Long-term symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of people living with HIV (PLWH): a real-life study

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Little is known about the impact of HIV infection on the risk of post-COVID-19 conditions (PCCs) onset. We aim to assess the incidence of PCC in PLWH and the factors associated with its occurrence. Methods We performed a retrospective, observational study including all PLWH > 18 years registered in the Brescia Health Protection Agency database, assessing SARS-CoV-2 burden, vaccination status, socio-demographic, and viro-immunological parameters from February 2020 until May 2022. Persistence of self-reported symptoms (clustered into gastrointestinal, respiratory, osteo-muscular, and neuro-behavioral symptoms) was evaluated after 3 months by a telephone-administered questionnaire. We estimated the associations between all variables and outcomes through univariate and multivariable logistic models. Results In the study period, 653 PLWH were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection (17.1%). We observed 19 (2.9%) reinfections, 71 (10.9%) hospitalizations, and 3 (0.5%) deaths. We interviewed 510/653 PLWH (78%), and 178 (PCCs prevalence 34.9%; CI95% 30.7–39.2) reported persistent symptoms. Asthenia/fatigue was the most reported symptom (60/178), followed by muscular pain (54/178). In the multivariate regression model, male sex was protective (adjusted OR = 0.64; CI95% 0.99–3.66), while hospitalization during acute infection was associated with an increased the risk of PCCs (adjusted OR = 1.9; CI95% 0.99–3.66). Notably, no viro-immunological variable modified the PCCs risk onset. Conclusions Our study highlights a substantial prevalence of PCCs among PLWH, three months post-SARS-CoV-2 infection, independent of viro-immunological features or vaccination status. HIV PLWH COVID-19 long-COVID post-COVID-19 conditions post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 INTRODUCTION Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was responsible for the coronavirus disease of the 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and for a new clinical entity called “long-COVID”, “post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2” (PASCs) or “post-COVID-19 conditions” (PCCs) ( 1 ). The World Health Organization (WHO) defined the PCCs as a condition which occurs usually 3 months after the onset of COVID-19 in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and with symptoms lasting for at least 2 months that cannot be explained alternatively ( 2 ). This new syndrome affects over 10 millions of people worldwide engendering another global health threat ( 3 ). The mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of PCCs remain unclear. Several pathophysiological models have been proposed including SARS-CoV-2 persistence in “reservoirs”, cell dysmetabolism, autoimmunity caused by molecular mimicry, host-microbiome changes, and SARS-CoV-2 reactivations ( 4 ). The symptoms of PCCs are likely caused by organ damage induced by the acute infection phase, mostly affecting the respiratory, neurological, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems, although distinct long-lasting inflammatory pathways have also been hypothesized ( 5 ). Certainly, differences in the virus variant, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, and host response likely contribute to the risk, severity, and duration of PCCs ( 5 ). Addressing risk factors and clinical manifestations of PCCs in population groups will help identify patients who may require close monitoring after recovery from acute COVID-19 ( 6 ). Immunodeficiency has been recognized a crucial risk factor for severe COVID-19 since the early COVID-19 pandemic ( 7 ). Considering the high burden of comorbidities linked to the immune-activation, especially those not receiving an appropriate antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) are considered to be more vulnerable to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, and, potentially, to PCCs ( 8 ). Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence, clinical symptoms, and risk factors for PCCs among PLWH of Northern Italy province highly affected by COVID-19. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study design and participants This is an observational retrospective cohort study that included PLWH aged 18 years or older followed at the Unit of Infectious Diseases of the Spedali Civili General Hospital of Brescia, Italy. These individuals had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on nasopharyngeal swabs from February 15th, 2020, to May 31st, 2022. Written informed consent was obtained from every participant. No exclusion criteria were considered. Data collection We conducted data matching between the electronic health records of our Unit and the Brescia Health Protection Agency database, formerly known as the Brescia Local Health Agency database (BLHADB). We collected demographic, epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data. Vaccination coverage data were also recorded. To assess COVID-19 prevalence, we considered infected with SARS-CoV-2 all people with a confirmed nasopharyngeal swab positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR with a European Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). To assess the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants, we divided the study period into two phases: pre-Omicron (from February 15th, 2020, to November 30th, 2021) and Omicron period (from December 1st, 2021, to May 31st, 2022). SARS-CoV-2 infections with the Omicron variant were defined based on the period of predominance ( 9 ). We considered fully vaccinated patients who had received 3 doses of the vaccines routinary used in Italy (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx1). Of note, ChAdOx1 was exclusively used for the first and the second doses. In case of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine administration as first dose, the second one was considered as a booster dose. Thus, individuals in this group were considered fully vaccinated following the administration of the second dose. PCCs definition The diagnosis of PCCs was defined based on the WHO criteria ( 2 ). Symptoms related to PCCs were those of new onset, or previously reported but with a significant worsening, that could not be attributed to alternative causes ( 2 ). The following symptoms were considered: breathlessness (dyspnea), weakness and tiredness (asthenia/fatigue), joint pain (arthralgia), muscle pain (myalgia), head pain (headache), sore throat, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bumps or redness on the skin (rash), numbness, eye-related symptoms (eye pain, itching, foreign body sensation, redness, watery eyes, eye discharge), memory loss or impairment, reduced ability to think and concentrate (poor concentration). We evaluated the occurrence of PCCs symptoms based on their timing relative to the acute infection: less than 4 weeks, between 4 and 12 weeks, or more than 12 weeks from the acute infection. Resident doctors in Infectious and Tropical Diseases working at the Spedali Civili General Hospital of Brescia, Italy conducted telephone interviews using prespecified questionnaires (see Supplementary Appendix) to systematically collect a comprehensive list of symptoms. Ethics This study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 as revised in 2013, and it was approved by the local ethical committee of the Spedali Civili General Hospital of Brescia (approval code NP 5477, local ethical committee approval date 10th August 2022). Statistical analysis The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of study participants were described using numbers and proportions of the overall sample and specific subgroups (hospitalized/non-hospitalized PLWH, PLWH with long-COVID/without long-COVID). The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and the chi-square test were used to investigate the statistical significance of differences between numerical and categorical variables, respectively. Possible risk factors for persistent COVID-19 symptoms over 90 days were identified. The odds ratios (ORs) for persistent COVID-19 symptoms were calculated using both univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The included covariates were SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, infection period, years of HIV infection, HIV-RNA at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection, nadir CD4 + T cells (stratified by terciles), CD4 + , CD8 + T cells and CD4 + /CD8 + ratio at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection (stratified by terciles), sex, age, number of comorbidities and ethnicity. Sensitivity analyses were performed considering age and years of HIV infection as both continuous and grouped variables (< 65, 65–79, 80 for age; in continuous groups of 5 or 10 years for years of HIV infection). In accordance to ethical practices for the dissemination of scientific data, in tables where there was a value of 0, 1 or 2, we reported less than three (< 3). We computed the cumulative percentage of SARS-CoV-2 infections during the study period stratified by presence and absence of long-COVID to illustrate the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection in PLWH over time. The confidence intervals were computed at the 95% level. All statistical tests were two-sided, assumed a level of significance of 0.05 and were performed using Stata 17 software (StataCorp. 2021. Stata Statistical Software: Release 17. College Station, TX, USA: StataCorp LLC). RESULT Study population, vaccination coverage and SARS-CoV-2 prevalence A total of 1,004,210 individuals over 18 years old belong to the Brescia Health Protection Agency (HPA) area. Among them, 3817 (0.38%) are PLWH. The monthly trend of SARS-CoV-2 incidence and vaccination coverage per 100,000 inhabitants (at least one dose) between February 2020 and December 2022 comparing PLWH to the general population is shown in Fig. 1 . The incidence curves for SARS-CoV-2 infection were observed to closely overlap between PLWH and those without HIV, both experiencing a peak in infections concurrent with the emergence of the Omicron variant. Moreover, the trend in COVID-19 coverage was similar between PLWH and individuals without HIV infection. Table 1 summarize the characteristics of PLWH residing in the Brescia HPA area. The median age was 54 years (IQR 46.5–58.9), with a predominant prevalence of individuals aged 50–69 years (56.1%). The majority of PLWH were male (71.2%) and Italians (86%). SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed in 17.1% (653/3817) of PLWH population, with only 19 cases (2.9%) of reinfection. Hospitalization for COVID-19 was required for 71 (10.9%) patients, while 3 (0.5%) deaths were observed. The 39% of patients (252) got infected between the beginning of the pandemic and November 2021, while 401 (61.4%) PLWH got infected during the Omicron period. In contrast, during the pre-Omicron period, 49 patients were hospitalized (69% of admissions), while during the Omicron period, 22 patients were admitted (31% of admissions), showing a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p 70, n. (%) 1311 (34.3) 2140 (56.1) 366 (9.6) Male, n. (%) 2717 (71.2) Comorbidities None (%) 1 (%) 2–3 (%) >3 (%) 1679 (44) 933 (24.4) 932 (24.4) 273 (7.2) Citizenship Italians, n. (%) Non-Italians, n. (%) 3284 (86) 533 ( 14 ) SARS-CoV-2 infection, n. (%) pre-Omicron period, n. (%) Omicron period, n. (%) 653 (17.1) 252 (38.6) 401 (61.4) SARS-CoV-2 re-infection, n. (%) 19 (2.9) COVID-19 hospitalization, n. (%) 71 (10.9) COVID-19 deaths, n. (%) 3 (0.5) Table 1 . Characteristics of PLWH population