Sahu, A., & Natarajan, K. (2011). Antiulcer and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Passiflora foetida L. Indian Journal of Pharmacology , 43 (3), 336. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.81501 Anandan, R., Jayakar, B., Jeganathan, S., Manavalan, R., & Kumar, S. R. (2009). Effect of ethanol extract of fruits of Passiflora foetida Linn. on CCl. J. Pharm. Res , 2 , 413–415. Kell, D. B., Brown, M., Davey, H. M., Dunn, W. B., Spasic, I., & Oliver, S. G. (2005). Metabolic footprinting and systems biology: the medium is the message. Nature Reviews Microbiology , 3 (7), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1177 Robertson, D. G. (2005). Metabonomics in Toxicology: A Review. Toxicological Sciences , 85 (2), 809–822. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi102 Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M., & Ibnsouda, S. K. (2016). Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis , 6 (2), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005 Torres-Rodriguez, A., Darvishzadeh, R., Skidmore, A. K., Fränzel-Luiten, E., Knaken, B., & Schuur, B. (2024). High-throughput Soxhlet extraction method applied for analysis of leaf lignocellulose and non-structural substances. MethodsX , 12 , 102644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2024.102644 Stanojević, L. P., Stanković, M. Z., Cvetković, D. J., Cakić, M. D., Ilić, D. P., Nikolić, V. D., & Stanojević, J. S. (2016). The effect of extraction techniques on yield, extraction kinetics, and antioxidant activity of aqueous-methanolic extracts from nettle ( Urtica dioica L.) leaves. Separation Science and Technology , 51 (11), 1817–1829. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2016.1178774 Rao, U. M. (2016). Phytochemical Screening, Total Flavonoid and Phenolic Content Assays of Various Solvent Extracts of Tepal of Musa paradisiaca. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Science , 20 (5), 1181–1190. https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2016-2005-25 Nortjie, E., Basitere, M., Moyo, D., & Nyamukamba, P. (2022). Extraction Methods, Quantitative and Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Medicinal Plants for Antimicrobial Textiles: A Review. Plants , 11 (15), 2011. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152011 Ramaswamy, N., Samatha, T., Srinivas, P., & Chary, R. S. (2013). International Journal Of Pharmacy & Life Sciences. Life Sci. , 4 (1). Mensah Donkor, A. (2016). In Vitro Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Activities of Senna alata, Ricinus communis and Lannea barteri extracts Against Wound and Skin Disease Causing Bacteria. Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research , 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2016.03.00046 Shaikh, J. R., & Patil, M. (2020). Qualitative tests for preliminary phytochemical screening: An overview. International Journal of Chemical Studies , 8 (2), 603–608. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2i.8834 Gibbs, H. D. (1927). Phenol Tests. Journal of Biological Chemistry , 72 (2), 649–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)84338-1 Chen, C., Li, R., Li, D., Shen, F., Xiao, G., & Zhou, J. (2021). Extraction and purification of saponins from Sapindus mukorossi . New Journal of Chemistry , 45 (2), 952–960. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nj04047a Rahman, A., Sitepu, I. R., Tang, S.-Y., & Hashidoko, Y. (2010). Salkowski’s Reagent Test as a Primary Screening Index for Functionalities of Rhizobacteria Isolated from Wild Dipterocarp Saplings Growing Naturally on Medium-Strongly Acidic Tropical Peat Soil. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry , 74 (11), 2202–2208. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.100360 Falcão, L., & Araújo, M. E. M. (2011). Tannins characterisation in new and historic vegetable tanned leathers fibres by spot tests. Journal of Cultural Heritage , 12 (2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2010.10.005 Cook, R. P. (1961). Reactions of steroids with acetic anhydride and sulphuric acid (the Liebermann-Burchard test). The Analyst , 86 (1023), 373. https://doi.org/10.1039/an9618600373 Chen, M., He, X., Sun, H., Sun, Y., Li, L., Zhu, J. Zang, H. (2022). Phytochemical analysis, UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS analysis, biological activity, and toxicity of extracts from Tripleurospermum limosum (Maxim.) Pobed. Arabian Journal of Chemistry , 15 (5), 103797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103797 Ginocchio, C. C. (2002). Role of NCCLS in antimicrobial susceptibility testing and monitoring. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy , 59 (suppl_3), S7–S11. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/59.suppl_3.S7 Lai, H. Y., Lim, Y. Y., & Tan, S. P. (2009). Antioxidative, Tyrosinase Inhibiting and Antibacterial Activities of Leaf Extracts from Medicinal Ferns. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry , 73 (6), 1362–1366. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.90018 Mostafa, A. A., Al-Askar, A. A., Almaary, K. S., Dawoud, T. M., Sholkamy, E. N., & Bakri, M. M. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against bacterial strains causing food poisoning diseases. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences , 25 (2), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.02.004 Claesen, J. (2018). Topical Antiseptics and the Skin Microbiota. Journal of Investigative Dermatology , 138 (10), 2106–2107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2018.06.001 Yu, C., Nian, Y., Chen, H., Liang, S., Sun, M., Pei, Y., & Wang, H. (2022). Pyranone Derivatives With Antitumor Activities, From the Endophytic Fungus Phoma sp. YN02-P-3. Frontiers in Chemistry , 10 , 950726. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.950726 Halappanavar, V., Teli, S., Sannakki, H. B., & Teli, D. (2025). Quinazoline scaffold as a target for combating microbial resistance: Synthesis and antimicrobial profiling of quinazoline derivatives. Results in Chemistry , 13 , 101955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101955 Chen, Y., Zhang, L.-L., Wang, W., & Wang, G. (2023). Recent updates on bioactive properties of α-terpineol. Journal of Essential Oil Research , 35 (3), 274–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2023.2196515 Sridhar, S., Dinda, S. C., & Prasad, Y. R. (2011). Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some New Chalcones Containing 2,5‐Dimethylfuran Moiety. Journal of Chemistry , 8 (2), 541–546. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/582603 Vanitha, V., Vijayakumar, S., Nilavukkarasi, M., Punitha, V. N., Vidhya, E., & Praseetha, P. K. (2020). Heneicosane—A novel microbicidal bioactive alkane identified from Plumbago zeylanica L. Industrial Crops and Products , 154 , 112748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112748 Sokmen, B. B., Hasdemir, B., Yusufoglu, A., & Yanardag, R. (2014). Some Monohydroxy Tetradecanoic Acid Isomers as Novel Urease and Elastase Inhibitors and as New Antioxidants. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology , 172 (3), 1358–1364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0595-2 Hoda, S., Gupta, L., Shankar, J., Gupta, A. K., & Vijayaraghavan, P. (2020). cis -9-Hexadecenal, a Natural Compound Targeting Cell Wall Organization, Critical Growth Factor, and Virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus . ACS Omega , 5 (17), 10077–10088. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00615 Bardhan, S., Kundu, K., Das, S., Poddar, M., Saha, S. K., & Paul, B. K. (2014). Formation, thermodynamic properties, microstructures and antimicrobial activity of mixed cationic/non-ionic surfactant microemulsions with isopropyl myristate as oil. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 430 , 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.05.042 Li, L., Yang, B., Yang, S., Tian, X., Gao, Y., Song, J., Xing, F. (2024). Inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus brevis on Aspergillus westerdijkiae and antifungal compounds identification. Postharvest Biology and Technology , 214 , 112980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2024.112980 Kim, D. H., Park, M. H., Choi, Y. J., Chung, K. W., Park, C. H., Jang, E. J., … Chung, H. Y. (2013). Molecular Study of Dietary Heptadecane for the Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of NF-kB in the Aged Kidney. PLoS ONE , 8 (3), e59316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059316 Walker, E. L., & Sweeney, M. A. (1920). The chemotherapeutics of the chaulmoogric acid series and other fatty acids in leprosy and tuberculosis: I. Bactericidal action; active principle; specificity. Journal of Infectious Diseases , 26 (3), 238–264. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/26.3.238 Ganesh, M., Lee, S. G., Jayaprakash, J., Mohankumar, M., & Jang, H. T. (2019). Hydnocarpus alpina Wt extract mediated green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticle and screening of its anti-microbial, free radical scavenging, and photocatalytic activity. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology , 19 , 101129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101129 Ajanaku, C., Echeme, J., Mordi, R., Bolade, O., Okoye, S., Jonathan, H., & Ejilude, O. (2018). In-Vitro Antibacterial, Phytochemical, Antimycobacterial Activities And Gc-Ms Analyses Of Bidens Pilosa Leaf Extract. Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences , 8 (1), 721–725. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2018.8.1.721-725 Islam, M. T., Ali, E. S., Uddin, S. J., Shaw, S., Islam, M. A., Ahmed, M. I., … Atanasov, A. G. (2018). Phytol: A review of biomedical activities. Food and Chemical Toxicology , 121 , 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.032 Yang, W.-S., Kim, I., Seu, Y.-B., Jeong, Y. J., Han, H. S., Ryu, K. O., & Kang, S. C. (2016). Ethanolic Extract of Radish Sprout ( Raphanus Sativus L.) Prevents Bisphenol A-Induced Testicular Dysfunction in Male Rats. Journal of Food Biochemistry , 40 (4), 490–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12245 St-Gelais, A., Mathieu, M., Levasseur, V., Ovando, J. F., Escamilla, R., & Marceau, H. (2016). Preisocalamendiol, Shyobunol and Related Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes from Bolivian Schinus molle Essential Oil. Natural Product Communications , 11 (4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100432 Zain, M. E., Awaad, A. S., Al-Othman, M. R., Alafeefy, A. M., & El-Meligy, R. M. (2013). WITHDRAWN: Biological activity of fungal secondary metabolites. Elsevier. Zhang, Z., & Tang, W. (2018). Drug metabolism in drug discovery and development. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B , 8 (5), 721–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2018.04.003 Qin, G.-F., Liang, H.-B., Liu, W.