Updated list of the vascular and bryological flora of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park

Updated list of the vascular and bryological flora of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Updated list of the vascular and bryological flora of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park Marcus Alberto Nadruz Coelho, Cecília Cronemberger This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6244869/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract An update was made on the vascular and bryological flora of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park, located in the Atlantic Forest domain, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Collections of plant samples were carried out from 2007 to 2011. These data were complemented by consultations with national and international herbaria, and scientific publications related to the flora of the Park. The total number of known plants is 3,096, divided into 2,412 angiosperms, 1 gymnosperm, 434 ferns and lycophytes and 249 bryophytes. Of these, 33 are endemic to the Park, 190 are endemic to the state of Rio de Janeiro, and 97 are classified in one of the IUCN threat categories. With these results, Serra dos Órgãos National Park becomes the Brazilian protected area with the richest known flora, harboring 38% of the species known to Rio de Janeiro state in an area of about 0,5% of its size. Despite the park’s great plant diversity, about 38% of the species had only one record and may be considered locally rare. Encouraging research and botanical collection in the park may increase the representation of locally rare species, rediscover species which are considered extinct and record new species for science. conservation unit inventory taxonomy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Introduction With over 20,000 catalogued animal and plant species [1], the Atlantic Forest is one of the most diverse biomes in world, classified as a biodiversity hotspot [2]. Plant diversity in the Atlantic Forest is higher than in the Amazon, with 17,422 species, of which about half are endemic to the domain [3, 4]. Only about 24% of the original Atlantic Forest cover remain, mostly in small, unprotected fragments [5, 6, 7]. In Rio de Janeiro state, the remaining forest covers 18,7% of the territory, due to the long history of intense human use [5, 8]. The Flora of Rio de Janeiro state comprises 8,162 species, subspecies and varieties, 1,119 of which are Bryophytes, 573 Ferns and Lycophytes, two Gymnosperms and 7,181 Angiosperms [9]. Part of this biodiversity is conserved within 52 state and federal level protected areas of the six management categories defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature [10, 11]. Along its original distribution, the remaining Atlantic dense forest is mainly distributed in protected areas or in hard to access slopes [12]. This is the case of the Serra do Mar Mountain Range, which harbors the largest continuum of Atlantic dense forest in the do-main’s southern portion, protecting over 800,000 hectares of forests distributed along São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Paraná states, of which 152.988,45 hectares are in Rio de Janeiro state [12, 8]. National Park (PARNASO) protects 19,855 hectares of Atlantic Forest, in the municipalities of Petrópolis, Teresópolis, Magé and Guapimirim (figure 1). Teresópolis and Petrópolis municipalities have the highest conservation rates in the state, which considers the number of vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered and extinct species, as well as endemic species to Rio de Janeiro [13]. The park’s region has been classified as an Important Birding Area [14] and Key Biological Area for birdes, mammals and amphibians [15]. The relief is quite rugged, and altitudes range from 80 to 2,275 m. a.s.l., at Pedra do Sino, the highest point in the Park [16]. The great altitudinal gradient results in a variety of phytophysiognomies: submontane forest, which occurs on the slopes of hills, between 50 and 500 m a.s.l.; montane forest, which occurs at the top of plateaus and mountain ranges, between 500 and 1,500 m a.s.l.; and alto-montane forest, which occurs above the boundaries of montane formations [12]. Above 1,800 m a.s.l., on the oceanic slope and 1,600 m a.s.l. on the continental slope, the forest is replaced by an open formation, called campos de altitude, dominated by herbaceous-shrub plants [10, 17]. About 37% of the park’s area is occupied by alto-montane forest, followed by the Campos de Altitude with 24%, montane forest with 22% and sub-montane forest, with 17% [17]. Established in 1939, Serra dos Órgãos National Park is the third oldest national park in Brazil. However, scientific expeditions to its current location date back from the beginning of the 19th century. The Serra dos Órgãos region was visited by naturalists such as Spix and Martius [18]. The Serra dos Órgãos region harbors great plant diversity, although the totality of plants that occur in the area is not yet known. The first list of flora species, Flora Organensis, was written by Carlos Rizzini in 1954 [19] and identified 2,029 plant species, including dicotyledons, monocotyledons, pteridophytes and bryophytes. Later, the Park’s Management Plan included 2,268 species [20]. Because of its isolation on the tops of the highest mountains, the campos de altitude present an unique flora and fauna, with a high degree of endemism. Aximoff [21] identified 23 species of plants threatened with extinction with recorded occurrence in the campos de altitude of PARNASO, while Martinelli [22] identified 347 plant species in a single valley, of which 66 are endemic to this formation and 13 are exclusive to PARNASO. This paper aims to update the list of plant species which occur in Serra dos Órgãos National Park, identifying those considered rare and threatened with extinction. Methods Collections of fertile material were carried out between 2007 and 2011, using the walking method [23], in areas of the park identified as poorly inventoried, in all types of vegetation [24]. Collected material was deposited in the herbarium of the Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro [RB]. Photographic records of vegetative and reproductive characters were made. The fertile plant material was dried and herborized using the usual methodology [25]. We searched for information on collected materials in herbaria and online