attending Brescia HPA and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection Post-COVID conditions symptoms in PLWH A total of 510 PLWH (78.1%) consented to the telephone interview to identify PCCs symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among these, 178 patients (34.9%; CI95% 30.7–38.2) exhibited at least one of the symptoms defining PCCs, while 332 (65.1%) did not develop symptoms following the resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The sociodemographic, clinical, and viro-immunological characteristics of the PLWH infected with SARS-CoV-2, both with and without PCCs, who answered the questionnaire, are presented in Tables 2 and 3 . Similar distributions were observed between the two groups across all considered variables, except for hospitalization during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, that was more frequent in patients with PCCs (14% vs 8%; p = 0.048). Additionally, there were no differences between the two groups in terms of viro-immunological profiles at the time of infection or serological status for HBV, HCV, CMV, and Toxoplasma. Table 2 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of PLWH with SARS-CoV-2 infection. (Acronyms, PLWH: People living with HIV, PCCs: Post-COVID19 conditions, NRTI: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, INI: Integrase Inhibitors, NNRTI: Non- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, PI: Protease Inhibitors, p value in bold underlines the statistically significant association between variables). Total, N. (%) 510 PLWH with PCCs, N. (%) 178 PLWH without PCCs, N. (%) 332 p value Sex Male Female 359 (70.39) 151 (29.61) 121 (67.98) 57 (32.02) 238 (71.69) 94 (28.31) 0.382 Age (median, SD) 52.55 (10.81) 53.64 (9.78) 52.05 (11.26) 0.093 Ethnicity Italians Foreigners 461 (90.39) 49 (9.61) 166 (93.26) 12 (6.74) 295 (88.86) 37 (11.14) 0.108 Sexual habits Heterosexual Homosexual Other Unavailable 268 (52.55) 123 (24.12) 25 (4.9) 94 (18.43) 91 (51.12) 47 (26.41) 7 (3.93) 33 (18.54) 177 (53.31) 76 (22.89) 18 (5.42) 61 (18.38) 0.747 Antiretroviral therapy ongoing 2NRTI + INI 2NRTI + NNRTI 2NRTI + PI NRTI + INI NNRTI + INI INI + PI Others 183 (35.88) 51 ( 10 ) 21 (4.12) 175 (34.31) 38 (7.45) 22 (4.31) 20 (3.92) 67 (37.64) 15 (8.43) 6 (3.37) 64 (35.96) 16 (8.99) 5 (2.81) 5 (2.81) 116 (34.94) 36 (10.84) 15 (4.52) 111 (33.43) 22 (6.63) 17 (5.12) 15 (4.52) 0.768 Comorbidities None 1 >2 334 (65.49) 123 (24.12) 53 (10.39) 113 (63.48) 49 (27.53) 16 (8.99) 221 (66.57) 74 (22.29) 37 (11.14) 0.367 Comorbidities Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Obesity (BMI > 30) Cardiovascular diseases Active onco-hematologic disease Onco-hematologic disease within 5y Immunodeficiency Chronic renal failure Bronchopneumopathy Unavailable 82 30 20 47 10 33 < 3 18 12 4 29 10 9 14 5 14 < 3 5 4 < 3 53 20 11 33 5 19 < 3 13 8 4 0.923 0.853 0.334 0.440 0.312 0.349 0.299 0.519 0.918 0.142 Vaccination for SARS-CoV2 Unvaccinated Incomplete vaccination Fully vaccinated 236 (46.28) 129 (25.29) 145 (28.43) 89 (50) 37 (20.79) 52 (29.21) 147 (42.28) 92 (27.71) 93 (28.01) 0.215 Hospitalized for COVID-19 53 (10.39) 25 (14.05) 28 (8.43) 0.048 Period of infection Pre-Omicron Omicron 201 (39.41) 309 (60.59) 76 (42.69) 102 (57.31) 125 (37.65) 207 (62.35) 0.266 Table 3 Viro-immunological characteristics of PLWH with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Acronyms, PLWH: People living with HIV, PCCs: Post-COVID19 conditions, p value in bold underlines the statistically significant association between variables). Total, N. (%) 510 PLWH with PCCs, N. (%) 178 PLWH without PCCs, N. (%) 332 p value HCV-Ab Available Positive Negative 503 144 (28.63) 359 (71.37) 177 52 (29.38) 125 (70.62) 326 92 (28.22) 234 (71.78) 0.496 HBcAb Available Positive Negative HbsAg Available Positive Negative 494 212 (42.92) 282 (57.08) 506 30 (5.93) 476 (94.07) 171 75 (43.86) 96 (56.14) 176 8 (4.55) 168 (95.45) 323 137 (42.42) 186 (57.58) 330 22 (6.67) 308 (93.33) 0.758 0.336 CMV Serology (IgG) Available Positive Negative 135 122 (90.37) 13 (9.63) 46 43 (93.48) 3 (6.52) 89 79 (88.76) 10 (11.24) 0.379 Toxoplasma Serology (IgG) Available Positive Negative 400 202 (50.5) 198 (49.5) 138 73 (52.89) 65 (47.11) 262 129 (49.24) 133 (50.76) 0.486 HIV-RNA at SARS-CoV-2 infection , < 20 cp/mL ≥ 20 cp/mL 473 (92.75) 37 (7.15) 168 (94.38) 10 (5.62) 305 (91.87) 27 (8.13) 0.299 T-lymphocyte profile at SARS-CoV-2 infection, mean (SD) CD4 + T cells CD8 + T cells CD4 + /CD8 + 775.11 (347.59) 895.05 (583.05) 1.09 (1.34) 753.36 (309.78) 873.27 (404.74) 1.18 (2.34) 787.99 (367.75) 911.99 (698.89) 1.06 (0.62) 0.587 0.546 0.113 Nadir CD4 + T cells, mean (SD) 259.09 (191.33) 254.53 (184.84) 252.41 (185.66) 0.433 The most frequent PCCs symptoms reported during the telephone interview are shown in Fig. 2 . Asthenia/Fatigue was the most reported symptom, followed by musculoskeletal pains, respiratory symptoms, and neurological symptoms. No difference in the PCCs prevalence was observed between PLWH SARS-CoV-2 infected during the pre-Omicron period (before December 2022) and the Omicron period (after December 2022) (Table 2 ). However, analyzing the cumulative trend over time of SARS-CoV-2 infection stratified between those who developed long-COVID and those who did not, a predominant trend in the onset of long-COVID was observed among patients infected during the pre-Omicron period. However, these two curves tended to overlap during the Omicron period, as illustrated in Fig. 3 . A regression analysis was conducted to assess potential risk factors for the onset of PCCs in PLWH patients. Table 4 presents the association between demographic, clinical, and viro-immunological variables in patients affected by PCCs and those not affected. PLWH hospitalized during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR: 1.77: IC95% 1-3.1) and patients aged 55–59 years (OR: 2.11: IC95% 1.25–3.55) were more likely to experience PCCs. However, in our adjusted model, only being male emerged as a protective factor for PCCs (OR: 0.62: IC95% 0.39–0.99) (Table 5 ). Table 4 Univariata to assess potential risk factors for PCCs onset in PLWH (Acronyms: Ref: reference, ART: antiretroviral therapy, NRTI: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, INI: Integrase Inhibitors, NNRTI: Non- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, PI: Protease Inhibitors, p value in bold underlines the statistically significant association between variables) Variable Odds ratio p value 95% CI Sex Female (ref) --- --- --- --- Male 0.838 0.382 0.565 1.245 Age, category 18–45 (ref) --- --- --- --- 46–54 1.263 0.392 0.740 2.154 55–59 2.118 0.005 1.259 3.559 > 60 1.263 0.392 0.266 0.575 Ethnicity Italians (ref) --- --- --- --- Foregneirs 0.576 0.111 0.292 1.136 Sexual habits Hterosexual (ref) --- --- --- --- Homosexual 1.203 0.414 0.772 1.873 Other 0.756 0.545 0.305 1.877 ART 2NRTI + INI (ref) --- --- --- --- 2NRTI + NNRTI 0.721 0.342 0.368 1.414 2NRTI + PI 0.693 0.469 0.256 1.870 NRTI + INI 0.998 0.994 0.649 1.535 NNRTI + INI 1.259 0.523 0.618 2.563 INI + PI 0.509 0.204 0.179 1.443 Others 0.693 0.666 0.131 3.668 Years of HIV infection, category 0–9 (ref) --- --- --- --- 10–19 0.695 0.169 0.414 1.168 20–29 1.005 0.986 0.576 1.753 > 30 0.968 0.910 0.555 1.691 Comorbidities No comorbidities (ref) --- --- --- --- Comorbidities 1–2 1.264 0.323 0.794 2.013 Comorbidities > 2 0.827 0.591 0.414 1.654 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Unvaccinated (ref) --- --- --- --- Incomplete vaccination 0.664 0.084 0.418 1.056 Complete vaccination 0.924 0.717 0.601 1.419 SARS-CoV-2 Infection Period First period (ref) --- --- --- --- Second period 0.810 0.267 0.559 1.174 Hospitalization for COVID-19 No hospitalization (ref) --- --- --- --- Hospitalization 1.774 0.050 1.000 3.147 Nadir CD4 + T cells 66 percentile 0.819 0.393 0.397 1.295 HIV-RNA (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection) HIV-RNA 200 cp/mL 0.227 0.164 0.028 1.829 HCV-Ab Positive (ref) --- --- --- --- Negative 1.058 0.784 0.707 1.584 HBsAb Positive (ref) --- --- --- --- Negative 1.061 0.758 0.729 1.542 HBsAg Positive (ref) --- --- --- --- Negative 0.667 0.339 0.291 1.530 CMV IgG Positive (ref) --- --- --- --- Negative 1.814 0.384 0.474 6.947 Toxoplasma IgG Positive (ref) --- --- --- --- Negative 1.158 0.486 0.766 1.749 CD4 + T cells (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection) 66 percentile 0.864 0.518 0.555 1.346 CD8 + T cells (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection) 66 percentile 1.081 0.732 0.691 1.692 CD4 + /CD8 + (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection) 66 percentile 0.829 0.419 0.527 1.305 Table 5 Regression analysis to assess potential risk factors for PCCs onset in PLWH (Acronyms: Ref: reference, p value in bold underlines the statistically significant association between variables) Variable Adjusted Odds ratio p value 95% CI Sex Female (ref) --- --- --- --- Male 0.624 0.048 0.392 0.995 Age, category 18–45 (ref) --- --- --- --- 46–54 1.224 0.521 0.660 2.269 55–59 1.763 0.083 0.929 3.349 > 60 1.051 0.879 0.555 1.992 Ethnicity Italians (ref) --- --- --- --- Foreigners 0.499 0.091 0.222 1.118 Years of HIV infection, category 0–9 (ref) --- --- --- --- 10–19 0.687 0.206 0.384 1.229 20–29 0.705 0.298 0.365 1.361 > 30 0.674 0.269 0.335 1.356 Comorbidities No comorbidities (ref) --- --- --- --- Comorbidities 1–2 1.264 0.323 0.794 2.013 Comorbidities > 2 0.827 0.591 0.414 1.654 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Unvaccinated (ref) --- --- --- --- Incomplete vaccination 0.672 0.274 0.331 1.368 Complete vaccination 0.891 0.756 0.433 1.835 SARS-CoV-2 Infection Period First period (ref) --- --- --- --- Second period 1.055 0.877 0.536 2.076 Hospitalization for COVID-19 No hospitalization (ref) --- --- --- --- Hospitalization 1.904 0.054 0.988 3.668 Nadir CD4 + T cells 66 percentile 0.952 0.868 0.536 1.694 HIV-RNA (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection) HIV-RNA 200 cp/ml 0.236 0.197 0.026 2.115 CD4 + T cells (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection) 66 percentile 0.754 0.407 0.387 1.470 CD8 + T cells (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection) 66 percentile 1.263 0.508 0.633 2.517 CD4 + /CD8 + (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection) 66 percentile 1.091 0.823 0.509 2.336 DISCUSSION In this retrospective, monocenter study, 17.1% (653/3817) of PLWH tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via nasopharyngeal swab during the study period, and 34.9% (178/510) developed PCCs. Data obtained from the survey administrated by telephone interviews showed that the most commonly declared symptom 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection was fatigue (60/178; 33.7%). According to the regression analysis model, no variables influenced the PCCs risk in our cohort, including vaccination status or the period dominated by a specific SARS-CoV-2 variant. However, male subjects were found to be less likely to develop PCCs (adjusted OR: 0.62: IC95% 0.39–0.99). Conversely, patients who were hospitalized for COVID-19 at the onset of infection appeared to be more likely to develop the PCCs (adjusted OR 1.90, 95% CI: 0.98–3.66; p = 0.054). No patients reported PCCs after a second SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunological (CD4 + cells, CD8 + cells, and CD4 + /CD8 + ), virological (plasmatic HIV viremia), serological parameters for several infections (presence of CMV IgG, HCV antibodies, HBsAg, HBcAb or Toxoplasma IgG), and the number of comorbidities did not appear to alter the risk of PCCs in our cohort. This study comprises a large number of PLWH with SARS-CoV-2 infection, covering the pre- and post-Omicron period and encompassing both vaccinated and