Effect of activator dosage and mass ratio of GGBFS to FA on 3D printing performance of kenaf geopolymer

Effect of activator dosage and mass ratio of GGBFS to FA on 3D printing performance of kenaf geopolymer | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of activator dosage and mass ratio of GGBFS to FA on 3D printing performance of kenaf geopolymer Xiao Kong, Li Dai, Shicai Chen, Yuan Guo, Zehuan Zhang, Shaojie Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4065435/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Materials and Structures → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Kenaf geopolymer for 3D printing is a promising representative for comprehensive and intelligent utilization of industrial and agricultural wastes. Aiming at exploring the effect of raw materials’ proportion on printing performances, alkali activator dosage (10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%) and mass ratio of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) to fly ash (FA) (15:85, 20:80, 25:75) were adopted as main variables in this paper. Results have shown that increasing the activator dosage and decreasing the mass ratio of GGBFS to FA can improve the flowability, and adjusting these two parameters can tailor the fluidity to a suitable range. Moreover, dry density of kenaf geopolymer was more significantly affected by alkali activator dosage compared with mineral powder ratio, and lightweight characteristic due to kenaf participation effectively improved shape retention ability of printed specimens. Besides, microstructure analysis further confirmed that with appropriate alkali activator dosage and mineral powder ratio, high level of geopolymerization reaction can be achieved to produce enough gel product for a satisfactory internal structure, which externally manifested as excellent printability and mechanical strength. Finally, formula with alkali activator dosage of 15 wt.% and GGBFS to FA mass ratio of 25:75 was recommended for satisfactory printing performance and mechanical properties. 3D printing activator dosage mass ratio of GGBFS to FA kenaf geopolymer Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Materials and Structures → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Apr, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Mar, 2024 Editor invited by journal 29 Mar, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 29 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 28 Mar, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4065435","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":285523920,"identity":"17a47f4f-487d-4805-a7b5-323f532eea87","order_by":0,"name":"Xiao Kong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiao","middleName":"","lastName":"Kong","suffix":""},{"id":285523921,"identity":"8f456d9a-dc49-4632-b638-7e1cc1ddde30","order_by":1,"name":"Li Dai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Li","middleName":"","lastName":"Dai","suffix":""},{"id":285523922,"identity":"623afa40-d977-4d7e-8ebc-363d739e3548","order_by":2,"name":"Shicai Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shicai","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":285523923,"identity":"cb2bf366-4bcc-4a62-beed-8f1aba5f321d","order_by":3,"name":"Yuan Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Bast Fiber Crops","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":285523924,"identity":"55b88c6c-727b-4331-b4d5-caeb40b5f334","order_by":4,"name":"Zehuan Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zehuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":285523925,"identity":"bef46e43-9aec-4989-9779-736ee6c603d9","order_by":5,"name":"Shaojie Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACNjkGhgQQg5mwWh6oFmOStTAkNhCtxV4iO02a5w9f+vz25GcSDBXWiQ3sZw/gt0Uid5s0bxtb7oYzz8wkGM6kJzbw5CUQ1pLbANQikWAmwdh2OLFBgseAsJacP2zp8jPSv0kw/iNaCxtbAsONHKAtDcRoOfN2s/XfNjbDDWfeFFskHEs3buPJwa+FvT13480Zf47Jy7enb7zxocZatp/9DH4tUHAMQiUAMRsx6oGghkh1o2AUjIJRMCIBAH1OP0s9cykXAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shaojie","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-10 13:37:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4065435/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4065435/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-024-02410-1","type":"published","date":"2024-11-07T15:58:19+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":68750047,"identity":"7bbc160f-0a4d-45e6-830d-9fb456aad333","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-11 16:08:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":922395,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptForrevisioncleanversionofrevisedpaper.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4065435/v1_covered_c95a7b7f-e748-4efd-929e-42da359f76f2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effect of activator dosage and mass ratio of GGBFS to FA on 3D printing performance of kenaf geopolymer","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"materials-and-structures","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"maas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Materials and Structures](http://link.springer.com/journal/11527)","snPcode":"11527","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/maas/default2.aspx","title":"Materials and Structures","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"3D printing, activator dosage, mass ratio of GGBFS to FA, kenaf geopolymer","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4065435/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4065435/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Kenaf geopolymer for 3D printing is a promising representative for comprehensive and intelligent utilization of industrial and agricultural wastes. Aiming at exploring the effect of raw materials’ proportion on printing performances, alkali activator dosage (10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%) and mass ratio of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) to fly ash (FA) (15:85, 20:80, 25:75) were adopted as main variables in this paper. Results have shown that increasing the activator dosage and decreasing the mass ratio of GGBFS to FA can improve the flowability, and adjusting these two parameters can tailor the fluidity to a suitable range. Moreover, dry density of kenaf geopolymer was more significantly affected by alkali activator dosage compared with mineral powder ratio, and lightweight characteristic due to kenaf participation effectively improved shape retention ability of printed specimens. Besides, microstructure analysis further confirmed that with appropriate alkali activator dosage and mineral powder ratio, high level of geopolymerization reaction can be achieved to produce enough gel product for a satisfactory internal structure, which externally manifested as excellent printability and mechanical strength. Finally, formula with alkali activator dosage of 15 wt.% and GGBFS to FA mass ratio of 25:75 was recommended for satisfactory printing performance and mechanical properties.","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of activator dosage and mass ratio of GGBFS to FA on 3D printing performance of kenaf geopolymer","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-03 17:32:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4065435/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-04-02T11:51:53+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-30T00:53:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Materials and Structures","date":"2024-03-30T00:20:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-29T19:33:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Materials and Structures","date":"2024-03-28T22:35:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"materials-and-structures","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"maas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Materials and Structures](http://link.springer.com/journal/11527)","snPcode":"11527","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/maas/default2.aspx","title":"Materials and Structures","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ec347375-5800-4d61-8700-fb9516c9acfd","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 3rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-11T16:04:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4065435","link":"https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-024-02410-1","journal":{"identity":"materials-and-structures","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Materials and Structures"},"publishedOn":"2024-11-07 15:58:19","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 7th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-03 17:32:45","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1617/s11527-024-02410-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-024-02410-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4065435","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4065435","identity":"rs-4065435","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}