-X., Zhu, F., Li, P.-L., Li, G.-Q., & Yao, J.-C. (2019). Bicyclo [6.3.0] Undecane Sesquiterpenoids: Structures, Biological Activities, and Syntheses. Molecules , 24 (21), 3912. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213912 Nasr, Z., El-shershaby, H., Sallam, K., Abed, N., Abd- El Ghany, I., & Sidkey, N. (2021). Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Tetradecane Extracted from Pediococcus acidilactici DSM: 20284 - CM Isolated from Curd Milk. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry , 0 (0), 0–0. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2021.92658.4385 Gevorgyan, G. A., Gasparyan, N. K., Papoyan, O. A., Tumadzhyan, A. E., Tatevosyan, A. A., & Panosyan, G. A. (2017). Synthesis and Various Biological Properties of 3-(4-Benzylpiperizino)-1-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-1-Alkyl(Aryl)-2-Phenylpropan-1-OL Dihydrochlorides. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal , 51 (1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-017-1552-0 Food additives. (2020). In Introduction to the Chemistry of Food (pp. 251–311). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809434-1.00007-4 Maslova, O., Iskakova, Z., Doskaliyev, A., & Adekenov, S. (2023). Cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of sesquiterpene lactones. Structure, activity. ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science , (6(46)), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2023.295228 Aroonrerk, N. (2016). Anti-cariogenic activity of garcinone B from Garcinia mangostana Linn. Journal of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems , 03 (02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0419.c1.012 Cheng, L., Ji, T., Zhang, M., & Fang, B. (2024). Recent advances in squalene: Biological activities, sources, extraction, and delivery systems. Trends in Food Science & Technology , 146 , 104392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104392 Gomathi, D., Kalaiselvi, M., Ravikumar, G., Devaki, K., & Uma, C. (2015). GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds from the whole plant ethanolic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Journal of Food Science and Technology , 52 (2), 1212–1217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1105-9 Katiyar, C., Kanjilal, S., Gupta, A., & Katiyar, S. (2012). Drug discovery from plant sources: An integrated approach. AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda) , 33 (1), 10. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.100295 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryData.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6833796","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":502076246,"identity":"b494d43a-0e7a-401e-b798-efa6c4fe3cb0","order_by":0,"name":"Sharmishtha Doifode","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCRDBxsDD3sBgwPABxGYnVgvPAQYDxhkgNjORWhhAWph5QBxCWuRnNz/d8KPMRoaHvXnjY5tf2+T5mBkYP3zMwa3F4M4xs5s959J4eHiOFRvn9t02bGNmYJacuQ2PFokEsxu8bYd57CVyzKRze24zArWwMfPi0SI/I/3bzb9ALTwSOea/LXtu2xPUwnAjx+w2L0SLGTPDj9uJBLUY3Mgpuy0D9Ytkb8Pt5DZmxma8fgE6bNvNN2U29qAQ+/Djz23b+e3NBz98xOcwFMDYBiYbiFUPAn9IUTwKRsEoGAUjBQAAv9dO3GBnj8kAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Balbhim College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sharmishtha","middleName":"","lastName":"Doifode","suffix":""},{"id":502076247,"identity":"f805e06b-b5e8-4301-b0e2-59bb3a212cff","order_by":1,"name":"Sunita Bhosle","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Balbhim College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sunita","middleName":"","lastName":"Bhosle","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-06 05:38:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6833796/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6833796/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96454841,"identity":"a5c3c596-e7f2-4c5c-8b61-63e185e749f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:03:11","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11876579,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Discoverplantscorrected.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/642c1227ee8c1c66089f3cf2.docx"},{"id":96454749,"identity":"e0cac6c1-a966-4dc0-a553-cde6b408bb21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:03:05","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ec9d94c0f7cd4355a1466e61005aead2.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/7c793af94ace61aced2b60d3.json"},{"id":96455452,"identity":"18f917f5-fe0d-46a5-893a-0749ceaeae6e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:04:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1938172,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryData.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/70234fda7c38bbcb428351fc.pdf"},{"id":96448291,"identity":"8b4b8787-7440-4839-bc25-3783d101d791","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:32","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":36998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/bf545014a6053179093684d6.png"},{"id":96448286,"identity":"7b2a3d2b-631f-43e3-9b89-c1874e2407f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:32","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":51297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/c031c62ed45bf339d9b452ec.png"},{"id":96448289,"identity":"a94b2ce9-5cf4-49ab-beea-513445f339c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:32","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":62572,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/e22ce928c1f9075239175045.png"},{"id":96455445,"identity":"9b862a29-ebca-4e8a-adc9-4f9c3b7c91ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:04:09","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":63896,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/911ec29b334fb8db593d9db5.png"},{"id":96454697,"identity":"606581ff-f052-441a-8f0d-8d8e11f2c326","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:03:03","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":40619,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/c8a8ac9cbef102af87eee0a5.png"},{"id":96448293,"identity":"a7913ca9-1ecd-4af0-b35e-416684b5cf46","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:32","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37506,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/8b7982f9b5b31755f8c345d5.png"},{"id":96455460,"identity":"d10de514-771a-4031-b7b2-6864d9dfe570","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:04:09","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43131,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/309110577fd0ac50c54ef9ca.png"},{"id":96448301,"identity":"8eb4fed2-7e94-4970-878d-19addb3406c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:32","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23483,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/b035390086aee88e9157fdbf.png"},{"id":96448296,"identity":"cda38fe7-8186-4387-8206-2470dc828c49","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:32","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19777,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/80d7ad1e36bf1430ef94b5c7.png"},{"id":96448302,"identity":"b647ed28-8426-495a-9628-eed0fb938910","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:32","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34481,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/05a5af24abda31477101639b.png"},{"id":96448288,"identity":"14b7d8ea-69b7-408e-b863-84c13d75b264","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:32","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/2f5149e529314f88f76d3690.png"},{"id":96448300,"identity":"315bd65a-a788-4850-bc66-fbb51b1e307c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:32","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":52574,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/48fdafe6ff160c4514601d94.png"},{"id":96454482,"identity":"08684ae3-9c80-4b28-bb40-b1849790fbaa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:02:50","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":31607,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/b869c01bb00cf5ac1cbc17e5.png"},{"id":96448298,"identity":"6f51460e-7cb5-4367-b5a0-c62d6f3aa7b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:32","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21291,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/583e3789250f7a2138b93b1e.png"},{"id":96448303,"identity":"3a47f4af-741a-4b85-b840-a26dbdc29ad0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:32","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/3c412c44156037a694c569a6.png"},{"id":96455447,"identity":"c4b7db0c-961b-4c33-a7e5-8d1c650355b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:04:09","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29091,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/1c5084c1b29abfcf3ebb0f4f.png"},{"id":96448304,"identity":"25175bd6-47e9-4840-9576-198ac1c1a37e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:33","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34265,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/ac97d5e6afae0f91bf061df9.png"},{"id":96455419,"identity":"2d699d97-61ff-404d-80e4-c66c18475ada","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:04:08","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2081231,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShowing antibacterial assays of crude extract of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePassiflora foetida L.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e against human pathogens [(A1,A2,A3)- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,(B1,B2)- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,(C1,C2)- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSalmonella typhimurium\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, (D1,D2)- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKlebsiella pneumonia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/5e4a92faa179c0914d43b69a.png"},{"id":96448281,"identity":"e7067eea-5828-47ae-8a54-f6e7c483bc34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:32","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1467546,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntifungal activity of crude extracts of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePassiflora foetida L.