databases, starting with the Carlos Toledo Rizzini Reference Collection, located at PARNASO headquarters in Teresópolis. We then searched the online databases JABOT/Consulta (http://rb.jbrj.gov.br/v2/consulta.php) and SPECIESLINK (https://specieslink.net/search/), and international herbaria ADMONT, B, BAK, BATU, BEOU, BP, BRNU, CBH, CHER, DR, ERE, FT, G, GAT, GJO, GZU, HAL, HERZ, JE, K, KIEL, KFTA, KUFS, LAGU, LECB, LW, LWKS, LWS, LZ, MJG, MO, NBSI, OLD, P, PAV, PI, PIAGR, PRC, S, TBI, TGU, TMRC, TO, TUB, UBT, US, W, WU e WUP [27], along with literature on determined groups which occur in the park [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37]. We considered plants collected before 1939, when PARNASO was established, to occur within the park when the collection label indicated “Serra dos Órgãos”. Plants were identified using literature and the experience of multiple taxonomists, as well as comparisons using the collection at herbarium RB. Species names, author abbreviations, as well as information on geographic distribution, are based on the Flora and Funga of Brazil [38]. We did not consider introduced or naturalized exotic species in this paper. Species with only one or, at most, two individuals collected so far within the Park's limits were considered locally rare, that is, with a very restricted distribution [39]. Results The Serra dos Órgãos National Park harbors 3096 plant taxa [table 3], belonging to the following groups: 2,398 Angiosperms, one Gymnosperm, 427 Ferns and Lycophytes and 250 Bryophytes (Figures 2, 3) (Figures 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8). The most representative families are: Orchidaceae (285 species), Melastomataceae (158), Asteraceae (171), Myrtaceae (144), Rubiaceae (115), Bromeliaceae (107), Piperaceae (87), Dryopteridaceae (85), Polypodiaceae (82) and Fabaceae (80) and together they represent 34% of local diversity (Figure 3). Around 1,5% of families are represented by just one species (table 1). Table 1. Plant families represented by only one species at Serra dos Órgãos National Park. Table 1. Botanic families represented by only one species at Serra dos Órgãos National Park. Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms Daltoniaceae Dicksoniaceae Podocarpaceae Baseliaceae Hemidictyaceae Lygodiaceae Berberidaceae Hypopterygiaceae Ophioglossaceae Calceolariaceae Marchantiaceae Plagyogiraceae Caryophillaceae Mniaceae Costaceae Notothyladaceae Dilleniaceae Pelliaceae Griseliniaceae Phyllogoniaceae Humiriaceae Porellaceae Lecythidaceae Prionodontaceae Oleaceae Pterobryaceae Pentaphylacaceae Rhizogoniaceae Peraceae Scapaniaceae Picraminiaceae Stereophyllaceae Quiinaceae Thuidiaceae Schlegiaceae Schopfiaceae Theaceae Triuridaceae Typhaceae Winteraceae Table 2. Total species in some threat category according to IUCN and the Brazilian list of threatened species [40, 41, table 2]. Category Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms Vulnerable (VU) 1 6 - 32 Endangered (EN) - 5 - 33 Critically Endangered (CR) Extinct (EX) 1 - - - - - 19 1 Local endemism is considerably high at PARNASO. Among the angiosperm species, 24 are endemic ( Anthurium cronembergerae, Baccharis ciliata, Ophryosporus organensis, Stevia dúbia, Tillandsia organensis, Rhynchospora luetzelburgiana, Dioscorea spharoidea, Croton rizzini, Mimosa ernesti, M. glazioui, Bertolonia organensis, Huberia mourae, Leandra alpestris, L. chaelocalyx, Leandra mourae, Merianea excelsa, Acianthera serpentula, Baptistonia truncata, Gomesa dasytyle, G. gardneri, Hapalorchis cymbirostris, Prescottia glazioviana, Phyllanthus rosmarinifolius, Peperomia arbuscula ). In addition, two pterids ( Moranopteris xbradei and Doryopteris lonchophora ) and two bryophytes ( Southbya organensis and Lejeunea inflexiloba ) are endemic, totaling 28 species with known occurrence only in PARNASO. Furthermore, 190 species [179 angiosperms, 8 pterids and 3 bryophytes] are endemic to Rio de Janeiro state (Table 3, indicated with the letter E). In PARNASO, 98 species are in some category of threat, according to the IUCN [40], 32 of which are Vulnerable (VU), 33 Endangered (EN) and 19 Critically Endangered (CR) for Angiosperms, a Vulnerable species (VU) and one Critically Endangered (CR) species for Bryophytes, six Vulnerable species (VU) and five Endangered species (EN) for Pteridophytes. Furthermore, a species of Angiosperm is considered Extinct (EX) – Hindsia violacea Benth. (Table 2) [42, 43]. The oldest records of plant collections found in this study date back to the early 19 th century. Among Angiosperms, the oldest collections are of the species Ichnanthus nemoralis [Schrad. ex Schult.] Hitchc. & Chase, dated 1828 (Figure 9a), collected by H. Beyrich s.n. in 1828, and Floscopa glabrata (Kunth) Hassk. collected in March 1823 by L. Riedel s.n. (Figure 9b). The oldest record of Pteridophyte, Adiantum cuneatum Langsd. & Fisch., is from 1831, by Gaudichaud (217). Entosthodon bonplandii (Hook.) Mitt. and Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. are the oldest records of bryophytes in PARNASO, collected by George Gardner in 1836. A total of 1,195 species had only one record in PARNASO and are therefore considered locally rare. These include 920 angiosperms, one gymnosperm [ Podocarpus labertii ], 136 pteridophytes and 138 bryophytes. In addition, those with only two collections total 503 species, divided into 389 angiosperms, 58 pteridophytes and 56 bryophytes. Discussion and conclusions With 3,076 known plant species, Serra dos Órgãos National Park becomes the Brazilian protected area with the richest flora, in comparison to the other protected areas listed in the Catalog of Plants of the Protected Areas of Brazil [44]. The second place belongs to Itatiaia National Park, with 2,642 plant species, followed by Caparaó National Park, with 1,804, Tinguá Biological Reserve, with 1,310, Serra do Divisor National Park, with 1163 species and Serra da Neblina National Park, with 1,047 species. The species list has grown 26,7% in comparison to the most recent compilation [20] and 34,4% in relation to Rizzini’s Flora Organensis [19]. Serra dos Órgãos National Park houses 38% of the species known to Rio de Janeiro state [9], as well as 48% of the pteridophyte species, 19% of bryophyte species, 16% of the angiosperm species and 10% of the gymnosperm species known to the Atlantic Forest [3]. PARNASO’s flora comprises 22,17% of the 884 species endemic to Rio de Janeiro state [45]. Of the ten most representative families in PARNASO, Orchidaceae, Melastomataceae, Asteraceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae and Bromeliaceae coincide with the most representative angiosperm families for the Atlantic Forest phytogeographic domain, confirming the representation of this domain within the limits of the Park [3]. Dryopteridaceae and Polypodiaceae are among the richest epiphytic pteridophyte flora in rainforests [46, 47]. Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae and Polypodiaceae are the three most common families amongst tropical rainforest epiphytes [48]. This result exemplifies the importance of ephiphyte species to the flora of PARNASO. Three of the five protected areas with the highest number of plant species are located in Rio de Janeiro state [Serra dos Órgãos, Itatiaia National Parks and Tinguá Biological Reserve], which was the main entrance to Brazil to European naturalists [52]. Therefore, these areas have been more thoroughly investigated than remote Amazonian parks. This pattern is known as accessibility bias and shapes our knowledge on species richness, species composition and endemism [49]. This bias affects the knowledge of PARNASO’s diversity at both the large scale and the small scale. If, on one hand, the position as the richest flora among Brazilian protected areas may be biased by accessibility constraints to other areas, on the other hand, the same bias affects plant collections at the park. Despite its proximity to Rio de Janeiro city and its long history of scientific expeditions, collections, and publications [24], there are still some localities within PARNASO which have been poorly explored by botanists, especially in steep inaccessible areas, in a similar pattern to that found for mammals at the park [50]. Collection bias and scarce collection efforts, in addition to the great habitat diversity generated by the altitudinal gradient, may explain why so many families are represented by only one species in PARNASO, despite having large numbers of species known to the Atlantic Forest, and why many plants were considered locally rare, represented by only one or two collection records. Encouraging research and botanical collection in these areas may increase the representation of locally rare species, rediscover species which are considered extinct and record new species for science, as demonstrated by several papers worldwide, also in regions with quite well-known floras [25, 51]. Declarations Author Contributions Both authors contributed at all stages. Data Availability Statement All the material collected in this research is deposited in the herbarium of the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden and in the didactic herbarium of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park. Acknowledgements To the various taxonomists who were willing to collaborate in the identification of specimens from the respective botanical groups. To the administration of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park for supporting accommodation and providing brigade members and guides to accompany expeditions. To Thomas Croat and Carla Kostelac (both from the Missouri Botanical Garden - USA) for their help with the translation into English. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References Aximoff, I. (2011). O que perdemos com a Passagem do Fogo pelos Campos de Altitude do Estado do Rio de Janeiro? Biodiversidade Brasileira, 1(2), 180–200. Baumgratz, J.F.A.; Coelho, M.A.N.; Peixoto, A.L.; Mynssen, C.M.; Bediaga, B.E.H.; Costa, D.P.; Dalcin, E.; Guimarães, E.F.; Martinell, G.; Silva, D.S.P.; Sylvestre, L.S.; Freitas, M.F.; Morim, M.P. & Forzza, R.C. 2014 (em atualização). Catálogo das Espécies de Plantas Vasculares e Briófitas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. 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Rodrigésia 66:1085–1113 Table 3 Table 3 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Table3.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 10 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 28 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Apr, 2025 Editor invited by journal 28 Apr, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 23 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 17 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Location of Serra dos Órgãos National Park.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6244869/v1/275d98555fa92074799536fd.png"},{"id":82272085,"identity":"e6e155fb-b21f-4602-9688-117732f7d23d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-08 14:22:23","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59687,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Number of species by botanical groups occurring in PARNASO.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6244869/v1/6efced28122b690b85fe5475.png"},{"id":82278239,"identity":"47a2cdc4-07d0-4bda-a35c-f414a2f75f9e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-08 14:54:23","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100745,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTable 3. The ten most representative families occurring in PARNASO.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6244869/v1/3ae089342ca84d4f48e8a09c.png"},{"id":82276473,"identity":"b7f0650b-ff68-4022-8b4f-727a2791dbc9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-08 14:46:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":281185,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea. Habit of \u003cem\u003eAlstroemeria aff cunha\u003c/em\u003e, b. Flower of \u003cem\u003eHippeastrum calyptratum\u003c/em\u003e, c. Infructescence of \u003cem\u003eGuatteria candolleana\u003c/em\u003e, d. Habit of \u003cem\u003eAnthurium cronembergerae\u003c/em\u003e, e. Infructescence of \u003cem\u003eGeonoma pohliana\u003c/em\u003e, f. Habit of \u003cem\u003eEringium fluminense\u003c/em\u003e, g. Habit of \u003cem\u003eAristolochia melastoma\u003c/em\u003e, h. Habit of \u003cem\u003eOxypetalum lanatum\u003c/em\u003e, i. Detail of leaf with spores \u003cem\u003eAsplenium austrobrasiliense\u003c/em\u003e, j. Habit of \u003cem\u003eBaccharis grandimucronata\u003c/em\u003e, k. Detail of the fruits \u003cem\u003eBegonia angulata\u003c/em\u003e, l. Infructescence of \u003cem\u003eHelosis cayennensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1b.