Proteomic profile of follicular fluid from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) submitted to in vitro fertilization (IVF) compared to oocyte donors.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulation disorder and polycystic ovaries (PCO) and the exclusion of other endocrinopaties ( Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group, 2004 ). PCOS affects 6-8% of women of reproductive age. Although PCOS was first described eighty years ago ( Stein & Leventhal, 1935 ), its aetiology is not yet fully elucidated, as it is a heterogeneous and complex disorder with metabolic and reproductive implications. PCOS represents the major ovulatory cause of infertility, which leads some PCOS patients to pursue in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments ( Dumesic et al ., 2015 ). The follicular fluid (FF) that surrounds the cumulus-oocyte complex contains several factors that originate from the blood transudate and are secreted by cumulus cells, such as proteins, steroids, polysaccharides and other metabolites; thus, FF provides a unique microenvironment in which to study oocyte development and maturation ( Schweigert et al. , 2006 ; Appasamy et al. , 2008 ) It is recognized that the FF from women with PCOS is characterized by deregulated expression of several compounds, including anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), inhibin-B, activin-A, amphiregulin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2; tumour necrosis factor (TNF), α-induced protein 6 and plasminogen ( Ambekar et al ., 2015 ). Although previous studies have identified molecules in the FF of PCOS patients that are associated with the deregulation of follicle maturation, this process is not completely understood. We aimed to identify putative differences in the FF profiles of PCOS patients and fertile women, represented by egg donors, using mass spectrometric analysis to better understand the mechanisms that lead to deregulated oocyte development.

The patients’ demographics and clinical outcomes are described in Table 1 . The ovarian reserves of the patients in both groups had similar profiles in terms of basal FSH dosages and antral follicle counts. As expected, the OD patients were younger, and the PCOS patients had longer menstrual cycle intervals. The parameters related to ovarian induction (length, serum hormone levels, and mature (metaphase II-MII) oocytes collected) were similar between the groups, except for the amount of gonadotropin administered, which was higher in the OD group. The OD group had a higher number of top-quality embryos (3 rd day) than the PCOS group. Demographic and clinical data for the patients in the PCOS and OD groups Measured prior to oocyte collection. The proteomic analysis of the proteins from the FF samples matched 229 proteins in the SwissProt database. Forty-five (45) proteins were detected in both groups. Three of these shared proteins were excluded from analyses, as they were contaminants (trypsins and keratins), resulting in 42 proteins shared between the two groups. There were 61 proteins that were exclusive to the PCOS group, and 123 proteins that were exclusive to the OD group ( Supplemental Tables I and II ). To refine the SwissProt results, only proteins that were expressed in at least two patients from each group were considered. Five proteins were selected from those exclusively expressed in the PCOS group, and three proteins were selected from those exclusively expressed in the OD group ( Table 2 ). Proteins that were exclusively detected in at least two FF samples from either the PCOS or OD group The differentially expressed proteins were rated and selected. Six proteins were the highest occurring peptides in the PCOS group, and ten proteins were the highest occurring peptides in the OD group ( Table 3 ). The most significant proteins, which were expressed in the FF of at least two patients, were the complement C3 protein, which was overexpressed in the PCOS group, and titin, serum albumin, complement C4-A, complement C4-B, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 and alpha-2-macroglobulin, which were overexpressed in the OD group. Proteins that were differentially expressed in the FF of PCOS and OD patients and for which one group had at least 50% more peptides than the other The proteins that were identified as exclusive or overexpressed were classified according to the Gene Ontology database and analysed with respect to biological pathways with the Ingenuity™ software. Six molecular functions were identified, and four of them were very similar between the two groups (GO:0005488, GO:0004872, GO:0005198 and GO:0003824). The PCOS patients had fewer proteins related to transporter activity (GO:0005215) (7.10% OD vs. 2.30% PCOS). Additionally, translation regulation activity (GO:0045182) was detected only in the OD patients (1.80%) but was represented by only one protein. The evaluation of protein classes resulted in nineteen different classes ( Figure 1 ). The most representative classes for the OD group were cell junction, cell adhesion and transmembrane receptor regulatory/adaptor, which were exclusive to this group. The PCOS group presented more proteins related to the oxireductase, membrane traffic protein and