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eagainst (A1,A2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Tricoderma viride; (B1,B2) Aspergillus niger; (C1,C2) Penicillium chrysogenum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/ca399dcd12240e37e8f6a8c5.png"},{"id":96455344,"identity":"c5cd48c3-d791-4e5b-b4af-5a49a755d363","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:04:00","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32051,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGC-MS chromatogram showing relative abundance and retention time of the Ethyl acetate leaf extracts of\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Passiflora foetida \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/1dea3b9dda7cdc6c88eeccec.png"},{"id":96448305,"identity":"7e23c020-53cf-41b5-baed-3deba249540f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:33","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26208,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGC-MS chromatogram showing relative abundance and retention time of the Ethanol leaf extracts of\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Passiflora foetida \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/a08f022f53a9cfa9081836da.png"},{"id":96456894,"identity":"51b42dc2-e209-4dce-8a40-1be902c80260","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:08:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5252224,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/efda9269-7b17-44ec-a2ef-46ceb60ecf76.pdf"},{"id":96448285,"identity":"1f76f160-8889-4c45-9e2d-b209e7efdd91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 08:35:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1938172,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryData.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6833796/v1/c5e078fb35e9274d4dea123d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Pharmacological Evaluation of Passiflora foetida L. Leaf Extract Found in the Vicinity of Lonar Lake: A Distinctive Saline Crater Lake in India","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMeteor impact craters like Barringer Crater in Arizona United States and the Lonar Crater in Buldhana District of Maharashtra, India are rare on Earth‘s surface [1, 2]. Lonar Lake is a salt water lake created due to the impact of massive meteorites. It is a unique saline water lake in Asia. It is situated in Buldhana district of Maharashtra (India). The Lake is surrounded by the dense forest. It preserves innumerable valuable plants with medicinal values [3]. Plants are a great source of medications, especially in traditional medicine, that can be utilized to treat a wide range of diseases [4]. About 90% of prescribed medicines are plant-based in the traditional practice of Unani, Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and Siddha in India [5].It has been observed that the therapeutic impact of medicinal plants is related to the existence of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenolic and other organic compounds, which are synthesized in all parts of the plant [6]. The presence of these compounds increases the potential for \u0026nbsp;antidiabetic [7], antioxidant [8], anti-inflammatory [9, 10], antimicrobial activities [11, 12], anti-urease [13] \u0026nbsp;of medicinal plants in a lesser or larger capacity [14]. \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u003c/em\u003e L. popularly known as striking passionflower [15] is a particularly renowned species belonging to the genus \u003cem\u003ePassiflora\u003c/em\u003e, with tremendous ethnobotanical applications.\u0026nbsp;Various\u0026nbsp;studies conducted on \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u003c/em\u003e L. have revealed extracts of the plant to possess numerous promising bioactivities such as antidiarrhoeal, antiulcerogenic, analgesic, antidepressant anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, hepaprotective, anticancer, antibacterial and antinociceptive \u0026nbsp;[16–21]. The \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u003c/em\u003e L. \u0026nbsp;Leaf extracts holds significant pharmacological value. In order to encourage industrialization and modernization, this study focuses on the GC-MS study of the phytochemicals present in the leaves and their respective fractions. Subsequently, in vitro assays will be conducted to determine the different extracts that predominantly exhibits antimicrobial activity for the first time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a system that unites the characteristics of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine the different substances present in a given test sample [22, 23].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;This study screened phytoconstituents present in the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts by GC-MS analysis. The antimicrobial potency of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water was evaluated using the disc-diffusion assay assessing the antimicrobial efficiency [24]. The leaves were collected from Lonar Lake area Maharashtra, India.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe leaf samples were collected in rainy season \u0026nbsp;July 2023 from the Lonar Lake Forest\u0026nbsp;geographical locality (Latitude: 19.970386 and Longitude: 76.512862), District Buldhana, Maharashtra, India, identified and samples deposited at the Department of Botany Herbarium Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada, University Chh.Sambhajinagar (Accession no.-01156). The plant samples were shade-dried, ground to powder, and stored at −4 ̊C for future use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation of Extracts\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5g of leaf sample powder were sequentially extracted with solvents namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol\u0026nbsp;by soxhelt apparatus [25, 26]. Water extract was prepared by maceration\u0026nbsp;process, leaf powder was\u0026nbsp;soaked in water for 72 Hrs with occasional shaking filtered through Whatman No.1\u0026nbsp;filter paper. Crude filtrate extract was\u0026nbsp;used for preliminary phytochemical study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhytochemical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreliminary Phytochemical Screening of the Extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhytochemical examination of n-hexane, Ethyl acetate, Acetone, Ethanol, Methanol extracts was performed using established protocols to detect the active components present in the extracts. Alkaloids, saponins, phenols, tannins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids, and steroids were tested [27–30].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest for Alkaloids (Wagner’s Reagent Test)\u003c/strong\u003e [31]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant extracts were diluted in HCl and filtered. Wagner’s reagent (which is an iodine solution in potassium iodide) was applied to filtrates. The presence of alkaloids in the extracts was confirmed by a reddish-brown precipitate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhenol Test (Ferric Chloride Test)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e[32]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe extract (50 mg) was dissolved in 5 mL of purified water. A few drops of neutral 5% ferric chloride solution were added to these. The presence of phenolic compounds was indicated by bluish green or black coloration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest for Saponins (Foam Test)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e[33]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe crude extract was mixed with 5 mL of distilled water in a test tube and was shake vigorously for 30 seconds. The formation of stable foam for 10 min indicated the presence of saponins.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest for Terpenoids\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e[34]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe crude extract was dissolved in 2 mL of chloroform and dried by evaporation. To this, 2 mL of the concentrated sulfuric acid was added. Formation of a reddish-brown coloration at the interface indicated the presence of terpenoids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest for Tannins (Ferric Chloride Test)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e[35]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach plant extract was stirred with 1 mL of distilled water, after being filtered, ferric chloride reagent was added to the filtrate. A blue-black, green, or blue-green precipitate indicated the presence of tannins.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest for Steroids\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e[36]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo each of the four plant extracts, 10 mL of chloroform was added. 1 mL of acetic anhydride was added to these extracts, followed by 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid along the walls of the test tube. The appearance of blue green color at the junction indicated the presence of steroids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest for Flavonoids (Alkaline Reagent Test)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e[37]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe extract was treated with 2–3 drops of Sodium hydroxide solution. Acute yellow color development showed the presence of flavonoids, which turned colorless when some drops of sulfuric acid were added. Preliminary phytochemical screening shown in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e Preliminary phytochemical screening of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u003c/em\u003e L leaves\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr.No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhytoconstituents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en-hexane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthyl Acetate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcetone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlkaloids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrates\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlycosides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenols \u0026amp; Tannins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteroids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerpenoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaponins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProteins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmino Acids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntimicrobial Assay\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicrobial culture\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour bacterial strains were used for assay, including two Gram positive bacteria, viz\u003cem\u003e. Bacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e (NCIM 2250) and \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (NCIM 2079) and two Gram negative bacteria, viz. \u003cem\u003eSalmonella typhimurium\u003c/em\u003e (MTCC 3224) and \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (NCTC 13368). Fungi were used as \u003cem\u003ePenicillium chrysogenum\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 10106), \u003cem\u003eTricoderma viride\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 20476) and \u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e (NCIM 1196).The Nutrient agar slants were used for microbial culture. Antibiotic vancomycin, was used as a standard reference antibiotic and the concentrations are prepared according to NCCLS[38].