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6244869/v1/79648357f3c8160129d54672.jpg"},{"id":82272097,"identity":"61f3d522-3c97-4b48-9b02-8c7941a96776","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-08 14:22:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2349441,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of the inflorescence of \u003cem\u003eBerberis laurina\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e. Flower of \u003cem\u003eAdenocalymma grandifolium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e. Habit of \u003cem\u003ePticairnia flammea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of leaves and flowers \u003cem\u003eRhipsalis elliptica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e. Habit of \u003cem\u003eSiphocampylus fimbriatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e. Inflorescence of \u003cem\u003eHirtella gracilipes\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e. Flower detail \u003cem\u003eTovomitopsis paniculata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003e. flower detail \u003cem\u003eTripogandra diuretica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ei\u003c/strong\u003e. Habit of \u003cem\u003eCyathea corcovadensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ej\u003c/strong\u003e. Habit of \u003cem\u003eCyperus dichromenifolius\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ek\u003c/strong\u003e. Inflorescence of \u003cem\u003eDioscorea cinnamomifolia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003el\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of flowers \u003cem\u003eSloanea garckeana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e. Habit of \u003cem\u003eErythroxylum amplifolium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e. Flowering branch of \u003cem\u003eEscallonia organensis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6244869/v1/7f5e4245da234af8b4215f15.jpg"},{"id":82272098,"identity":"a8abecd8-3ec8-4618-975e-395fb92292a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-08 14:22:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1806941,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of the fruits \u003cem\u003ePausandra megalophylla\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of flower \u003cem\u003ePrepusa hookeriana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of flower \u003cem\u003eBesleria melancholica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e. Inflorescence of \u003cem\u003eHeliconia spathocircinata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of flower \u003cem\u003eHypericum brasiliense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of flower \u003cem\u003eSisyrinchium vaginatum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e. Habit of \u003cem\u003eHesperozygis nitida\u003c/em\u003e, h. detail of flower \u003cem\u003eInga sessilis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ei\u003c/strong\u003e. Habit of \u003cem\u003eByrsonima variabilis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ej\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of flowers \u003cem\u003ePavonia nemoralis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ek\u003c/strong\u003e. Inflorescence of \u003cem\u003eCalathea zebrina\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003el\u003c/strong\u003e. Flowering branch of \u003cem\u003eLeandra carassana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e. Infructescence of \u003cem\u003eGuarea guidonea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of the infructescence of \u003cem\u003eMollinedia schottiana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eo\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of the infructescence of\u003cem\u003e Cissampelos glaberrima\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6244869/v1/5d76536b4b2fc960d23f33e6.jpg"},{"id":82272105,"identity":"a6ed2460-b68e-4d4a-a0d5-4160ff602fb0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-08 14:22:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1940405,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e. Branch with buds \u003cem\u003eMyrsine gardneriana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e. Flowering branch of \u003cem\u003eMarlierea silvatica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of flower \u003cem\u003eLuxemburgia glazioviana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e. Habit of \u003cem\u003eMaxillaria ubatubana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of flower \u003cem\u003eAganilis ramosíssima\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e. Habit of \u003cem\u003eOxalis mandioccana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e. Habit of \u003cem\u003ePiper anisum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003e. Flowering branch of \u003cem\u003eRoupala montana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ei\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of spores \u003cem\u003eDryopteris wallichiana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ej\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of the inflorescence of \u003cem\u003eBathysa mendonçaei\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ek\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of the fruits \u003cem\u003ePilocarpus giganteus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003el\u003c/strong\u003e. Flowering branch of \u003cem\u003eAllophylus edulis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e. Flowering branch of \u003cem\u003eChrysophyllum flexuosum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e. Leaf detail \u003cem\u003eSiparuna brasiliensis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6244869/v1/1af92310d0bbea1caa0f6c00.jpg"},{"id":82272095,"identity":"18bccfc8-ef04-45ff-8978-bd979cce214a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-08 14:22:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2227376,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of flowers \u003cem\u003eSolanum latiflorum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e. Flowering branch of \u003cem\u003eStyrax acuminatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e. Flowering branch of \u003cem\u003eBoehmeria cylindrica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of flowers \u003cem\u003eUtricularia reniformes\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e. Flowering branch of \u003cem\u003eValeriana scandens\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of the inflorescence of \u003cem\u003eCissus striata ssp. argentina\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e. Detail of the fruits \u003cem\u003eRenealmia chrysotricha\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003e. PARNASO mountain range with the Dedo de Deus mountain in the foreground, \u003cstrong\u003ei\u003c/strong\u003e. PARNASO mountain range with the Pedra do Queijo mountain in the foreground. \u003cstrong\u003eJ\u003c/strong\u003e. PARNASO mountain range with view of São Pedro rock, k. Pedra do Sino Montain, \u003cstrong\u003el\u003c/strong\u003e. Trail to Pedra do Sino mountain, \u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e. PARNASO mountain range with view of the Pipoca mountain range, \u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e. Soberbo River, \u003cstrong\u003eo\u003c/strong\u003e. PARNASO mountain range with the Hercules portal in the foreground.