Semi-automated image analysis of root architecture and early root development in faba bean and white clover and genomic estimation of breeding values and correlations

Abstract Protein-rich leguminous plants, such as faba bean and white clover are prospectively interesting crops in the North-European countries for reducing dependence on soybean import. Significant expansion of the production area of leguminous crops is challenged by the sub-optimal climatic conditions in this region, especially by the increasing probability of year-to-year fluctuation of extreme weather conditions due to global climate changes. To overcome these challenges, development of new climate-resilient varieties suitable for growing under Northern-European conditions are needed. Root architecture and early root development, as well as the availability of efficient root phenotyping technologies are crucial factors of advancing in breeding of adequate varieties. We report a study of a simple and affordable screening technology of early root development using rhizoboxes in connection with semi-automated image analysis and provide a conceptual pipeline for estimation of Genomic Estimated Breeding Values (GEBVs) and correlating greenhouse- and field phenotype data. Based on bivariate models, high genetic correlation could be detected between total root length values recorded in greenhouse rhizobox experiments and field grain yield in faba bean. In white clover, moderately positive genetic correlation between estimated breeding values of rhizobox-detected total root length and field yield could be identified. Our results suggest that phenotyping and selection of early root development components could potentially be useful in breeding programs to increase the genetic gain for field yield. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes Corrections and updating in the next, adding a new figure