Femtosecond Laser Writing of Photonic Crystal in LiNbO3 Crystal

Femtosecond Laser Writing of Photonic Crystal in LiNbO3 Crystal | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Femtosecond Laser Writing of Photonic Crystal in LiNbO3 Crystal Ahmad Kamal Ahmad, Miami Mohammed This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3828775/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A numerical investigation of depressed cladding photonic crystal PC that has been buried in bulk lithium niobate crystal material by direct femtosecond (fs) laser writing. The leading guide of light propagation is elucidated through the photonic crystal that is embedded in a lithium niobate. The induced refractive index, confinement losses, and dispersion are numerically calculated according to the orientation of the crystal and the structure geometry of the PC. This structure supports single and highly multimode TE and TM wave guidance at the communication wavelength 1.55µm. We realized that the confinement losses are less than 1dB/cm for both polarizations, and the transmission properties appear good for several PC applications. Photonics/optics Femtosecond Laser Writing LiNbO3 Crystal Optical Waveguides Photonic Crystal COMSOL Integrated Photonics Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files declarationStatement.docx Declaration of interests Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3828775","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":264698198,"identity":"e4729c48-705a-4663-9379-b51e5c3976c7","order_by":0,"name":"Ahmad Kamal Ahmad","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-4701","institution":"Al Nahrain University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmad","middleName":"Kamal","lastName":"Ahmad","suffix":""},{"id":264698199,"identity":"20835ee4-a67b-4b33-9e10-2e672851f90f","order_by":1,"name":"Miami Mohammed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Al Mustansiriyah","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Miami","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohammed","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-02 06:58:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3828775/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3828775/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49113518,"identity":"8ad36f8c-8145-498c-8a87-3099dea5498e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-03 09:57:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1280235,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fslaserwitting2DPCFinbulckliNiO3crystalnew.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3828775/v1_covered_60241554-12c5-4e00-add5-112f3b02d55b.pdf"},{"id":49113382,"identity":"8e46ebe3-8458-4e18-9d50-443e1227b879","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-03 09:49:31","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":18357,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"declarationStatement.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3828775/v1/00e4df5b8415f5edaecc801f.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemtosecond Laser Writing of Photonic Crystal in LiNbO3 Crystal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Al Mustansiriyah University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Femtosecond Laser Writing, LiNbO3 Crystal, Optical Waveguides, Photonic Crystal, COMSOL, Integrated Photonics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3828775/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3828775/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA numerical investigation of depressed cladding photonic crystal PC that has been buried in bulk lithium niobate crystal material by direct femtosecond (fs) laser writing. 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