ligase classes. The distribution of the protein classes in terms of cellular components differed between the groups: the PCOS group had more extracellular proteins, and the OD group had more membrane and membrane-related proteins ( Figure 2 ). Figure 1 Chart indicating the percentages of exclusive and upregulated FF proteins from the PCOS (dark grey) and OD (light grey) groups classified according to protein classes based on the Gene Ontology database Chart indicating the percentages of exclusive and upregulated FF proteins from the PCOS (dark grey) and OD (light grey) groups classified according to protein classes based on the Gene Ontology database Figure 2 Chart indicating the percentages of exclusive and upregulated FF proteins from the PCOS and OD groups, classified according to cellular components based on the Gene Ontology database Chart indicating the percentages of exclusive and upregulated FF proteins from the PCOS and OD groups, classified according to cellular components based on the Gene Ontology database The biological processes associated with the detected proteins differed remarkably between the groups ( Figure 3 ). The PCOS group had more proteins associated with immune process, cell localization and biological adhesion molecules. The OD group had more proteins associated with metabolic processes and cell component organization, suggesting that the OD group was more metabolically active. Figure 3 Chart indicating the percentages of exclusive and upregulated FF proteins from the PCOS (dark grey) and OD (light grey) groups classified according to biological processes based on the Gene Ontology database Chart indicating the percentages of exclusive and upregulated FF proteins from the PCOS (dark grey) and OD (light grey) groups classified according to biological processes based on the Gene Ontology database These results were corroborated by the biological pathway analysis ( Table 4 ), as the proteins identified in the FF of the OD patients were related to cellular assembly and organization and cellular function and maintenance. The PCOS group had fewer proteins matched to cellular assembly and organization. As expected, the proteins of the OD group matched biological functions related to embryo and general organism development; only two of these proteins were detected in the FF of the patients in the PCOS group. The main canonical pathways ( Supplemental Table III ) found only for the proteins in the FF from the PCOS patients were LXR/RXR activation ( p =9.04 E -11 , overlap 7%) and FXR/RXR activation ( p =1.67 E -10 , overlap 6.6%), which are key for the metabolism of lipids, lipoproteins and glucose, reflecting the disrupted metabolism exhibited by PCOS patients. In addition, proteins associated with the intrinsic ( p =1.70E -07 , overlap 22.2%) and extrinsic ( p =1.48E -06 , overlap 13.3%) prothrombin activation pathways were identified in the FF from the PCOS group. Molecular and cellular function and physiological system development and function matched to the proteins detected in the FF from PCOS and OD patients

Our findings showed significantly diminished expression of proteins involved in key processes associated with oocyte competence and embryo development in PCOS patients. In addition, overexpression of proteins related to oxidative stress, the immune response and lipid, lipoprotein and carbohydrate metabolism was observed in these patients. Although many proteomics analyses of FF have been published recently, the functional correlations among these proteins are still poorly recognized. We attempted to correlate the differentially expressed proteins in the FF from PCOS patients with physiological pathways. We believe that the observed differences may reflect the PCOS patients’ diminished embryo quality, as this factor is directly reliant on oocyte characteristics. In our study, the inflammatory pathway represented by complement C3 protein and vitronectin was overexpressed in the FF from the PCOS group. The augmented levels of these proteins in the FF seems to be related to poor oocyte quality, potentially explaining IVF failure ( Estes et al ., 2009 ). Additionally, excess complement cascade activation leads to deficiencies in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity, which is essential for proper oocyte maturation ( Jarkovska et al ., 2010 ). Another marker for the disruption of the inflammatory pathway in PCOS patients is the overexpression of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (fetuin-A). This protein is an acute-phase inflammatory regulator that is usually upregulated in OHSS ( Jarkovska et al ., 2011 ). As we excluded OHSS patients and applied a GnRH agonist analogue to trigger ovulation, the presence of fetuin-A was not expected and may contribute to the decreased oocyte quality in those patients. Moreover, the poor oocyte quality and deregulated inflammatory status of PCOS patients may be related to the overexpression of vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) in their FF. VDBP was another protein found exclusively in the FF of the PCOS group, and according to the literature, this protein may be related to decreased implantation, pregnancy ( Estes et al ., 2009 ), and live birth rates ( Benkhalifa et al ., 2015 ); VDBP is