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6244869/v1/49c16956be460c21da9ee3c7.jpg"},{"id":82275317,"identity":"cbb5810a-a7a9-45b5-8b55-8cbf98953b56","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-08 14:38:23","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1131751,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eIchnanthus nemoralis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eFloscopa glabrata\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6244869/v1/926df36bb9dec49ab28be06e.png"},{"id":82278241,"identity":"6691f39d-ffb6-4d5b-aa44-a6cc88cdf9f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-08 14:54:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":11235362,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6244869/v1/7223a590-ae68-4e03-a33c-d11d763df33a.pdf"},{"id":82273728,"identity":"4d65f1a5-1a50-4680-b116-cd0843617fc9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-08 14:30:23","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":591810,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table3.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6244869/v1/d0099cfc2e16aada7971244c.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Updated list of the vascular and bryological flora of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith over 20,000 catalogued animal and plant species [1], the Atlantic Forest is one of the most diverse biomes in world, classified as a biodiversity hotspot [2]. Plant diversity in the Atlantic Forest is higher than in the Amazon, with 17,422 species, of which about half are endemic to the domain [3, 4].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnly about 24% of the original Atlantic Forest cover remain, mostly in small, unprotected fragments [5, 6, 7]. In Rio de Janeiro state, the remaining forest covers 18,7% of the territory, due to the long history of intense human use [5, 8].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Flora of Rio de Janeiro state comprises 8,162 species, subspecies and varieties, 1,119 of which are Bryophytes, 573 Ferns and Lycophytes, two Gymnosperms and 7,181 Angiosperms [9]. Part of this biodiversity is conserved within 52 state and federal level protected areas of the six management categories defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature [10, 11].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlong its original distribution, the remaining Atlantic dense forest is mainly distributed in protected areas or in hard to access slopes [12]. This is the case of the Serra do Mar Mountain Range, which harbors the largest continuum of Atlantic dense forest in the do-main\u0026rsquo;s southern portion, protecting over 800,000 hectares of forests distributed along S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Paran\u0026aacute; states, of which 152.988,45 hectares are in Rio de Janeiro state [12, 8].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNational Park (PARNASO) protects 19,855 hectares of Atlantic Forest, in the municipalities of Petr\u0026oacute;polis, Teres\u0026oacute;polis, Mag\u0026eacute; and Guapimirim (figure 1). Teres\u0026oacute;polis and Petr\u0026oacute;polis municipalities have the highest conservation rates in the state, which considers the number of vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered and extinct species, as well as endemic species to Rio de Janeiro [13]. The park\u0026rsquo;s region has been classified as an Important Birding Area [14] and Key Biological Area for birdes, mammals and amphibians [15].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relief is quite rugged, and altitudes range from 80 to 2,275 m. a.s.l., at Pedra do Sino, the highest point in the Park [16]. The great altitudinal gradient results in a variety of phytophysiognomies: submontane forest, which occurs on the slopes of hills, between 50 and 500 m a.s.l.; montane forest, which occurs at the top of plateaus and mountain ranges, between 500 and 1,500 m a.s.l.; and alto-montane forest, which occurs above the boundaries of montane formations [12]. Above 1,800 m a.s.l., on the oceanic slope and 1,600 m a.s.l. on the continental slope, the forest is replaced by an open formation, called campos de altitude, dominated by herbaceous-shrub plants [10, 17]. About 37% of the park\u0026rsquo;s area is occupied by alto-montane forest, followed by the Campos de Altitude with 24%, montane forest with 22% and sub-montane forest, with 17% [17].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEstablished in 1939, Serra dos \u0026Oacute;rg\u0026atilde;os National Park is the third oldest national park in Brazil. However, scientific expeditions to its current location date back from the beginning of the 19th century. The Serra dos \u0026Oacute;rg\u0026atilde;os region was visited by naturalists such as Spix and Martius [18].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Serra dos \u0026Oacute;rg\u0026atilde;os region harbors great plant diversity, although the totality of plants that occur in the area is not yet known. The first list of flora species, Flora Organensis, was written by Carlos Rizzini in 1954 [19] and identified 2,029 plant species, including dicotyledons, monocotyledons, pteridophytes and bryophytes. Later, the Park\u0026rsquo;s Management Plan included 2,268 species [20].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBecause of its isolation on the tops of the highest mountains, the campos de altitude present an unique flora and fauna, with a high degree of endemism. Aximoff [21] identified 23 species of plants threatened with extinction with recorded occurrence in the campos de altitude of PARNASO, while Martinelli [22] identified 347 plant species in a single valley, of which 66 are endemic to this formation and 13 are exclusive to PARNASO.