unvaccinated patients against SARS-CoV-2. When the study was conducted, the Lombardy Region was the first and most heavily affected regions in Europe by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, beginning in February 2020 ( 10 ). In January 2022, the Lombardy region faced a significant surge in SARS-CoV-2 cases attributed to the Omicron variant ( 11 ). Despite a vaccination rate of approximately 90% (with at least one dose), this wave resulted in a higher number of infections, but fortunately a lower rate of deaths from the beginning of the pandemic ( 12 ). Early in the pandemic, patients with frailty were identified as having a higher risk of short-term mortality from COVID-19 compared to non-frail patients. PLWH were also included in the context of frailty raising major concern regarding SARS-COV-2 impact on this population ( 13 ). Brescia has one of the highest estimated incidence of HIV infection in Italy with a pre-pandemic rate of 5.8/100,000 compared to 4.7/100,000 in the whole country ( 14 ). In our province, all PLWH are in follow-up in a single healthcare center: the Spedali Civili General Hospital of Brescia. During the early phases of the pandemic, an appropriate emergency response was mandatory to maintain the delivery of HIV care and protect our PLWH from COVID-19 ( 15 ). As previously published, HIV infection was not associated with a higher risk of severe manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 during the acute phase compared to the general population in our Province ( 14 ). Nonetheless, there is conflicting data in the literature regarding the severity of SARS-CoV-2 in PLWH, primarily because PLWH constitute a remarkably heterogeneous population in terms of immune competence, antiretroviral therapy coverage, and response to both and the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ( 16 , 17 ). Most patients who recovered from acute COVID-19 experienced long-term effects on multiple organs and systems. Currently, there are no standardized criteria for diagnosing and categorizing post-COVID conditions, and the percentage of individuals reporting PCCs varies widely in the literature. This variability can be attributed to several factors such as the time period, SARS-CoV-2 variant, patients included in the studies, geographical region, vaccination status, and the use of early therapies for COVID treatment ( 18 – 22 ). Moreover, symptoms attributed to PCCs are often non-specific and may be due to other causes or concomitant morbidities. A nationwide Scottish population cohort study suggests that patients who had SARS-CoV-2 infection may mistakenly attribute their symptoms to long-COVID ( 23 ). Much less data is available regarding PCCs in PLWH, with a variable prevalence ranging between 3%-78% ( 24 ). Some studies investigated whether PLWH are at increased risk of PCCs compared to PLWH without SARS-COV-2 infection or with HIV-seronegative people with different results ( 8 , 24 – 30 ). The PCCs prevalence in our cohort of PLWH was 35%, but we have not compared it to the PCCs prevalence among the general population in our setting. Comparing PLWH with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection, an elevated risk of multi-system dysfunction (i.e., respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic) was described among PLWH at 12 months post COVID-19 compared to PLWH without SARS-COV-2 infection ( 31 ). Contrasting findings described how exercise capacity measured by a cardiopulmonary exercise testing was reduced among PLWH, but no differences are reported between SARS-CoV-2 infected and uninfected or among PLWH with or without PCC at 16 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection ( 32 ). Yendewa et al . reported that PLWH had higher odds of PASCs, defined as persistence or occurrence of a new-onset health condition at least 28 days following COVID-19, compared to HIV-seronegative people and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was protective ( 33 ). Similar results were reported by Antar et al . who assessed the presence and severity of 49 long COVID-associated symptoms at 2 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection, although these findings were not consistent at 4 to 6 months post-infection ( 34 ). The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing post-COVID conditions among vaccinated individuals remains uncertain, and it might vary depending on the number of vaccine doses received. A recent meta-analysis suggested that receiving a complete COVID-19 vaccination before contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly reduces the risk of PCCs, even during the Omicron era. However, it did not protect against PCCs for those who received COVID-19 vaccination after COVID-19 infection ( 22 ). In our cohort of PLWH, the vaccination status does not modify the PCCs risk. Taken together, our results suggest that key variables related to HIV infection may not necessary increase the risk of PCCs, but they confirm some of the risk factors described in general population, such as gender, and severity of acute infection measured by hospitalization. One possible explanation could be that in our cohort of PLWH who completed the questionnaire, the majority had well-controlled HIV infection with plasma HIV RNA < 20 copies/ml (92%; 473/510), and a mean of CD4 + of 753 cells/mm3. Additionally, 65% (334/510) did not have any comorbidities, and 53% (274/510) had received at least 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, 60% of them (309/510) acquired SARS-COV-2 infection during Omicron wave. Further studies are needed in different cohorts and settings to confirm our findings. The main limitations of our study include the absence of a control group comprising individuals without HIV infection, or PLWH without SARS-CoV-2 infection, the collection of symptoms was performed via telephone interview and the lack of evaluation regarding the use of COVID therapies, including antiviral drugs. Additionally, people with mild symptoms may have been less likely to undergo SARS-CoV-2 testing. Strengths of this study include the large sample size and the linkage with the local health service, which provided all notifications of SARS-CoV-2 test results performed in the Brescia Local Health Agency. Declarations Supplementary Materials: Telephone questionnaire administered to PLWH with symptoms associated with long-COVID Author Contributions: conceptualization E.Q.R.; original draft preparation G.M., and E.Q.R.; methodology, resources, M.D.A., S.S., G.T., M.D.G., and E.Q.R.; data curation G.M., and E.Q.R.; writing—original draft preparation E.Q.R.; writing—review and editing M.D.A., G.M., S.S., G.T., M.D.G., B.R., E.F., F.C., and E.Q.R.; visualization M.D.A., G.M., S.S., G.T., M.D.G., B.R., C.G., E.F., F.C., and E.Q.R., supervision E.Q.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Institutional Review Board Statement: This study was approved by the local ethical committee of the Spedali Civili General Hospital of Brescia (approval code NP 5477, local ethical committee approval date 10th August 2022). Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding source: This paper was supported with an unconditional grant from GILEAD to MISI foundation. References Larsen NW, Stiles LE, Miglis MG. Preparing for the long-haul: Autonomic complications of COVID-19. Auton Neurosci. 2021 Nov;235:102841. World Health Organization. A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus [Internet]. 2021 Oct. Report No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/Post_COVID-19_condition/Clinical_case_definition/2021.1. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1 Chen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, Shi X, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B. Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. J Infect Dis. 2022 Nov 1;226(9):1593–607. Castanares-Zapatero D, Chalon P, Kohn L, Dauvrin M, Detollenaere J, Maertens De Noordhout C, et al. Pathophysiology and mechanism of long COVID: a comprehensive review. 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Post COVID-19 condition after Wildtype, Delta, and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection and prior vaccination: Pooled analysis of two population-based cohorts. Yon DK, editor. PLOS ONE. 2023 Feb 22;18(2):e0281429. Marra AR, Kobayashi T, Callado GY, Pardo I, Gutfreund MC, Hsieh MK, et al. The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine in the prevention of post-COVID conditions: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the latest research. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol. 2023;3(1):e168. Hastie CE, Lowe DJ, McAuley A, Mills NL, Winter AJ, Black C, et al. True prevalence of long-COVID in a nationwide, population cohort study. Nat Commun. 2023 Nov 30;14(1):7892. Peluso MJ, Spinelli MA, Deveau TM, Forman CA, Munter SE, Mathur S, et al. Postacute sequelae and adaptive immune responses in people with HIV recovering from SARS-COV-2 infection. AIDS. 2022 Oct 1;36(12):F7–16. Almomen A, Cox J, Lebouché B, Cheng MP, Frenette C, Routy JP, et al. Short Communication: Ongoing Impact of the Social Determinants of Health During the Second and Third Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic in People Living with HIV Receiving Care in a Montreal-Based Tertiary Care Center. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2022 May 1;38(5):359–62. Jassat W, Mudara C, Vika C, Welch R, Arendse T, Dryden M, et al. A cohort study of post-COVID-19 condition across the Beta, Delta, and Omicron waves in South Africa: 6-month follow-up of hospitalized and nonhospitalized participants. Int J Infect Dis. 2023 Mar;128:102–11. Karuna S, Gallardo-Cartagena JA, Theodore D, Hunidzarira P, Montenegro-Idrogo J, Hu J, et al. Post-COVID symptom profiles and duration in a global convalescent COVID-19 observational cohort: Correlations with demographics, medical history, acute COVID-19 severity and global region. J Glob Health. 2023 Jun 23;13:06020. Mazzitelli M, Trunfio M, Sasset L, Leoni D, Castelli E, Lo Menzo S, et al. Factors Associated with Severe COVID-19 and Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome in a Cohort of People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Treatment and with Undetectable HIV RNA. Viruses. 2022 Feb 28;14(3):493. Peluso MJ, Deveau TM, Munter SE, Ryder D, Buck A, Beck-Engeser G, et al. Chronic viral coinfections differentially affect the likelihood of developing long COVID. J Clin Invest. 2023 Feb 1;133(3):e163669. Pujari S, Gaikwad S, Chitalikar A, Dabhade D, Joshi K, Bele V. Long‐coronavirus disease among people living with HIV in western India: An observational study. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2021 Sep;9(3):1037–43. Yue Y, Liang C, Weissman S, Lyu T, Olatosi B, Li X. 12-MONTH CONSEQUENCES IN PEOPLE WITH HIV/SARS-CoV-2 COINFECTION: NATIONAL EHR COHORT. CROI 2023 Abstr Ebook [Internet]. 884. Available from: https://www.croiconference.org/croi-2023-resources/ Durstenfeld MS, Peluso MJ, Spinelli MA, Li D, Sander E, Swaminathan S, Arechiga V, Hoh R,, Aras MA, Long CS, Deeks SG, Hsue P. EXERCISE CAPACITY IS REDUCED IN HIV INDEPENDENT OF SARS-CoV-2 INFECTION. CROI 2023 Abstr Ebook [Internet]. 2023;666. Available from: https://www.croiconference.org/croi-2023-resources/ Yendewa GA, Perez JA, Patil N, McComsey GA. HIV INFECTION INCREASES RISK OF PASC WHILE COVID-19 VACCINATION IS PROTECTIVE. CROI 2023 Abstr Ebook. 724. Antar A, Gallego Marquez N, Jamal A, Alisha Dziarski A, Fu J, Walch S, Romero A, Queiroz A, Araujo-Pereira M, Zelaya A, Akasreku E, Andrade B, Peluso M, Landay A. SYMPTOMS AND BIOMARKERS OF LONG COVID IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH AND WITHOUT HIV. CROI 2023 Abstract ebook [Internet]. 