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntifungal Activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntifungal activity was determined by disc diffusion method [39]. The fungal spores were adjusted to the concentration of 1 × 108 CFU mL−1 as per McFarland standard and suspension was swabbed on the potato dextrose agar. Then, 50 µL of each extract dilution was impregnated into sterile discs of 90 mm in diameter. Nystatin (50 µL) was used as a positive control and respective solvents loaded discs were used as negative control. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 8 h. The zone of inhibition around the discs was measured after the incubation. Each experiment was conducted in triplicates and the average inhibition zone values were calculated [40].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGC-MS Analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe extract was directly used for GC-MS analysis. GC-MS analysis was carried out on a GCMS-QP2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) system with head space sampler (AOC-20s) and auto-injector (AOC-20i), equipped with mass selective detector, having ion source temperature of 230°C, interface temperature of 260°C, a solvent cut time of 2.50 min. threshold of 1,000 eV and mass range of 40 to 650 m/z.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical section\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll experimental work carried out in this study were performed on triplicate. Results were expressed as mean (±) standard deviation (SD).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQualitative Phytochemical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u003c/em\u003e L. showed the containment of flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, phenols, carbohydrates, amino acids, tannin and cardiac glycosides in all the extracts. Phytochemical tests for the presence of secondary phytoconstituents showed the following results shown in (Table 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntibacterial Activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthanol leaf extract exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (20.5 mm). Phytochemical screening of ethanol extract showed (17.29%) of\u0026nbsp; cis-13-Docosenamide responsible for the activity. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited good activity against \u003cem\u003eSalmonella typhimurium\u003c/em\u003e (24.5 mm). n-hexane extract shows remarkable activity against\u0026nbsp; \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumonia\u003c/em\u003e (23.5mm). Water extract did not show positive activity against any bacteria. Whereas acetone and methanol extract did not show any activity against \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumonia\u003c/em\u003e. The ethanol leaf extract exhibited its good activity against \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epneumonia.\u003c/em\u003e The antimicrobial activity of all solvents was compared with standard reference antibiotic vancomycin. (Table 2). Results of the anti-bacterial activities are provided visually in (Fig.1). Zones of inhibitions were measured in mm (millimeters).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida \u003c/em\u003eL.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"624\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSr.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSolvent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"438\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZone of inhibition in (mm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalmonella typhimurium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en-hexane\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthanol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethanol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDMSO\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVancomycin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig.1 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eshowing antibacterial assays of crude extract of\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida L.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp; against human pathogens [(A1,A2,A3)- \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e,(B1,B2)- \u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e,(C1,C2)- \u003cem\u003eSalmonella typhimurium\u003c/em\u003e, (D1,D2)- \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumonia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntifungal Activity \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach extract antifungal properties were observed against three fungal pathogens listed in (Table 3). Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed higher zone of inhibition against \u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e with a 26 \u0026plusmn; 0.50 mm inhibition zone at 50\u0026micro;L compared to other extracts. Ethanol extract showed a higher zone of inhibition against \u003cem\u003ePenicillium chrysogenum \u003c/em\u003ewith a 24mm inhibition zone at 50\u0026micro;L. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract showed higher zone of inhibition against \u003cem\u003eTrichoderma viride \u003c/em\u003ewith a 25 mm inhibition zone at 50\u0026micro;L compared to other extracts.\u0026nbsp; Out of all the fungi examined, the aqueous extract exhibited the least antifungal activity. Results of antifungal activities are provided visually in (Fig.2). Zones of inhibitions were measured in mm (millimeters).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Antifungal activity of leaf extract of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"618\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSr.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSolvent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"468\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZone of inhibition in (mm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePenicillium chrysogenum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"158\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichoderma viride\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en-hexane\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"158\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"158\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"158\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthanol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"158\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethanol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"158\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"158\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"40\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNystatin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"166\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"158\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2 Antifungal activity of crude extracts of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida L.\u003c/em\u003eagainst (A1,A2)\u003cem\u003e Tricoderma viride; (B1,B2) Aspergillus niger; (C1,C2) Penicillium chrysogenum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChemical Characterization via (GC-MS) Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedicinally important thirty-four phytoconstituents were found in the ethyl acetate extract according to the GC-MS analysis. Plants containing these phytoconstituents have been shown to have pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. The chromatogram is shown in (Fig. 3) and phytochemical constituents with activities are shown in the (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3 GC-MS chromatogram showing relative abundance and retention time of the Ethyl acetate leaf extracts of\u003cem\u003e Passiflora foetida \u003c/em\u003eL.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Phytochemical constituents identified in the ethyl acetate leaf extracts of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e. using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their activities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"624\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeak No.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR.T.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeak Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eName of compound\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActivity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.861\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDermatological agent used as an antiseptic [41].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.323\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePyranone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntitumor activity [42].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.628\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5-Octen-2-yn-4-ol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects [43].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.727\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gamma; -Terpineol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects [44].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.116\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDermatological agent used as an antiseptic [41].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.887\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2,4-Dimethylfuran\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects [45].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.810\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeneicosane\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExhibits\u0026nbsp;antimicrobial activity [46].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.813\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEicosane\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExhibits\u0026nbsp;antimicrobial activity [46].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.188\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTetradecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial and anticancer activity [47].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.102\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecis-11-Hexadecenal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimelanogenic, antifungal properties [48].