even more strongly associated with a higher risk of miscarriages ( Kushnir et al ., 2012 ) and foetal growth restriction ( Wookey et al ., 2017 ). The overexpressed coagulation pathway found in PCOS-FF, characterized by intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin activation, is also linked to an inflammatory response; this pathway has important roles in follicle physiology ( de Agostini, 2006 ) and may be associated with poor IVF outcomes ( Bianchi et al ., 2016 ). The exclusive and overexpressed proteins in the OD group, such as 26S protease, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 and alpha-2-macroglobulin, are correlated with a better ovarian stimulation response. The 26S protease is a highly specialized, conserved ribonucleoprotein that facilitates assembly of proteasome complexes; this protein is directly and indirectly involved in the regulation of gene expression ( Mittenberg, 2014 ). Alpha-2-macroglobulin is linked to intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation cascades and is correlated with the complement pathway ( Hanrieder et al. , 2009 ). The adequate regulation of coagulation and immune response pathways is essential for the extracellular matrix (ECM) modelling that facilitates follicular growth, ovulation and corpus luteum formation ( Kamat et al ., 1995 ; Curry & Smith, 2006 ), which may be more effective in fertile women. Furthermore, PCOS is frequently associated with disrupted lipid and carbohydrate metabolism ( Dumesic et al ., 2015 ). We found some proteins in the PCOS-FF that were absent in the OD group; these proteins represented metabolic pathways, and their presence corroborated previous findings ( Dai & Lu, 2012 ; Ambekar et al ., 2015 ). Our findings at the FF level suggest that the impairment of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism also occurs within a specific microenvironment, such as that of infertile women with PCOS and a normal BMI. The increased inflammatory status and metabolic disruption observed through the protein composition of the FF from our PCOS patients seem to lead to a worse prognosis for oocyte viability and may affect IVF outcomes. Previous studies of PCOS patients undergoing IVF treatment obtained a great number of oocytes but reported poor fertilization and embryo development rates, an outcome that may be linked to deregulated oocyte activation through a damaged microenvironment ( Jungheim et al ., 2009 ). To find potential markers of oocyte quality, our inclusion and exclusion criteria were very strict to allow us to identify markers that are exclusive to PCOS-FF without overlapping with other pathologies and conditions, such as obesity or OHSS. We hypothesize that the evaluation of fetuin-A, VDBP, complement C3 and 26S protease expression in the FF of PCOS patients undergoing IVF could be associated with oocyte quality. The limitations of these findings include the absence of experimental validation of the candidate markers through other techniques, such as Western blotting; additionally, the differentially expressed proteins must be correlated with the final IVF outcomes to endorse their use in clinical practice.

This prospective study evaluated the protein components of FF from oocyte donors (ODs) in comparison to those of FF from infertile women with PCOS who underwent IVF at Huntington Reproductive Medicine Centre and the Reproductive Unit of the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) from 2012 to 2015. This study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Federal University of São Paulo (No. 1620/2011), and informed written consent was obtained from each patient. Thirteen (13) patients were enrolled and divided into two groups: ODs (n=7) and infertile PCOS patients (PCOS; n=6). The ODs were healthy female volunteers under the age of 32 years with body mass indices between 18 and 30 kg/m 2 , antral follicle counts ≥10, normal karyotypes, and the absence of endometriosis who had been screened and tested for infectious diseases. The PCOS patients were diagnosed with infertility according the Rotterdam criteria ( Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group, 2004 ). All the PCOS patients presented body mass indices (BMI) below 25 kg/m 2 , basal follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) levels below 15 IU/L, basal oestradiol levels below 50 pg/mL, the presence of both ovaries, and no ongoing infectious diseases or uterine abnormalities, and they had undergone intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles with ejaculated sperm. For both groups, patients who presented gynaecological bleeding, hydrosalpinx, allergy to gonadotropins or other medications used in the treatment, severe oligo- or azoospermia, abusive use of any medications or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) during the treatment were excluded. FF was obtained from women who underwent the standard short protocol of IVF (using a GnRH antagonist - Cetrotide ® , Merck, Germany). Controlled ovarian stimulation was performed using recombinant FSH (rFSH - Gonal-F ® , Merck, Germany) and was monitored with ultrasound. Ovulation was triggered with a GnRH agonist (aGnRH - Gonapeptyl, Ferring, Germany) when at least two follicles reached 20 mm. The