2023; Available from: https://www.croiconference.org/croi-2023-resources/ Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryMaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 May, 2024 Read the published version in Infection → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 03 Mar, 2024 Reviews received at journal 19 Feb, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Feb, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Feb, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 15 Feb, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Feb, 2024 First submitted to journal 14 Feb, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3956593","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":273042954,"identity":"7c8d940b-f139-4036-9dd6-93038932895a","order_by":0,"name":"Melania Degli Antoni","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Melania","middleName":"Degli","lastName":"Antoni","suffix":""},{"id":273042955,"identity":"18360173-ba94-4906-805d-a6abd598e14b","order_by":1,"name":"Giovanni Maifredi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ATS Brescia 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16:30:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3956593/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3956593/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02288-9","type":"published","date":"2024-05-03T19:58:10+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51219802,"identity":"0f03a02c-1b32-425a-aedf-a30b650fdbc5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-16 09:29:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":156842,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIncidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (at least one dose) in PLWH and non-PLWH.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3956593/v1/c2b262e1eec85d96da9125ce.png"},{"id":51219800,"identity":"20c361fb-c34c-4b3e-95ab-b806f62f8bd1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-16 09:29:49","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33484,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNumber of PLWH who reported one or more symptoms at 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3956593/v1/3accdee48e0643d4e55097c2.png"},{"id":51219799,"identity":"f07df955-6864-4cb5-96b2-c869efed2914","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-16 09:29:49","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":73613,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCumulative percentage of SARS-CoV-2 infections during the study period stratified by presence or absence of long-COVID\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3956593/v1/e4c669ea932c7db2cc6fbea8.png"},{"id":56043070,"identity":"e5a5ce6c-3327-4a73-9731-19687d60255f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-07 20:10:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1544693,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3956593/v1/193a9966-4407-4a83-9dfe-875a0bfc77c4.pdf"},{"id":51219801,"identity":"9d36b64b-fb38-412c-b300-64a9930877f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-16 09:29:49","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22850,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryMaterial.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3956593/v1/8c336fadddfbaeccae3ceada.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Long-term symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of people living with HIV (PLWH): a real-life study","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was responsible for the coronavirus disease of the 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and for a new clinical entity called \u0026ldquo;long-COVID\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2\u0026rdquo; (PASCs) or \u0026ldquo;post-COVID-19 conditions\u0026rdquo; (PCCs) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The World Health Organization (WHO) defined the PCCs as a condition which occurs usually 3 months after the onset of COVID-19 in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and with symptoms lasting for at least 2 months that cannot be explained alternatively (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). This new syndrome affects over 10 millions of people worldwide engendering another global health threat (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of PCCs remain unclear. Several pathophysiological models have been proposed including SARS-CoV-2 persistence in \u0026ldquo;reservoirs\u0026rdquo;, cell dysmetabolism, autoimmunity caused by molecular mimicry, host-microbiome changes, and SARS-CoV-2 reactivations (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The symptoms of PCCs are likely caused by organ damage induced by the acute infection phase, mostly affecting the respiratory, neurological, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems, although distinct long-lasting inflammatory pathways have also been hypothesized (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Certainly, differences in the virus variant, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, and host response likely contribute to the risk, severity, and duration of PCCs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddressing risk factors and clinical manifestations of PCCs in population groups will help identify patients who may require close monitoring after recovery from acute COVID-19 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Immunodeficiency has been recognized a crucial risk factor for severe COVID-19 since the early COVID-19 pandemic (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the high burden of comorbidities linked to the immune-activation, especially those not receiving an appropriate antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) are considered to be more vulnerable to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, and, potentially, to PCCs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence, clinical symptoms, and risk factors for PCCs among PLWH of Northern Italy province highly affected by COVID-19.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIAL AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design and participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This is an observational retrospective cohort study that included PLWH aged 18 years or older followed at the Unit of Infectious Diseases of the Spedali Civili General Hospital of Brescia, Italy. These individuals had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on nasopharyngeal swabs from February 15th, 2020, to May 31st, 2022. Written informed consent was obtained from every participant. No exclusion criteria were considered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted data matching between the electronic health records of our Unit and the Brescia Health Protection Agency database, formerly known as the Brescia Local Health Agency database (BLHADB). We collected demographic, epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data. Vaccination coverage data were also recorded. To assess COVID-19 prevalence, we considered infected with SARS-CoV-2 all people with a confirmed nasopharyngeal swab positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR with a European Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). To assess the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants, we divided the study period into two phases: pre-Omicron (from February 15th, 2020, to November 30th, 2021) and Omicron period (from December 1st, 2021, to May 31st, 2022). SARS-CoV-2 infections with the Omicron variant were defined based on the period of predominance (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). We considered fully vaccinated patients who had received 3 doses of the vaccines routinary used in Italy (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx1). Of note, ChAdOx1 was exclusively used for the first and the second doses. In case of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine administration as first dose, the second one was considered as a booster dose. Thus, individuals in this group were considered fully vaccinated following the administration of the second dose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePCCs definition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe diagnosis of PCCs was defined based on the WHO criteria (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Symptoms related to PCCs were those of new onset, or previously reported but with a significant worsening, that could not be attributed to alternative causes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The following symptoms were considered: breathlessness (dyspnea), weakness and tiredness (asthenia/fatigue), joint pain (arthralgia), muscle pain (myalgia), head pain (headache), sore throat, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bumps or redness on the skin (rash), numbness, eye-related symptoms (eye pain, itching, foreign body sensation, redness, watery eyes, eye discharge), memory loss or impairment, reduced ability to think and concentrate (poor concentration).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe evaluated the occurrence of PCCs symptoms based on their timing relative to the acute infection: less than 4 weeks, between 4 and 12 weeks, or more than 12 weeks from the acute infection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResident doctors in Infectious and Tropical Diseases working at the Spedali Civili General Hospital of Brescia, Italy conducted telephone interviews using prespecified questionnaires (see Supplementary Appendix) to systematically collect a comprehensive list of symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 as revised in 2013, and it was approved by the local ethical committee of the Spedali Civili General Hospital of Brescia (approval code NP 5477, local ethical committee approval date 10th August 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of study participants were described using numbers and proportions of the overall sample and specific subgroups (hospitalized/non-hospitalized PLWH, PLWH with long-COVID/without long-COVID). The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and the chi-square test were used to investigate the statistical significance of differences between numerical and categorical variables, respectively. Possible risk factors for persistent COVID-19 symptoms over 90 days were identified. The odds ratios (ORs) for persistent COVID-19 symptoms were calculated using both univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The included covariates were SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, infection period, years of HIV infection, HIV-RNA at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection, nadir CD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e T cells (stratified by terciles), CD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, CD8\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e T cells and CD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/CD8\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ratio at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection (stratified by terciles), sex, age, number of comorbidities and ethnicity. Sensitivity analyses were performed considering age and years of HIV infection as both continuous and grouped variables (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;65, 65\u0026ndash;79, 80 for age; in continuous groups of 5 or 10 years for years of HIV infection). In accordance to ethical practices for the dissemination of scientific data, in tables where there was a value of 0, 1 or 2, we reported less than three (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3). We computed the cumulative percentage of SARS-CoV-2 infections during the study period stratified by presence and absence of long-COVID to illustrate the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection in PLWH over time. The confidence intervals were computed at the 95% level. All statistical tests\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewere two-sided, assumed a level of significance of 0.05 and were performed using Stata 17 software (StataCorp. 