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis paper aims to update the list of plant species which occur in Serra dos \u0026Oacute;rg\u0026atilde;os National Park, identifying those considered rare and threatened with extinction.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eCollections of fertile material were carried out between 2007 and 2011, using the walking method [23], in areas of the park identified as poorly inventoried, in all types of vegetation [24]. Collected material was deposited in the herbarium of the Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot\u0026acirc;nico do Rio de Janeiro [RB]. Photographic records of vegetative and reproductive characters were made. The fertile plant material was dried and herborized using the usual methodology [25].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe searched for information on collected materials in herbaria and online databases, starting with the Carlos Toledo Rizzini Reference Collection, located at PARNASO headquarters in Teres\u0026oacute;polis. We then searched the online databases JABOT/Consulta (http://rb.jbrj.gov.br/v2/consulta.php) and SPECIESLINK (https://specieslink.net/search/), and international herbaria ADMONT, B, BAK, BATU, BEOU, BP, BRNU, CBH, CHER, DR, ERE, FT, G, GAT, GJO, GZU, HAL, HERZ, JE, K, KIEL, KFTA, KUFS, LAGU, LECB, LW, LWKS, LWS, LZ, MJG, MO, NBSI, OLD, P, PAV, PI, PIAGR, PRC, S, TBI, TGU, TMRC, TO, TUB, UBT, US, W, WU e WUP [27], along with literature on determined groups which occur in the park [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37]. We considered plants collected before 1939, when PARNASO was established, to occur within the park when the collection label indicated \u0026ldquo;Serra dos \u0026Oacute;rg\u0026atilde;os\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlants were identified using literature and the experience of multiple taxonomists, as well as comparisons using the collection at herbarium RB. Species names, author abbreviations, as well as information on geographic distribution, are based on the Flora and Funga of Brazil [38].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe did not consider introduced or naturalized exotic species in this paper. Species with only one or, at most, two individuals collected so far within the Park\u0026apos;s limits were considered locally rare, that is, with a very restricted distribution [39].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Serra dos \u0026Oacute;rg\u0026atilde;os National Park harbors 3096 plant taxa [table 3], belonging to the following groups: 2,398 Angiosperms, one Gymnosperm, 427 Ferns and Lycophytes and 250 Bryophytes (Figures 2, 3) (Figures 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8). The most representative families are: Orchidaceae (285 species), Melastomataceae (158), Asteraceae (171), Myrtaceae (144), Rubiaceae (115), Bromeliaceae (107), Piperaceae (87), Dryopteridaceae (85), Polypodiaceae (82) and Fabaceae (80) and together they represent 34% of local diversity (Figure 3). Around 1,5% of families are represented by just one species (table 1).\u0026nbsp;Table 1. Plant families represented by only one species at Serra dos \u0026Oacute;rg\u0026atilde;os National Park.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Botanic families represented by only one species at Serra dos \u0026Oacute;rg\u0026atilde;os National Park.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBryophytes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePteridophytes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGymnosperms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAngiosperms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaltoniaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDicksoniaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePodocarpaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaseliaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHemidictyaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLygodiaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"19\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBerberidaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypopterygiaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOphioglossaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalceolariaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarchantiaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlagyogiraceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaryophillaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMniaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"16\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCostaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNotothyladaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDilleniaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePelliaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGriseliniaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhyllogoniaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHumiriaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePorellaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLecythidaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrionodontaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOleaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePterobryaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePentaphylacaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRhizogoniaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeraceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScapaniaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePicraminiaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStereophyllaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuiinaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThuidiaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchlegiaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchopfiaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTriuridaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTyphaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWinteraceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTotal species in some threat category according to IUCN and the Brazilian list of threatened species [40, 41, table 2].