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.497\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIsopropyl myristate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsed in cosmetics [49].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.450\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2-Hexyldecanol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory activity [50].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.341\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en-Hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, Antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.911\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, Antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.352\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHydnocarpic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUse to treat leprosy [52].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.923\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthyl hydnocarpate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntileprotic activity, antimicrobial and anticancer properties [53].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.781\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9,12-Octadecadienoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.918\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9-Octadecenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.134\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhytol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCytotoxic, antioxidant, autophagy- and apoptosis-inducing, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory [55].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.537\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(9E,11E)-Octadecadienoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic activity [54].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.654\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9-Octadecenoic acid,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.093\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.122\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChaulmoogric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUse to treat leprosy [52].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.652\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2-Cyclopentene-1-tridecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties [56]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.288\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9-Octadecenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.326\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTetradecahydrocyclododeca[c]furan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial and anti-inflammatory\u0026nbsp;activity [45].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.473\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2-Eicosen-5-olide\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.249\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(9Z)-9-Tetradecenal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePheromone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.608\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShyobunol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-tumor activities [57]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.745\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2-[(9Z,12Z)-9,12-Octadecadienyloxy]ethanol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsed as surfactant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.879\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecis-13-Docosenamide\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties [58].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.115\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene-5,14-diol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalgesic, anti-inflammatory, and\u0026nbsp;antimicrobial\u0026nbsp;properties\u0026nbsp;[59]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.077\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(R)-(-)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLong chain fatty alcohol.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.192\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecis-4,4-Dimethylbicyclo(6.3.0)undecane-2,6-dione\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties [60]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedicinally important twenty-eight phytoconstituents were found in the ethanol extract according to the GC-MS analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig.4 GC-MS chromatogram showing relative abundance and retention time of the Ethanol leaf extracts of\u003cem\u003e Passiflora foetida \u003c/em\u003eL.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe chromatogram is shown in (Fig. 4) and phytochemical constituents with activities are shown in the (Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Phytochemical constituents identified in the ethanol leaf extracts of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e. using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their activities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"624\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeak No.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR.T.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeak Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eName of compound\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActivity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.567\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTetradecane\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial properties.[61].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.500\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties [62]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.139\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePentadecane\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlkane.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.710\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenzoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial and Antifungal Agent [63].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.200\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTetradecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial and Anticancer activity[47].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.405\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3-Methylheptadecane\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlkane.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.111\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecis-9-Hexadecenal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimelanogenic, antifungal properties [48].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.507\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIsopropyl myristate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsed in Cosmetics [49].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.322\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en-Hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, Antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.512\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3-Methylheptadecane\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlkane.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.923\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.533\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10E,12Z-Octadecadienoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.652\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9-Octadecenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.096\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.634\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36.498\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12-Hydroxystearic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFatty acid surfactant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.084\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTricyclo[20.8.0.0(7,16)]triacontane\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.923\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.102\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUndec-10-ynoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFatty acid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.341\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTetradecahydrocyclododeca[c]furan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial and anti-inflammatory\u0026nbsp;activity [45].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.490\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2-Eicosen-5-olide\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant Activity [64]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.923\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9-Octadecenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.623\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTricyclo[20.8.0.0(7,16)]triacontane\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.379\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial, antifungal, and cytotoxic effects [65].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.764\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE,E-3,13-Octadecadien-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePheromone.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.894\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecis-13-Docosenamide\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties [58].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.381\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSqualene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eantioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating effects[66].