2021. Stata Statistical Software: Release 17. College Station, TX, USA: StataCorp LLC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULT","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy population, vaccination coverage and SARS-CoV-2 prevalence\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 1,004,210 individuals over 18 years old belong to the Brescia Health Protection Agency (HPA) area. Among them, 3817 (0.38%) are PLWH. The monthly trend of SARS-CoV-2 incidence and vaccination coverage per 100,000 inhabitants (at least one dose) between February 2020 and December 2022 comparing PLWH to the general population is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The incidence curves for SARS-CoV-2 infection were observed to closely overlap between PLWH and those without HIV, both experiencing a peak in infections concurrent with the emergence of the Omicron variant. Moreover, the trend in COVID-19 coverage was similar between PLWH and individuals without HIV infection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esummarize the characteristics of PLWH residing in the Brescia HPA area. The median age was 54 years (IQR 46.5\u0026ndash;58.9), with a predominant prevalence of individuals aged 50\u0026ndash;69 years (56.1%). The majority of PLWH were male (71.2%) and Italians (86%). SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed in 17.1% (653/3817) of PLWH population, with only 19 cases (2.9%) of reinfection. Hospitalization for COVID-19 was required for 71 (10.9%) patients, while 3 (0.5%) deaths were observed. The 39% of patients (252) got infected between the beginning of the pandemic and November 2021, while 401 (61.4%) PLWH got infected during the Omicron period. In contrast, during the pre-Omicron period, 49 patients were hospitalized (69% of admissions), while during the Omicron period, 22 patients were admitted (31% of admissions), showing a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePLWH, n.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, median (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (46.5\u0026ndash;58.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, category\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;49, n. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;69, n. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;70, n. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1311 (34.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2140 (56.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e366 (9.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale, n. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2717 (71.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComorbidities\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3 (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;3 (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1679 (44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e933 (24.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e932 (24.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e273 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitizenship\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eItalians, n. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-Italians, n. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3284 (86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e533 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSARS-CoV-2 infection, n. (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epre-Omicron period, n. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOmicron period, n. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e653 (17.1)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e252 (38.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e401 (61.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSARS-CoV-2 re-infection, n. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 hospitalization, n. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 deaths, n. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Characteristics of PLWH population attending Brescia HPA and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePost-COVID conditions symptoms in PLWH\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 510 PLWH (78.1%) consented to the telephone interview to identify PCCs symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among these, 178 patients (34.9%; CI95% 30.7\u0026ndash;38.2) exhibited at least one of the symptoms defining PCCs, while 332 (65.1%) did not develop symptoms following the resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sociodemographic, clinical, and viro-immunological characteristics of the PLWH infected with SARS-CoV-2, both with and without PCCs, who answered the questionnaire, are presented in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Similar distributions were observed between the two groups across all considered variables, except for hospitalization during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, that was more frequent in patients with PCCs (14% vs 8%; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.048). Additionally, there were no differences between the two groups in terms of viro-immunological profiles at the time of infection or serological status for HBV, HCV, CMV, and Toxoplasma.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic and clinical characteristics of PLWH with SARS-CoV-2 infection. (Acronyms, PLWH: People living with HIV, PCCs: Post-COVID19 conditions, NRTI: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, INI: Integrase Inhibitors, NNRTI: Non- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, PI: Protease Inhibitors, p value in bold underlines the statistically significant association between variables).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal, N. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePLWH with PCCs, N. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePLWH without PCCs, N. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e359 (70.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e151 (29.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121 (67.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (32.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238 (71.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e94 (28.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e (median, SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.55 (10.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.64 (9.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.05 (11.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnicity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eItalians\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeigners\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e461 (90.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (9.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166 (93.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (6.74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295 (88.86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (11.14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSexual habits\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterosexual\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomosexual\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnavailable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268 (52.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e123 (24.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e94 (18.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (51.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (26.41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (3.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (18.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177 (53.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e76 (22.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (5.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61 (18.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAntiretroviral therapy ongoing\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2NRTI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;INI\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2NRTI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NNRTI\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2NRTI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PI\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNRTI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;INI\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNNRTI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;INI\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eINI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PI\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183 (35.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (4.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e175 (34.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (7.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (4.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (3.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (37.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (8.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (35.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (8.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (2.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (2.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116 (34.94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (10.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (4.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (33.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (6.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (5.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (4.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComorbidities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334 (65.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e123 (24.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e53 (10.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113 (63.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (27.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (8.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221 (66.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (22.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (11.14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComorbidities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObesity (BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive onco-hematologic disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnco-hematologic disease within 5y\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunodeficiency\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic renal failure\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBronchopneumopathy\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnavailable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.923\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.853\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.334\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.440\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.312\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.349\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.299\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.519\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVaccination for SARS-CoV2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnvaccinated\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncomplete vaccination\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFully vaccinated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236 (46.