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBryophytes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePteridophytes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGymnosperms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAngiosperms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVulnerable (VU)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEndangered (EN)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCritically Endangered (CR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtinct (EX)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Local endemism is considerably high at PARNASO. Among the angiosperm species, 24 are endemic (\u003cem\u003eAnthurium cronembergerae, Baccharis ciliata, Ophryosporus organensis, Stevia d\u0026uacute;bia, Tillandsia organensis, Rhynchospora luetzelburgiana, Dioscorea spharoidea, Croton rizzini, Mimosa ernesti, M. glazioui, Bertolonia organensis, Huberia mourae, Leandra alpestris, L. chaelocalyx, Leandra mourae, Merianea excelsa, Acianthera serpentula, Baptistonia truncata, Gomesa dasytyle, G. gardneri, Hapalorchis cymbirostris, Prescottia glazioviana, Phyllanthus rosmarinifolius, Peperomia arbuscula\u003c/em\u003e). In addition, two pterids (\u003cem\u003eMoranopteris xbradei\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eDoryopteris lonchophora\u003c/em\u003e) and two bryophytes (\u003cem\u003eSouthbya organensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Lejeunea inflexiloba\u003c/em\u003e) are endemic, totaling 28 species with known occurrence only in PARNASO. Furthermore, 190 species [179 angiosperms, 8 pterids and 3 bryophytes] are endemic to Rio de Janeiro state (Table 3, indicated with the letter E).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn PARNASO, 98 species are in some category of threat, according to the IUCN [40], 32 of which are Vulnerable (VU), 33 Endangered (EN) and 19 Critically Endangered (CR) for Angiosperms, a Vulnerable species (VU) and one Critically Endangered (CR) species for Bryophytes, six Vulnerable species (VU) and five Endangered species (EN) for Pteridophytes. Furthermore, a species of Angiosperm is considered Extinct (EX) \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eHindsia violacea\u003c/em\u003e Benth. (Table 2) [42, 43].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe oldest records of plant collections found in this study date back to the early 19\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e century. Among Angiosperms, the oldest collections are of the species \u003cem\u003eIchnanthus nemoralis\u003c/em\u003e [Schrad. ex Schult.] Hitchc. \u0026amp; Chase, dated 1828 (Figure 9a), collected by H. Beyrich s.n. in 1828, and \u003cem\u003eFloscopa glabrata\u003c/em\u003e (Kunth) Hassk. collected in March 1823 by L. Riedel s.n. (Figure 9b). The oldest record of Pteridophyte, \u003cem\u003eAdiantum cuneatum\u003c/em\u003e Langsd. \u0026amp; Fisch., is from 1831, by Gaudichaud (217). \u003cem\u003eEntosthodon bonplandii\u003c/em\u003e (Hook.) Mitt. and \u003cem\u003eFunaria hygrometrica\u003c/em\u003e Hedw. are the oldest records of bryophytes in PARNASO, collected by George Gardner in 1836.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 1,195 species had only one record in PARNASO and are therefore considered locally rare. These include 920 angiosperms, one gymnosperm [\u003cem\u003ePodocarpus labertii\u003c/em\u003e], 136 pteridophytes and 138 bryophytes. In addition, those with only two collections total 503 species, divided into 389 angiosperms, 58 pteridophytes and 56 bryophytes.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"Discussion and conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith 3,076 known plant species, Serra dos \u0026Oacute;rg\u0026atilde;os National Park becomes the Brazilian protected area with the richest flora, in comparison to the other protected areas listed in the Catalog of Plants of the Protected Areas of Brazil [44]. The second place belongs to Itatiaia National Park, with 2,642 plant species, followed by Capara\u0026oacute; National Park, with 1,804, Tingu\u0026aacute; Biological Reserve, with 1,310, Serra do Divisor National Park, with 1163 species and Serra da Neblina National Park, with 1,047 species.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe species list has grown 26,7% in comparison to the most recent compilation [20] and 34,4% in relation to Rizzini\u0026rsquo;s Flora Organensis [19]. Serra dos \u0026Oacute;rg\u0026atilde;os National Park houses 38% of the species known to Rio de Janeiro state [9], as well as 48% of the pteridophyte species, 19% of bryophyte species, 16% of the angiosperm species and 10% of the gymnosperm species known to the Atlantic Forest [3]. PARNASO\u0026rsquo;s flora comprises 22,17% of the 884 species endemic to Rio de Janeiro state [45].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the ten most representative families in PARNASO, Orchidaceae, Melastomataceae, Asteraceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae and Bromeliaceae coincide with the most representative angiosperm families for the Atlantic Forest phytogeographic domain, confirming the representation of this domain within the limits of the Park [3]. Dryopteridaceae and Polypodiaceae are among the richest epiphytic pteridophyte flora in rainforests [46, 47]. Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae and Polypodiaceae are the three most common families amongst tropical rainforest epiphytes [48]. This result exemplifies the importance of ephiphyte species to the flora of PARNASO.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree of the five protected areas with the highest number of plant species are located in Rio de Janeiro state [Serra dos \u0026Oacute;rg\u0026atilde;os, Itatiaia National Parks and Tingu\u0026aacute; Biological Reserve], which was the main entrance to Brazil to European naturalists [52]. Therefore, these areas have been more thoroughly investigated than remote Amazonian parks. This pattern is known as accessibility bias and shapes our knowledge on species richness, species composition and endemism [49]. This bias affects the knowledge of PARNASO\u0026rsquo;s diversity at both the large scale and the small scale. If, on one hand, the position as the richest flora among Brazilian protected areas may be biased by accessibility constraints to other areas, on the other hand, the same bias affects plant collections at the park. Despite its proximity to Rio de Janeiro city and its long history of scientific expeditions, collections, and publications [24], there are still some localities within PARNASO which have been poorly explored by botanists, especially in steep inaccessible areas, in a similar pattern to that found for mammals at the park [50].