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.134\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene-5,14-diol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"282\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalgesic, anti-inflammatory, and\u0026nbsp;antimicrobial\u0026nbsp;properties\u0026nbsp;[59]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscussion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study conducted phytochemical screening tests to substantiate its traditional applications and offer scientific support. The phytochemical analysis with ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts revealed the existence of several major groups of phytoconstituents (Fig.3; Table 4) and (Fig.4; Table 5) respectively bolstering the potential of the plant as an herbal remedy against certain diseases. Ethyl acetate extract contains (10.6%) 1, 2, 3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate showed dermatological and antiseptic activity [41]. n-hexadecanoic acid (11.98%) exhibited anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51]. Octadecanoic acid and its derivatives in high abundance (27.36%) exhibited anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. Compounds like hydnocarpic acid (10.7%) and chaulmoogric acid (4.57%) exhibited activity against leprosy [52]. Heneicosane and eicosane are pheromones that exhibited microbial activity [46]. Ethanol extract contains \u0026nbsp;tetradecane (1.89%) \u0026nbsp;was reported to possess antimicrobial properties [61]. Hexadecenoic acid (12.15%) and octadecanoic acid (8.98%) exhibits anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity [54]. It was declared that hexadecanoic acid (14.25%) \u0026nbsp;had anti-inflammatory, Antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property [51]. cis-13-Docosenamide (17.29%) showed Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties [58]. Plant material extraction and analysis are crucial to the creation, modernization, and quality assurance of herbal medicines [67]. Intense pharmacological research has been conducted over the past few decades to increase the value of different medicinal plants as possible sources of novel therapeutics and top prospects for drug development [68].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, GC\u0026ndash;MS analysis were performed to explore the phytochemical constituents profile of this \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL collected from the dense forest near Lonar Lake:A Distinctive Saline Crater Lake in IndiaThirty-four phytochemical constituents have been identified from the ethyl acetate extract and twenty-eight phytoconstituents identified in the ethanol extract of leaves of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL. This study supports the use of leaf as traditional medicine. The compounds identified in the present study may be extracted and quantified to develop a new drug to use as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, fungicide, insecticide and antibiotic in the field of pharmacy. As a result, \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL. may be used as an essential candidate for pharmacological activity testing. Thus, further pharmacological research are required to confirm the exact compound/compounds responsible for health benefits.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are thankful to Management, Principal and Head Dept. of Botany, M.S.P. Mandal\u0026rsquo;s Balbhim Arts, Science and Commerce College Beed, Maharashtra, India for availing all necessary facilities and infrastructure for carrying out the research. Also we would like to thank Centre For Analytical Instrumentation, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, India for providing GC-MS facility.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, Methodology, GC-MS analysis, Investigation, Writing- original draft preparation- Sunita Bhosle, Sharmishtha Doifode, Experimentation-Sharmishtha Doifode, Writing\u0026mdash;review and editing-Sunita Bhosle, Sharmishtha Doifode.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis work was supported by the Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Research and Training Institute [MAHAJYOTI] [An autonomous institute of the OBC welfare Department, Govt. of Maharashtra]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable [Research not involving human research participants or live vertebrates]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e Granted for publication.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIqbal, N., Vahia, M. N., Masood, T., \u0026amp; Ahmad, A. (n.d.). A Probable Meteor Impact Crater in Kashmir Valley (India).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLyttleton, R. A. (1964). The Moon, Meteorites, and Comets.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSurve, R. R., Shirke, A. V., Athalye, R. R., \u0026amp; Sangare, M. M. (2021). A Review on Chemical and Ecological Status of Lonar Lake. \u003cem\u003eCurrent World Environment\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e(1), 61\u0026ndash;69. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.16.1.07\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmad Khan, M. S., \u0026amp; Ahmad, I. (2019). Herbal Medicine. In \u003cem\u003eNew Look to Phytomedicine\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 3\u0026ndash;13). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814619-4.00001-X\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShukia, R., Sharma, S. B., Puri, D., Prabhu, K. M., \u0026amp; Murthy, P. S. (2000). Medicinal plants for treatment of diabetes mellitus. \u003cem\u003eIndian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e(S1), 169\u0026ndash;177. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02867556\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Hussein, R., \u0026amp; A. El-Anssary, A. (2019). Plants Secondary Metabolites: The Key Drivers of the Pharmacological Actions of Medicinal Plants. In P. F. Builders (Ed.), \u003cem\u003eHerbal Medicine\u003c/em\u003e. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76139\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShokeen, P., Anand, P., Murali, Y. K., \u0026amp; Tandon, V. (2008). Antidiabetic activity of 50% ethanolic extract of Ricinus communis and its purified fractions. \u003cem\u003eFood and Chemical Toxicology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e46\u003c/em\u003e(11), 3458\u0026ndash;3466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.020\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharifi Rad, J., Hoseini Alfatemi, S. M., Sharifi Rad, M., \u0026amp; Iriti, M. (2014). Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Activities of Different Parts of\u003cem\u003eNitraria schoberi\u003c/em\u003eL. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Biologically Active Products from Nature\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 44\u0026ndash;51. https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2014.890070\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaini, A. K., Goyal, R., Gauttam, V. K., \u0026amp; Kalia, A. N. (2010). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of Ricinus communis Linn leaves extracts and its flavonoids content in Wistar rats. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e(5), 690\u0026ndash;695.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharifi-Rad, M., Panda, J., Mohanta, Y. K., Pohl, P., Zengin, G., \u0026amp; Moloney, M. G. (2025). Essential oil of Cleome coluteoides (Boiss.): phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, enzymatic inhibition, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory properties. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Herbal Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e52\u003c/em\u003e, 101036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101036\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRao, N., Mittal, S., \u0026amp; Menghani, E. (2013). Assessment of phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial potential of the methanolic extract of Ricinus communis L. \u003cem\u003eAsian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(1), 20\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharifi-Rad, M., Mohanta, Y. K., Pohl, P., Jaradat, N., Aboul-Soud, M. A. M., \u0026amp; Zengin, G. (2022). Variation of phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties of Grantia aucheri (Boiss.) at different growth stages. \u003cem\u003eMicrobial Pathogenesis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e172\u003c/em\u003e, 105805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105805\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBenmohamed, M., Guenane, H., Messaoudi, M., Zahnit, W., Egbuna, C., Sharifi-Rad, M. Yousfi, M. (2023). Mineral Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Anti-Urease and Anti-\u0026alpha;-Amylase Activities of the Unripe Fruit Extracts of Pistacia atlantica. \u003cem\u003eMolecules\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c/em\u003e(1), 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010349\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShaiq Ali, M., Ahmed, F., Kashif Pervez, M., Azhar, I., \u0026amp; Ibrahim, S. A. (2005). Parkintin: A new flavanone with epoxy-isopentyl moiety from \u003cem\u003eParkinsonia aculeata\u003c/em\u003e linn. (Caesalpiniaceae). \u003cem\u003eNatural Product Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c/em\u003e(1), 53\u0026ndash;56. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410310001643812\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChiavaroli, A., Di Simone, S. C., Sinan, K. I., Ciferri, M. C., Angeles Flores, G., Zengin, G., \u0026hellip; Orlando, G. (2020). Pharmacological Properties and Chemical Profiles of Passiflora foetida L. Extracts: Novel Insights for Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals. \u003cem\u003eProcesses\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(9), 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091034\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePatil, A. S., Paikrao, H. M., \u0026amp; Patil, S. R. (2013). Passiflora foetida Linn: a complete morphological and phytopharmacological review. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 285\u0026ndash;296.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSasikala, V., Saravanan, S., \u0026amp; Parimelazhagan, T. (2011). Analgesic and anti\u0026ndash;inflammatory activities of Passiflora foetida L. \u003cem\u003eAsian Pacific journal of tropical medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(8), 600\u0026ndash;603.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSutar, V., \u0026amp; Bhosale, U. P. (2013). Screening of Passiflora foetida extracts as anticancer agents on MCF 7 cell line. \u003cem\u003eBIOINFOLET-A Quarterly Journal of Life Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(3a), 808\u0026ndash;810.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnandan, R., Jayakar, B., Jeganathan, S., Manavalan, R., \u0026amp; Kumar, S. R. (2009). Effect of ethanol extract of fruits of Passiflora foetida Linn. on CCl. \u003cem\u003eJ. Pharm. Res\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e, 413\u0026ndash;415.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSathish, R., Sahu, A., \u0026amp; Natarajan, K. (2011). Antiulcer and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Passiflora foetida L. \u003cem\u003eIndian Journal of Pharmacology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e43\u003c/em\u003e(3), 336. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.81501\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnandan, R., Jayakar, B., Jeganathan, S., Manavalan, R., \u0026amp; Kumar, S. R. (2009). Effect of ethanol extract of fruits of Passiflora foetida Linn. on CCl. \u003cem\u003eJ. Pharm. Res\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e, 413\u0026ndash;415.