FF was collected from the dominant follicles through aspiration between 34 and 36 h after aGnRH administration, using transvaginal ultrasound guidance. Only clear FF samples, without blood or flushing medium contamination, were processed. The selected FF samples were centrifuged at 1200 rpm for 10 to 15 min to remove cellular debris. The supernatants were stored at −80ºC until purification. Before analysis, albumin and immunoglobulins were removed from the FF samples (25 µL) using the Albumin & IgG Depletion SpinTrap (GE Healthcare Life Sciences™) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The protein concentration in each FF sample was measured in triplicate using a bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay) ( Smith et al ., 1985 ). Twenty-five to thirty micrograms of albumin/IgG-depleted FF protein was subjected to electrophoresis via 12.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions ( Laemmli, 1970 ) and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250. All gels were analysed, and ten bands were cut equally for each sample and processed separately for in-gel digestion according to the protocol described by Westermeier et al . (2002) , with slight modifications. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses were performed using an Electrospray-Ion Trap-Time of Flight system (ESI-IT-TOF) (Shimadzu Co., Japan) equipped with a binary Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography system (UFLC) (20A Prominence, Shimadzu) at the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Butantan Institute (São Paulo, Brazil). First, each band sample was lyophilized, resuspended in 50 µL of 0.1% acetic acid and loaded on a C18 column (Discovery C18, 5 µm; 50 × 2.1 mm) in a binary solvent system: (A2) water/acetic acid (999/1, v/v) and (B2) ACN/water/acetic acid (900/99/1, v/v/v). The column was eluted at a constant flow rate of 0.2 mL.min−1 with a 5 to 70% gradient of solvent B2 over 35 min. The eluates were monitored by a Shimadzu SPD-M20A PDA detector before introduction into the mass spectrometer. The interface voltage was adjusted to 4.5 kV, and the capillary voltage was 1.76 kV at 200ºC. MS spectra were acquired in positive mode and collected in the 80-2000 mass charge (m/z) range. MS/MS spectra were collected in the 50-1950 m/z range. Instrument control, data acquisition, and data processing were performed with LabSolutions (LCMSsolution 3.60.361 version, Shimadzu). Proteomic analysis was performed using the Mascot Server (ion search) in house version (2.4) and Peaks Studio V7 (Bioinformatics Solutions, Inc., Waterloo, Canada). The following parameters were adjusted for the search: parent mass and fragment mass error tolerance: 0.1 Da; enzyme: trypsin; fixed modification: carbamidomethylation; variable modification: methionine oxidation; precursor mass search type: monoisotopic; max missed cleavages: 3; non-specific cleavages: one; database: SwissProt, taxon: Homo sapiens ; peptide - 10 lgP: ≥15; and protein - 10 lgP: ≥20. The false discovery rate (FDR) for peptide-spectrum matches was ≤1%. Although each band was analysed separately in LC-MS, we performed a protein search combining all ten bands obtained from each patient. A protein was considered exclusive when it was detected in the FF of patients in either the OD or PCOS group and was totally absent in all of the samples from the other group; a protein was considered overexpressed when it was detected in both groups, but one group had a mean detected peptide level greater than that of the other group by 50% (greater than 1.5-fold in one group and less than 0.5-fold in the other group). The identified proteins were classified according to their classes, locations, biological functions and processes using the PANTHER Classification System (Gene Ontology Phylogenetic Annotation Project, Los Angeles, USA) ( Mi et al ., 2016 ). System biology analysis was carried out using Ingenuity™ Pathway Analysis software (IPA™, QIAGEN, Redwood, USA). The overexpressed proteins were selected for the analysis of canonical pathways and biological interaction networks. The biological processes were staggered according to the IPA™ Knowledge Base. The associations between the identified proteins and canonical pathways in the database were assessed with Ingenuity™ software using Fisher's exact test (significance of p <0.01). Clinical proteomic studies is a multistage biomarker pipeline that begin with the identification of a large number of proteins in a small set of sample. This screening step, as this is our study, the number of samples included was based on the principle that a minimum number of samples considering biological and technical variation inherent in the experiment. Thus, we included a small number of samples and non-parametric statistic was applied. The patients’ demographic data were evaluated using descriptive statistics. Normality was evaluated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Non-paired continuous data were compared using the Mann-Whitney test for means comparisons and paired data were compared using Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test. Data analyses were performed using SPSS 22 (IBM SPSS Software, USA), and significance was accepted for p -values ≤0.05.