Developing Reference Values and Predictive Equations for the Energy Requirements of Saudi Individuals with Down Syndrome

Developing Reference Values and Predictive Equations for the Energy Requirements of Saudi Individuals with Down Syndrome | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Developing Reference Values and Predictive Equations for the Energy Requirements of Saudi Individuals with Down Syndrome Omar Alhumaidan, Mohammed Alsaif This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7307058/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Individuals with Down syndrome frequently have lower basal metabolic rates and distinct body compositions, resulting in lower energy requirements than the general population. The current dietary guidelines in Saudi Arabia do not account for these differences, which may result in inaccurate nutritional recommendations. Methods This study developed an analytical framework that combined a factorial approach with a probabilistic method to estimate the average requirement for energy intake (AR-EI) in Saudi adults with Down syndrome. The input data included national statistics on age, height, and weight, as well as published metabolic coefficients specific to Down syndrome. Energy requirements were modeled, and predictive equations were generated using generalized least squares regression (GLS) with age and height as predictors. Results The AR-EI values for Saudi adults with Down syndrome were determined for all age groups and physical activity levels. Resting energy requirements ranged from 1353 kcal/day for males aged 19–24 y to 1100 kcal/day for those aged 85 y and older, whereas in females, values ranged from 1307 to 998 kcal/day for the same age groups. The predictive equations demonstrated a strong explanatory power (R² = 0.783 for males and 0.86 for females), with age and height significantly influencing energy requirements. Conclusions This study generated AR-EI values and predictive equations specific to Saudi adults with Down syndrome, using a robust analytical method that effectively accounted for variability in metabolic parameters. These outputs allow for more accurate energy assessments and support the development of tailored nutritional. Calories Down syndrome Energy Reference Value Nutrient intake Nutritional Guidelines Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7307058","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":496461097,"identity":"20340225-e3ec-44d3-bc1f-8aad7260700b","order_by":0,"name":"Omar Alhumaidan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHhAhwdjAwHyAoYKNNC1sCQxnSNDCANTCY0CcFn72s8ekbtRYyPbP7vn84UCZHYO8e48B448a3Foke/LSpHOOSRjPuHN2m8SBc8kMhmfOGDDzHMOtxeBAjpl0DptEYsON3G3MH9uYGQxnpCUwM+BxocH5N0At/yQS59/IefzhYFs9WAvjj394tNwA2pLbJpG44UYOg8TBtsMM8hLJBxh42/D4ZcYbY+vcPgnjjTfSzIB+Oc5jwHP4wGHePtxa+PlzDG/nfKuTnXcj+TEwxKrl5NsbGx/++IZbCwbgMTjAwHCABA1AIN9AmvpRMApGwSgY/gAAO9lUt+tHU4UAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Omar","middleName":"","lastName":"Alhumaidan","suffix":""},{"id":496461098,"identity":"cfd76e1e-d9db-4e9e-bc33-549466a8726a","order_by":1,"name":"Mohammed Alsaif","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"King Saud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"","lastName":"Alsaif","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-06 07:53:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7307058/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7307058/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89916826,"identity":"6dbf8542-ae7b-4ed6-8265-4e6318111440","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-26 12:02:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":684034,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"DevelopingReferenceValuesandPredictiveEquationsfortheEnergyRequirementsofSaudiIndividualswithDownSyndromev1anonymised.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7307058/v1_covered_da6fe9da-390e-4764-9f0a-7b7661b6634b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Developing Reference Values and Predictive Equations for the Energy Requirements of Saudi Individuals with Down Syndrome","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Calories, Down syndrome, Energy, Reference Value, Nutrient intake, Nutritional Guidelines","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7307058/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7307058/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividuals with Down syndrome frequently have lower basal metabolic rates and distinct body compositions, resulting in lower energy requirements than the general population. The current dietary guidelines in Saudi Arabia do not account for these differences, which may result in inaccurate nutritional recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study developed an analytical framework that combined a factorial approach with a probabilistic method to estimate the average requirement for energy intake (AR-EI) in Saudi adults with Down syndrome. The input data included national statistics on age, height, and weight, as well as published metabolic coefficients specific to Down syndrome. Energy requirements were modeled, and predictive equations were generated using generalized least squares regression (GLS) with age and height as predictors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe AR-EI values for Saudi adults with Down syndrome were determined for all age groups and physical activity levels. Resting energy requirements ranged from 1353 kcal/day for males aged 19\u0026ndash;24 y to 1100 kcal/day for those aged 85 y and older, whereas in females, values ranged from 1307 to 998 kcal/day for the same age groups. The predictive equations demonstrated a strong explanatory power (R\u0026sup2; = 0.783 for males and 0.86 for females), with age and height significantly influencing energy requirements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study generated AR-EI values and predictive equations specific to Saudi adults with Down syndrome, using a robust analytical method that effectively accounted for variability in metabolic parameters. 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