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCollection bias and scarce collection efforts, in addition to the great habitat diversity generated by the altitudinal gradient, may explain why so many families are represented by only one species in PARNASO, despite having large numbers of species known to the Atlantic Forest, and why many plants were considered locally rare, represented by only one or two collection records. Encouraging research and botanical collection in these areas may increase the representation of locally rare species, rediscover species which are considered extinct and record new species for science, as demonstrated by several papers worldwide, also in regions with quite well-known floras [25, 51].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth authors contributed at all stages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the material collected in this research is deposited in the herbarium of the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden and in the didactic herbarium of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo the various taxonomists who were willing to collaborate in the identification of specimens from the respective botanical groups. To the administration of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park for supporting accommodation and providing brigade members and guides to accompany expeditions.\u003cins cite=\"mailto:Marcus%20Nadruz\" datetime=\"2024-04-22T08:20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/ins\u003eTo Thomas Croat and Carla Kostelac (both from the Missouri Botanical Garden - USA) for their help with the translation into English.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAximoff, I. (2011). O que perdemos com a Passagem do Fogo pelos Campos de Altitude do Estado do Rio de Janeiro? 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A new species of \u003cem\u003eCycloramphus Tschudi\u003c/em\u003e (Anura: Cycloramphidae) from the Parque Nacional da Serra dos \u0026Oacute;rg\u0026atilde;os, Southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 33(2737), 19\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZappi C, Filardi FLR, Leitman P et al (2015) Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil. Rodrig\u0026eacute;sia 66:1085\u0026ndash;1113\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table 3","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 3 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-conservation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Conservation](https://link.springer.com/journal/44353)","snPcode":"44353","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44353/3","title":"Discover Conservation","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"conservation unit, inventory, taxonomy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6244869/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6244869/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"An update was made on the vascular and bryological flora of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park, located in the Atlantic Forest domain, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Collections of plant samples were carried out from 2007 to 2011. These data were complemented by consultations with national and international herbaria, and scientific publications related to the flora of the Park. The total number of known plants is 3,096, divided into 2,412 angiosperms, 1 gymnosperm, 434 ferns and lycophytes and 249 bryophytes. Of these, 33 are endemic to the Park, 190 are endemic to the state of Rio de Janeiro, and 97 are classified in one of the IUCN threat categories. With these results, Serra dos Órgãos National Park becomes the Brazilian protected area with the richest known flora, harboring 38% of the species known to Rio de Janeiro state in an area of about 0,5% of its size. Despite the park’s great plant diversity, about 38% of the species had only one record and may be considered locally rare. Encouraging research and botanical collection in the park may increase the representation of locally rare species, rediscover species which are considered extinct and record new species for science.","manuscriptTitle":"Updated list of the vascular and bryological flora of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-08 14:22:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6244869/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-06-10T11:13:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-28T17:06:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-23T13:41:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"51885051511606821509653095123626338052","date":"2025-05-18T16:57:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"162629297339849876815616180480340161953","date":"2025-05-15T15:52:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-11T16:11:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"182695636035327318047680210532677011640","date":"2025-05-03T20:59:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-30T06:07:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-28T14:10:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-04-23T09:48:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-23T09:43:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Conservation","date":"2025-03-17T12:56:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-conservation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Conservation](https://link.springer.com/journal/44353)","snPcode":"44353","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44353/3","title":"Discover Conservation","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0236ec00-1706-45b2-af48-9a706cfa8b49","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-16T14:08:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-08 14:22:18","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6244869","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6244869","identity":"rs-6244869","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}