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKell, D. B., Brown, M., Davey, H. M., Dunn, W. B., Spasic, I., \u0026amp; Oliver, S. G. (2005). Metabolic footprinting and systems biology: the medium is the message. \u003cem\u003eNature Reviews Microbiology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(7), 557\u0026ndash;565. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1177\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRobertson, D. G. (2005). Metabonomics in Toxicology: A Review. \u003cem\u003eToxicological Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e85\u003c/em\u003e(2), 809\u0026ndash;822. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi102\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBalouiri, M., Sadiki, M., \u0026amp; Ibnsouda, S. K. (2016). Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Pharmaceutical Analysis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(2), 71\u0026ndash;79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTorres-Rodriguez, A., Darvishzadeh, R., Skidmore, A. K., Fr\u0026auml;nzel-Luiten, E., Knaken, B., \u0026amp; Schuur, B. (2024). High-throughput Soxhlet extraction method applied for analysis of leaf lignocellulose and non-structural substances. \u003cem\u003eMethodsX\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e, 102644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2024.102644\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStanojević, L. P., Stanković, M. Z., Cvetković, D. J., Cakić, M. D., Ilić, D. P., Nikolić, V. D., \u0026amp; Stanojević, J. S. (2016). The effect of extraction techniques on yield, extraction kinetics, and antioxidant activity of aqueous-methanolic extracts from nettle ( \u003cem\u003eUrtica dioica\u003c/em\u003e L.) leaves. \u003cem\u003eSeparation Science and Technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e51\u003c/em\u003e(11), 1817\u0026ndash;1829. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2016.1178774\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRao, U. M. (2016). Phytochemical Screening, Total Flavonoid and Phenolic Content Assays of Various Solvent Extracts of Tepal of Musa paradisiaca. \u003cem\u003eMalaysian Journal of Analytical Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e20\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1181\u0026ndash;1190. https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2016-2005-25\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNortjie, E., Basitere, M., Moyo, D., \u0026amp; Nyamukamba, P. (2022). Extraction Methods, Quantitative and Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Medicinal Plants for Antimicrobial Textiles: A Review. \u003cem\u003ePlants\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(15), 2011. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152011\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamaswamy, N., Samatha, T., Srinivas, P., \u0026amp; Chary, R. S. (2013). International Journal Of Pharmacy \u0026amp; Life Sciences. \u003cem\u003eLife Sci.\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMensah Donkor, A. (2016). In Vitro Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Activities of Senna alata, Ricinus communis and Lannea barteri extracts Against Wound and Skin Disease Causing Bacteria. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Analytical \u0026amp; Pharmaceutical Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(1). https://doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2016.03.00046\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShaikh, J. R., \u0026amp; Patil, M. (2020). Qualitative tests for preliminary phytochemical screening: An overview. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Chemical Studies\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(2), 603\u0026ndash;608. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2i.8834\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGibbs, H. D. (1927). Phenol Tests. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Biological Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e72\u003c/em\u003e(2), 649\u0026ndash;664. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)84338-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen, C., Li, R., Li, D., Shen, F., Xiao, G., \u0026amp; Zhou, J. (2021). Extraction and purification of saponins from \u003cem\u003eSapindus mukorossi\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eNew Journal of Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e45\u003c/em\u003e(2), 952\u0026ndash;960. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nj04047a\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRahman, A., Sitepu, I. R., Tang, S.-Y., \u0026amp; Hashidoko, Y. (2010). Salkowski\u0026rsquo;s Reagent Test as a Primary Screening Index for Functionalities of Rhizobacteria Isolated from Wild Dipterocarp Saplings Growing Naturally on Medium-Strongly Acidic Tropical Peat Soil. \u003cem\u003eBioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e74\u003c/em\u003e(11), 2202\u0026ndash;2208. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.100360\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFalc\u0026atilde;o, L., \u0026amp; Ara\u0026uacute;jo, M. E. M. (2011). Tannins characterisation in new and historic vegetable tanned leathers fibres by spot tests. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Cultural Heritage\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(2), 149\u0026ndash;156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2010.10.005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCook, R. P. (1961). Reactions of steroids with acetic anhydride and sulphuric acid (the Liebermann-Burchard test). \u003cem\u003eThe Analyst\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e86\u003c/em\u003e(1023), 373. https://doi.org/10.1039/an9618600373\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen, M., He, X., Sun, H., Sun, Y., Li, L., Zhu, J. Zang, H. (2022). Phytochemical analysis, UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS analysis, biological activity, and toxicity of extracts from Tripleurospermum limosum (Maxim.) Pobed. \u003cem\u003eArabian Journal of Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e(5), 103797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103797\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGinocchio, C. C. (2002). Role of NCCLS in antimicrobial susceptibility testing and monitoring. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Health-System Pharmacy\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e59\u003c/em\u003e(suppl_3), S7\u0026ndash;S11. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/59.suppl_3.S7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLai, H. Y., Lim, Y. Y., \u0026amp; Tan, S. P. (2009). Antioxidative, Tyrosinase Inhibiting and Antibacterial Activities of Leaf Extracts from Medicinal Ferns. \u003cem\u003eBioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e73\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1362\u0026ndash;1366. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.90018\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMostafa, A. A., Al-Askar, A. A., Almaary, K. S., Dawoud, T. M., Sholkamy, E. N., \u0026amp; Bakri, M. M. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against bacterial strains causing food poisoning diseases. \u003cem\u003eSaudi Journal of Biological Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e(2), 361\u0026ndash;366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.02.004\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClaesen, J. (2018). Topical Antiseptics and the Skin\u0026nbsp;Microbiota. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Investigative Dermatology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e138\u003c/em\u003e(10), 2106\u0026ndash;2107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2018.06.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYu, C., Nian, Y., Chen, H., Liang, S., Sun, M., Pei, Y., \u0026amp; Wang, H. (2022). Pyranone Derivatives With Antitumor Activities, From the Endophytic Fungus Phoma sp. YN02-P-3. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e, 950726. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.950726\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHalappanavar, V., Teli, S., Sannakki, H. B., \u0026amp; Teli, D. (2025). Quinazoline scaffold as a target for combating microbial resistance: Synthesis and antimicrobial profiling of quinazoline derivatives. \u003cem\u003eResults in Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e, 101955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101955\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen, Y., Zhang, L.-L., Wang, W., \u0026amp; Wang, G. (2023). Recent updates on bioactive properties of \u0026alpha;-terpineol. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Essential Oil Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c/em\u003e(3), 274\u0026ndash;288. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2023.2196515\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSridhar, S., Dinda, S. C., \u0026amp; Prasad, Y. R. (2011). Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some New Chalcones Containing 2,5‐Dimethylfuran Moiety. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(2), 541\u0026ndash;546. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/582603\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVanitha, V., Vijayakumar, S., Nilavukkarasi, M., Punitha, V. N., Vidhya, E., \u0026amp; Praseetha, P. K. (2020). Heneicosane\u0026mdash;A novel microbicidal bioactive alkane identified from Plumbago zeylanica L. \u003cem\u003eIndustrial Crops and Products\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e154\u003c/em\u003e, 112748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112748\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSokmen, B. B., Hasdemir, B., Yusufoglu, A., \u0026amp; Yanardag, R. (2014). Some Monohydroxy Tetradecanoic Acid Isomers as Novel Urease and Elastase Inhibitors and as New Antioxidants. \u003cem\u003eApplied Biochemistry and Biotechnology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e172\u003c/em\u003e(3), 1358\u0026ndash;1364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0595-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHoda, S., Gupta, L., Shankar, J., Gupta, A. K., \u0026amp; Vijayaraghavan, P. (2020). \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c/em\u003e-9-Hexadecenal, a Natural Compound Targeting Cell Wall Organization, Critical Growth Factor, and Virulence of \u003cem\u003eAspergillus fumigatus\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eACS Omega\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e(17), 10077\u0026ndash;10088. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00615\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBardhan, S., Kundu, K., Das, S., Poddar, M., Saha, S. K., \u0026amp; Paul, B. K. (2014). Formation, thermodynamic properties, microstructures and antimicrobial activity of mixed cationic/non-ionic surfactant microemulsions with isopropyl myristate as oil. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Colloid and Interface Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e430\u003c/em\u003e, 129\u0026ndash;139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.05.042\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi, L., Yang, B., Yang, S., Tian, X., Gao, Y., Song, J., Xing, F. (2024). Inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus brevis on Aspergillus westerdijkiae and antifungal compounds identification. \u003cem\u003ePostharvest Biology and Technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e214\u003c/em\u003e, 112980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2024.112980\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim, D. H., Park, M. H., Choi, Y. J., Chung, K. W., Park, C. H., Jang, E. J., \u0026hellip; Chung, H. Y. (2013). Molecular Study of Dietary Heptadecane for the Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of NF-kB in the Aged Kidney. \u003cem\u003ePLoS ONE\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(3), e59316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059316\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWalker, E. L., \u0026amp; Sweeney, M. A. (1920). The chemotherapeutics of the chaulmoogric acid series and other fatty acids in leprosy and tuberculosis: I. Bactericidal action; active principle; specificity. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Infectious Diseases\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e26\u003c/em\u003e(3), 238\u0026ndash;264. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/26.3.238\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGanesh, M., Lee, S. G., Jayaprakash, J., Mohankumar, M., \u0026amp; Jang, H. T. (2019). Hydnocarpus alpina Wt extract mediated green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticle and screening of its anti-microbial, free radical scavenging, and photocatalytic activity. \u003cem\u003eBiocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c/em\u003e, 101129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101129\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAjanaku, C., Echeme, J., Mordi, R., Bolade, O., Okoye, S., Jonathan, H., \u0026amp; Ejilude, O. (2018). In-Vitro Antibacterial, Phytochemical, Antimycobacterial Activities And Gc-Ms Analyses Of Bidens Pilosa Leaf Extract. \u003cem\u003eJournal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(1), 721\u0026ndash;725. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2018.8.1.721-725\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIslam, M. T., Ali, E. S., Uddin, S. J., Shaw, S., Islam, M. A., Ahmed, M. I., \u0026hellip; Atanasov, A. G. (2018). Phytol: A review of biomedical activities. \u003cem\u003eFood and Chemical Toxicology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e121\u003c/em\u003e, 82\u0026ndash;94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.032\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang, W.-S., Kim, I., Seu, Y.-B., Jeong, Y. J., Han, H. S., Ryu, K. O., \u0026amp; Kang, S. C. (2016). Ethanolic Extract of Radish Sprout (\u003cem\u003eRaphanus Sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.) Prevents Bisphenol A-Induced Testicular Dysfunction in Male Rats. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Food Biochemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e40\u003c/em\u003e(4), 490\u0026ndash;498. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12245\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSt-Gelais, A., Mathieu, M., Levasseur, V., Ovando, J. F., Escamilla, R., \u0026amp; Marceau, H. (2016). Preisocalamendiol, Shyobunol and Related Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes from Bolivian \u003cem\u003eSchinus molle\u003c/em\u003e Essential Oil. \u003cem\u003eNatural Product Communications\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100432\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZain, M. E., Awaad, A. S., Al-Othman, M. R., Alafeefy, A. M., \u0026amp; El-Meligy, R. M. (2013). WITHDRAWN: Biological activity of fungal secondary metabolites. Elsevier.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, Z., \u0026amp; Tang, W. (2018). Drug metabolism in drug discovery and development. \u003cem\u003eActa Pharmaceutica Sinica B\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(5), 721\u0026ndash;732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2018.04.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQin, G.-F., Liang, H.-B., Liu, W.-X., Zhu, F., Li, P.-L., Li, G.-Q., \u0026amp; Yao, J.-C. (2019). Bicyclo [6.3.0] Undecane Sesquiterpenoids: Structures, Biological Activities, and Syntheses. \u003cem\u003eMolecules\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c/em\u003e(21), 3912. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213912\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNasr, Z., El-shershaby, H., Sallam, K., Abed, N., Abd- El Ghany, I., \u0026amp; Sidkey, N. (2021). Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Tetradecane Extracted from Pediococcus acidilactici DSM: 20284 - CM Isolated from Curd Milk. \u003cem\u003eEgyptian Journal of Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e(0), 0\u0026ndash;0. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2021.92658.4385\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGevorgyan, G. A., Gasparyan, N. K., Papoyan, O. A., Tumadzhyan, A. E., Tatevosyan, A. A., \u0026amp; Panosyan, G. A. (2017). Synthesis and Various Biological Properties of 3-(4-Benzylpiperizino)-1-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-1-Alkyl(Aryl)-2-Phenylpropan-1-OL Dihydrochlorides. \u003cem\u003ePharmaceutical Chemistry Journal\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e51\u003c/em\u003e(1), 30\u0026ndash;34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-017-1552-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFood additives. (2020). In \u003cem\u003eIntroduction to the Chemistry of Food\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 251\u0026ndash;311). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809434-1.00007-4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaslova, O., Iskakova, Z., Doskaliyev, A., \u0026amp; Adekenov, S. (2023). Cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of sesquiterpene lactones. Structure, activity. \u003cem\u003eScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science\u003c/em\u003e, (6(46)), 53\u0026ndash;63. https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2023.295228\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAroonrerk, N. (2016). Anti-cariogenic activity of garcinone B from Garcinia mangostana Linn. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Pharmaceutical Care \u0026amp; Health Systems\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e03\u003c/em\u003e(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0419.c1.012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheng, L., Ji, T., Zhang, M., \u0026amp; Fang, B. (2024). Recent advances in squalene: Biological activities, sources, extraction, and delivery systems. \u003cem\u003eTrends in Food Science \u0026amp; Technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e146\u003c/em\u003e, 104392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104392\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGomathi, D., Kalaiselvi, M., Ravikumar, G., Devaki, K., \u0026amp; Uma, C. (2015). GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds from the whole plant ethanolic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Food Science and Technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e52\u003c/em\u003e(2), 1212\u0026ndash;1217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1105-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKatiyar, C., Kanjilal, S., Gupta, A., \u0026amp; Katiyar, S. (2012). Drug discovery from plant sources: An integrated approach. \u003cem\u003eAYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c/em\u003e(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.100295\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"GC-MS, Phytochemicals, Lonar Lake, Passiflora foetida L, Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6833796/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6833796/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Lonar Lake Distinctive Saline Crater Lake Located in Maharashtra's Buldhana district, India, Crater Lake is encircled by thick woodlands containing numerous plants with medicinal properties. Passiflora foetida L. commonly known as stinking passion flower has been used as traditional medicine in treating diseases such as throat infection, giddiness, liver disorder, diarrhea, tumor, nervous disorder, anxiety, sleep disorders, skin infections, hysteria and asthma. The present study was carried out to assess phytoconstituents and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of Passiflora foetida L. The Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Passiflora foetida L. leaves were subjected to GC-MS analysis. The Ethyl acetate extracts yielded thirty-four phytochemical compounds, while the ethanol extracts revealed twenty-eight phytochemical compounds upon analysis. The compounds were identified by comparing their retention time and peak area with that of the literature and by interpretation of mass spectra. Using the agar disc diffusion method, antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated for extracts obtained using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water as solvents. The phytoconstituents of Passiflora foetida L. may have other medicinal uses beyond its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, such as lowering the use of synthetic medications.","manuscriptTitle":"Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Pharmacological Evaluation of Passiflora foetida L. Leaf Extract Found in the Vicinity of Lonar Lake: A Distinctive Saline Crater Lake in India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-21 08:35:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6833796/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"77e20455-187a-4a38-9a7b-bd5e3e608d8d","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-21T08:35:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-21 08:35:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6833796","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6833796","identity":"rs-6833796","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}