Cost-Effective FRP Solutions for Enhancing Strength and Strain of Sustainable Concrete made with Waste Tyre Rubber

Cost-Effective FRP Solutions for Enhancing Strength and Strain of Sustainable Concrete made with Waste Tyre Rubber | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Cost-Effective FRP Solutions for Enhancing Strength and Strain of Sustainable Concrete made with Waste Tyre Rubber Panumas Saingam, Burachat Chatveera, Qudeer Hussain, Gritsada Sua-iam, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8226574/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the compressive behavior and analytical modeling of natural and rubberized concretes confined with cost-effective glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) jackets. Forty-two cylindrical specimens were tested under axial compression, including natural aggregate concrete (NAC) and rubberized concretes (RuC) prepared with 20% fine aggregate replacement using coarse (2.0 mm) and fine (0.425 mm) waste tire rubber. Both full and strip GFRP wrapping configurations with two, four, and six layers were examined. The results showed that GFRP confinement substantially enhanced both strength and ductility, transforming brittle failure into a gradual, energy-absorbing response. Full wrapping produced up to 63% and 90% strength increases for NAC and rubberized concretes, respectively, with ultimate strain gains exceeding 1300% in the fine-rubber mix. Strip wrapping achieved moderate yet significant improvements while offering material savings. Analytical models were developed for both concrete types to predict confined stress–strain behavior, achieving strong correlations (R² = 0.84–0.99) between predicted and experimental data. The derived regression-based formulations successfully captured the influence of confinement pressure, rubber content, and wrapping configuration. These findings demonstrate that GFRP provides an economical and sustainable confinement solution for enhancing the performance of rubberized concrete in structural and retrofitting applications. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science GFRP confinement Rubberized concrete Waste tyre rubber Axial compression Analytical model Sustainable materials Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 16 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 09 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 04 Dec, 2025 Editor invited by journal 04 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 04 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 04 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8226574","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":557918901,"identity":"a9d301c8-defb-48aa-ae84-877922da0d35","order_by":0,"name":"Panumas Saingam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Panumas","middleName":"","lastName":"Saingam","suffix":""},{"id":557918902,"identity":"fca31174-1157-4f3d-ad76-fec175dfc46d","order_by":1,"name":"Burachat Chatveera","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Thammasat 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Rubber","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"GFRP confinement, Rubberized concrete, Waste tyre rubber, Axial compression, Analytical model, Sustainable materials","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8226574/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8226574/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the compressive behavior and analytical modeling of natural and rubberized concretes confined with cost-effective glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) jackets. Forty-two cylindrical specimens were tested under axial compression, including natural aggregate concrete (NAC) and rubberized concretes (RuC) prepared with 20% fine aggregate replacement using coarse (2.0 mm) and fine (0.425 mm) waste tire rubber. Both full and strip GFRP wrapping configurations with two, four, and six layers were examined. The results showed that GFRP confinement substantially enhanced both strength and ductility, transforming brittle failure into a gradual, energy-absorbing response. Full wrapping produced up to 63% and 90% strength increases for NAC and rubberized concretes, respectively, with ultimate strain gains exceeding 1300% in the fine-rubber mix. Strip wrapping achieved moderate yet significant improvements while offering material savings. Analytical models were developed for both concrete types to predict confined stress\u0026ndash;strain behavior, achieving strong correlations (R\u0026sup2; = 0.84\u0026ndash;0.99) between predicted and experimental data. The derived regression-based formulations successfully captured the influence of confinement pressure, rubber content, and wrapping configuration. These findings demonstrate that GFRP provides an economical and sustainable confinement solution for enhancing the performance of rubberized concrete in structural and retrofitting applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Cost-Effective FRP Solutions for Enhancing Strength and Strain of Sustainable Concrete made with Waste Tyre Rubber","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-11 22:56:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8226574/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-16T14:54:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-15T16:47:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-14T01:12:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-10T01:25:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"58786860767856002779344509876154162126","date":"2025-12-09T17:36:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"95585710726359025981422265025359354115","date":"2025-12-09T12:17:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-08T08:12:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"232855552272362105738748343186084752054","date":"2025-12-07T23:26:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"285977855580035172869152505347802245807","date":"2025-12-07T17:02:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"265734534443068732104516937659684540550","date":"2025-12-07T14:50:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-07T12:09:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-05T02:53:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-05T02:47:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-04T08:42:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-12-04T08:23:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e26202b6-a75d-459b-a4db-24c0568998b3","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":59384033,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":59384034,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T16:02:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8226574","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42110-0","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-14 15:58:05","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 14th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-11 22:56:58","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-42110-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42110-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8226574","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8226574","identity":"rs-8226574","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}