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e129 (25.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e145 (28.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89 (50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (20.79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e52 (29.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147 (42.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (27.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e93 (28.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHospitalized for COVID-19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53 (10.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (14.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (8.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.048\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePeriod of infection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-Omicron\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOmicron\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201 (39.41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e309 (60.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76 (42.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e102 (57.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125 (37.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e207 (62.35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eViro-immunological characteristics of PLWH with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Acronyms, PLWH: People living with HIV, PCCs: Post-COVID19 conditions, p value in bold underlines the statistically significant association between variables).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal, N. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePLWH with PCCs, N. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePLWH without PCCs, N. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCV-Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e503\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e144 (28.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e359 (71.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e52 (29.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e125 (70.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e326\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (28.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e234 (71.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.496\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHBcAb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAvailable\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHbsAg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAvailable\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e494\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e212 (42.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e282 (57.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e506\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (5.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e476 (94.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 (43.86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e96 (56.14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (4.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e168 (95.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e323\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e137 (42.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e186 (57.58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (6.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e308 (93.33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.758\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCMV Serology (IgG)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAvailable\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e122 (90.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (9.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (93.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (6.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (88.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (11.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eToxoplasma Serology (IgG)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAvailable\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e202 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e198 (49.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e73 (52.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (47.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e129 (49.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e133 (50.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.486\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIV-RNA at SARS-CoV-2 infection\u003c/b\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 20 cp/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 20 cp/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e473 (92.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (7.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168 (94.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (5.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305 (91.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (8.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT-lymphocyte profile at SARS-CoV-2 infection, mean (SD)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e T cells\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD8\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e T cells\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/CD8\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e775.11 (347.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e895.05 (583.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09 (1.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e753.36 (309.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e873.27 (404.74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18 (2.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e787.99 (367.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e911.99 (698.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06 (0.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.587\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNadir CD4\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003eT cells, mean\u003c/b\u003e (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259.09 (191.33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254.53 (184.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252.41 (185.66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most frequent PCCs symptoms reported during the telephone interview are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Asthenia/Fatigue was the most reported symptom, followed by musculoskeletal pains, respiratory symptoms, and neurological symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo difference in the PCCs prevalence was observed between PLWH SARS-CoV-2 infected during the pre-Omicron period (before December 2022) and the Omicron period (after December 2022) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, analyzing the cumulative trend over time of SARS-CoV-2 infection stratified between those who developed long-COVID and those who did not, a predominant trend in the onset of long-COVID was observed among patients infected during the pre-Omicron period. However, these two curves tended to overlap during the Omicron period, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA regression analysis was conducted to assess potential risk factors for the onset of PCCs in PLWH patients. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents the association between demographic, clinical, and viro-immunological variables in patients affected by PCCs and those not affected. PLWH hospitalized during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR: 1.77: IC95% 1-3.1) and patients aged 55\u0026ndash;59 years (OR: 2.11: IC95% 1.25\u0026ndash;3.55) were more likely to experience PCCs. However, in our adjusted model, only being male emerged as a protective factor for PCCs (OR: 0.62: IC95% 0.39\u0026ndash;0.99) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariata to assess potential risk factors for PCCs onset in PLWH (Acronyms: Ref: reference, ART: antiretroviral therapy, NRTI: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, INI: Integrase Inhibitors, NNRTI: Non- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, PI: Protease Inhibitors, p value in bold underlines the statistically significant association between variables)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.838\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.565\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.245\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;45 \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.740\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e55\u0026ndash;59\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.118\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.259\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.559\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItalians \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eForegneirs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual habits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHterosexual \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomosexual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.756\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.545\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.877\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eART\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2NRTI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;INI \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2NRTI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NNRTI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.721\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.342\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.368\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2NRTI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.870\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNRTI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;INI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.994\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.535\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNNRTI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;INI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.523\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.563\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eINI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears of HIV infection, category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u0026ndash;9 (ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.753\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.555\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComorbidities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo comorbidities \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComorbidities 1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComorbidities\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.827\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSARS-CoV-2 Vaccination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnvaccinated \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncomplete vaccination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.664\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplete vaccination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSARS-CoV-2 Infection Period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst period \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.559\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHospitalization for COVID-19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo hospitalization\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(ref)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e---\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e---\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e---\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e---\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHospitalization\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.774\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.050\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.147\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNadir CD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e T cells\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;33 percentile \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u0026ndash;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.677\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.723\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.393\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.397\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV-RNA (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV-RNA\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20 cp/mL \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV-RNA 20\u0026ndash;200 cp/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.859\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV-RNA\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;200 cp/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCV-Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePositive (ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.784\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.707\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.584\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHBsAb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePositive (ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.758\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.729\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHBsAg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePositive (ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.530\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMV IgG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePositive (ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.947\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToxoplasma IgG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePositive (ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.486\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.766\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e T cells (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;33 percentile \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u0026ndash;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.246\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.864\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.555\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD8\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e T cells (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;33 percentile \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u0026ndash;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.732\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/CD8\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;33 percentile \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e----\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u0026ndash;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.344\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression analysis to assess potential risk factors for PCCs onset in PLWH (Acronyms: Ref: reference, p value in bold underlines the statistically significant association between variables)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted Odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(ref)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.624\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.048\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.392\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.995\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;45 (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.521\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.763\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.929\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.349\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.879\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.555\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItalians \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeigners\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.499\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears of HIV infection, category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u0026ndash;9 (ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.705\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.298\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.365\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.361\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.674\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.356\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComorbidities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo comorbidities \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComorbidities 1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComorbidities\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.827\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSARS-CoV-2 Vaccination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnvaccinated \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncomplete vaccination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.672\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.368\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplete vaccination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.756\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSARS-CoV-2 Infection Period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst period \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.877\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHospitalization for COVID-19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo hospitalization\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e(ref)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e---\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e---\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e---\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e---\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHospitalization\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.904\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.054\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.988\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.668\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNadir CD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e T cells\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;33 percentile \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u0026ndash;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.776\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.952\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.694\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV-RNA (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV-RNA\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20 cp/mL \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV-RNA 20\u0026ndash;200 cp/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.428\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV-RNA\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;200 cp/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e T cells (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;33 percentile \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u0026ndash;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.411\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.754\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.470\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD8\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e T cells (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;33 percentile \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u0026ndash;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.638\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.502\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.508\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.633\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/CD8\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e (concurrently with SARS-CoV-2 infection)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;33 percentile \u003cem\u003e(ref)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e----\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u0026ndash;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.699\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.952\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;66 percentile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this retrospective, monocenter study, 17.1% (653/3817) of PLWH tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via nasopharyngeal swab during the study period, and 34.9% (178/510) developed PCCs. Data obtained from the survey administrated by telephone interviews showed that the most commonly declared symptom 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection was fatigue (60/178; 33.7%). According to the regression analysis model, no variables influenced the PCCs risk in our cohort, including vaccination status or the period dominated by a specific SARS-CoV-2 variant. However, male subjects were found to be less likely to develop PCCs (adjusted OR: 0.62: IC95% 0.39\u0026ndash;0.99). Conversely, patients who were hospitalized for COVID-19 at the onset of infection appeared to be more likely to develop the PCCs (adjusted OR 1.90, 95% CI: 0.98\u0026ndash;3.66; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.054). No patients reported PCCs after a second SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunological (CD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e cells, CD8\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e cells, and CD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/CD8\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e), virological (plasmatic HIV viremia), serological parameters for several infections (presence of CMV IgG, HCV antibodies, HBsAg, HBcAb or Toxoplasma IgG), and the number of comorbidities did not appear to alter the risk of PCCs in our cohort.