Bisphenol S and female reproductive toxicity: a scoping review of human studies

Background Bisphenol S (BPS) is a chemical analogue of Bisphenol A (BPA) used in the production of hard plastics, textiles, and thermal papers. As the use of BPA has declined, BPS human exposure has increased and is now widespread. BPS has endocrine-disrupting properties and growing evidence indicates BPS negatively impacts female reproductive health.

We conducted a scoping review of primary research articles related to BPS exposure and female reproductive toxicity in humans.

We searched five biomedical databases through January 2025 for studies that assessed the effects of BPS exposure on outcomes related to female reproduction in humans. Included studies used a cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional study design, measured BPS in individuals, presented original data analyses, and adjusted for confounding variables. We tabulated study characteristics and key findings of the included studies.

The literature search and screening yielded thirty-four studies for inclusion. Across studies, the LOD for BPS varied widely, from 0.002 to 0.20 ng/mL, and so did the proportion of samples with detectable BPS, from 14.8% to 100%. BPS was associated with greater risk of polycystic ovarian syndrome in two studies and gestational diabetes mellitus or related biomarkers in three studies. BPS was also associated with changes in thyroid hormones, reproductive hormones, and pubertal timing, though the directions of effects for these outcomes were mixed. BPS was not associated with endometriosis, gestational hypertension, or infertility. Significance There is evidence from human studies that BPS exposure can cause some adverse female reproduction outcomes, though data were limited in number of studies per outcome, variable limits of BPS detection, and differences in exposure to BPS across samples. Despite limitations, epidemiologic data, considered along with in vitro and animal data, is important in identifying BPS as a hazard to female reproduction. Impact - Human exposure to BPS is increasing. The findings of this review of 34 epidemiologic studies suggests a link between BPS exposure and some adverse female reproductive health outcomes. This review also highlights data gaps in variable limits of BPS detection, differences in exposure, and the limited number of studies for specific outcomes. In addition to epidemiological evidence, in vitro and animal data show sufficient evidence to support BPS as a female reproductive This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access options Subscribe to this journal Receive 6 print issues and online access 251,40 € per year only 41,90 € per issue Buy this article - Purchase on SpringerLink - Instant access to the full article PDF. 39,95 € Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout Similar content being viewed by others Data availability Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. Notes Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986.

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We would like to acknowledge Nancy Firchow, MLS for conducting the primary literature search. We would also like to acknowledge OEHHA staff members, Farla Kaufman, Ph.D., Poorni Iyer, DVM, Ph.D., DABT and Yassaman Niknam, Ph.D. for their help reviewing and interpreting data related to BPS and female reproductive toxicity, and Aalekhya Reddam, Ph.D. and Ruwan Thilakaratne, Ph.D. for their critical internal review of the manuscript. Funding No financial assistance was received in support of the study. Author information Authors and Affiliations Contributions MS: Conceptualization, data interpretation, writing (review & editing); FM: Conceptualization, data interpretation, writing (review & editing); FA: Literature screening, data extraction, data interpretation, writing (original draft); JP: Data extraction, data interpretation, writing (original draft); ED: Literature screening, data extraction, data interpretation, writing (original draft); All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. Corresponding authors Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information Rights and permissions Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. About this article Cite this article Andrews, F.V., Delker, E., Paul, J. et al. Bisphenol S and female reproductive toxicity: a scoping review of human studies. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-026-00868-5 Received: Revised: Accepted: Published: Version of record: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-026-00868-5