Geochemical evaluation and the mechanism controlling groundwater chemistry using chemometric approach and groundwater pollution index (GPI) in the Kishangarh city of Rajasthan

Abstract Globally, groundwater is a precious natural asset, serving as a dependable source for irrigation and drinking water requirements. This study is primarily focused on delving into the geochemistry of groundwater in the Kishangarh area, located in the Ajmer district of Rajasthan. In pursuit of this goal, the research is divided into three parts within the Kishangarh region: Badgaon Rural (KSGR), Kishangarh Urban (KSGU), and the Kishangarh RIICO marble industrial area (KSGI). Various analytical methods have been executed to assess the suitability of groundwater for various purposes based on pH, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, salinity, major anions, and cations. The ionic trend of anions and cations was found as HCO3− >Cl−>SO42−>NO3−>Br−> NO2−>F− and Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+>K+, respectively. Applying statistical techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson Correlation Matrix Analysis (PCMA) makes it evident that the physicochemical attributes of water sourced from the aquifers in the study area result from a blend of diverse origins. In addition, Gibbs, Piper, Durov, and scatter plots assessed groundwater's geochemical evolution. The scatter plots have evaluated the impression of mine acid leachate, evaporitic dissolution, and silicate weathering to upsurge salt formation in the groundwater. The pollution risk evaluation within the study area was conducted using the Groundwater Pollution Index (GPI). This index revealed a notable concern for pollution, particularly in the northern segment of the study region. As a result, it can be inferred that the fine aeolian sand and silt formations in the northern part are relatively more vulnerable to contamination.