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study comprises a large number of PLWH with SARS-CoV-2 infection, covering the pre- and post-Omicron period and encompassing both vaccinated and unvaccinated patients against SARS-CoV-2. When the study was conducted, the Lombardy Region was the first and most heavily affected regions in Europe by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, beginning in February 2020 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). In January 2022, the Lombardy region faced a significant surge in SARS-CoV-2 cases attributed to the Omicron variant (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Despite a vaccination rate of approximately 90% (with at least one dose), this wave resulted in a higher number of infections, but fortunately a lower rate of deaths from the beginning of the pandemic (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly in the pandemic, patients with frailty were identified as having a higher risk of short-term mortality from COVID-19 compared to non-frail patients. PLWH were also included in the context of frailty raising major concern regarding SARS-COV-2 impact on this population (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrescia has one of the highest estimated incidence of HIV infection in Italy with a pre-pandemic rate of 5.8/100,000 compared to 4.7/100,000 in the whole country (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). In our province, all PLWH are in follow-up in a single healthcare center: the Spedali Civili General Hospital of Brescia. During the early phases of the pandemic, an appropriate emergency response was mandatory to maintain the delivery of HIV care and protect our PLWH from COVID-19 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). As previously published, HIV infection was not associated with a higher risk of severe manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 during the acute phase compared to the general population in our Province (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, there is conflicting data in the literature regarding the severity of SARS-CoV-2 in PLWH, primarily because PLWH constitute a remarkably heterogeneous population in terms of immune competence, antiretroviral therapy coverage, and response to both and the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost patients who recovered from acute COVID-19 experienced long-term effects on multiple organs and systems. Currently, there are no standardized criteria for diagnosing and categorizing post-COVID conditions, and the percentage of individuals reporting PCCs varies widely in the literature. This variability can be attributed to several factors such as the time period, SARS-CoV-2 variant, patients included in the studies, geographical region, vaccination status, and the use of early therapies for COVID treatment (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, symptoms attributed to PCCs are often non-specific and may be due to other causes or concomitant morbidities. A nationwide Scottish population cohort study suggests that patients who had SARS-CoV-2 infection may mistakenly attribute their symptoms to long-COVID (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuch less data is available regarding PCCs in PLWH, with a variable prevalence ranging between 3%-78% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). Some studies investigated whether PLWH are at increased risk of PCCs compared to PLWH without SARS-COV-2 infection or with HIV-seronegative people with different results (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25 CR26 CR27 CR28 CR29\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). The PCCs prevalence in our cohort of PLWH was 35%, but we have not compared it to the PCCs prevalence among the general population in our setting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing PLWH with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection, an elevated risk of multi-system dysfunction (i.e., respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic) was described among PLWH at 12 months post COVID-19 compared to PLWH without SARS-COV-2 infection (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). Contrasting findings described how exercise capacity measured by a cardiopulmonary exercise testing was reduced among PLWH, but no differences are reported between SARS-CoV-2 infected and uninfected or among PLWH with or without PCC at 16 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYendewa \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. reported that PLWH had higher odds of PASCs, defined as persistence or occurrence of a new-onset health condition at least 28 days following COVID-19, compared to HIV-seronegative people and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was protective (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). Similar results were reported by Antar \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. who assessed the presence and severity of 49 long COVID-associated symptoms at 2 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection, although these findings were not consistent at 4 to 6 months post-infection (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing post-COVID conditions among vaccinated individuals remains uncertain, and it might vary depending on the number of vaccine doses received. A recent meta-analysis suggested that receiving a complete COVID-19 vaccination before contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly reduces the risk of PCCs, even during the Omicron era. However, it did not protect against PCCs for those who received COVID-19 vaccination after COVID-19 infection (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). In our cohort of PLWH, the vaccination status does not modify the PCCs risk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaken together, our results suggest that key variables related to HIV infection may not necessary increase the risk of PCCs, but they confirm some of the risk factors described in general population, such as gender, and severity of acute infection measured by hospitalization. One possible explanation could be that in our cohort of PLWH who completed the questionnaire, the majority had well-controlled HIV infection with plasma HIV RNA\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20 copies/ml (92%; 473/510), and a mean of CD4\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e of 753 cells/mm3. Additionally, 65% (334/510) did not have any comorbidities, and 53% (274/510) had received at least 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, 60% of them (309/510) acquired SARS-COV-2 infection during Omicron wave. Further studies are needed in different cohorts and settings to confirm our findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main limitations of our study include the absence of a control group comprising individuals without HIV infection, or PLWH without SARS-CoV-2 infection, the collection of symptoms was performed via telephone interview and the lack of evaluation regarding the use of COVID therapies, including antiviral drugs. Additionally, people with mild symptoms may have been less likely to undergo SARS-CoV-2 testing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrengths of this study include the large sample size and the linkage with the local health service, which provided all notifications of SARS-CoV-2 test results performed in the Brescia Local Health Agency.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSupplementary Materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eTelephone questionnaire administered to PLWH with symptoms associated with long-COVID\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003econceptualization E.Q.R.; original draft preparation G.M., and E.Q.R.; methodology, resources, M.D.A., S.S., G.T., M.D.G., and E.Q.R.; data curation G.M., and E.Q.R.; writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation E.Q.R.; writing\u0026mdash;review and editing M.D.A., G.M., S.S., G.T., M.D.G., B.R., E.F., F.C., and E.Q.R.; visualization M.D.A., G.M., S.S., G.T., M.D.G., B.R., C.G., E.F., F.C., and E.Q.R., supervision E.Q.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eInstitutional Review Board Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThis study was approved by the local ethical committee of the Spedali Civili General Hospital of Brescia (approval code NP 5477, local ethical committee approval date 10th August 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eData Availability Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding source:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThis paper was supported with an unconditional grant from GILEAD to MISI foundation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLarsen NW, Stiles LE, Miglis MG. Preparing for the long-haul: Autonomic complications of COVID-19. Auton Neurosci. 2021 Nov;235:102841. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus [Internet]. 2021 Oct. Report No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/Post_COVID-19_condition/Clinical_case_definition/2021.1. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, Shi X, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B. Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. J Infect Dis. 2022 Nov 1;226(9):1593\u0026ndash;607. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCastanares-Zapatero D, Chalon P, Kohn L, Dauvrin M, Detollenaere J, Maertens De Noordhout C, et al. Pathophysiology and mechanism of long COVID: a comprehensive review. Ann Med. 2022 Dec 31;54(1):1473\u0026ndash;87. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoyo E, Chimene M, Moyo P, Musuka G, Mangoya D, Murewanhema G, et al. Risk factors and clinical presentations of long COVID in Africa: A scoping review. J Infect Public Health. 2023 Dec;16(12):1982\u0026ndash;8. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTsampasian V, Elghazaly H, Chattopadhyay R, Debski M, Naing TKP, Garg P, et al. Risk Factors Associated With Post\u0026minus;COVID-19 Condition: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2023 Jun 1;183(6):566. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTurtle L, Thorpe M, Drake TM, Swets M, Palmieri C, Russell CD, et al. Outcome of COVID-19 in hospitalised immunocompromised patients: An analysis of the WHO ISARIC CCP-UK prospective cohort study. PLOS Med. 2023 Jan 31;20(1):e1004086. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKamanzi P, Mulundu G, Mutale K, Mumba C, Ngalamika O. HIV and inflammatory markers are associated with persistent COVID‐19 symptoms. 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Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 11;23(4):1987. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMinistero della Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u0026agrave;. Report 89 Sintesi nazionale Monitoraggio Fase 2 (DM Salute 30 aprile 2020) [Internet]. 2021 Jan. Report No.: 89. Available from: https://www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus/dettaglioMonitoraggioNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?lingua=italiano\u0026amp;menu=monitoraggi\u0026amp;id=99\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. cdc.gov. COVID-19 Vaccines for Specific Groups of People. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/specific-groups.html\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaifredi G, Izzo I, Gasparotti C, Sileo CV, HIV-CoV Group, Castelli F, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination Coverage among Fragile Populations in a Local Health Area of Northern Italy. 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PLOS ONE. 2023 Feb 22;18(2):e0281429. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarra AR, Kobayashi T, Callado GY, Pardo I, Gutfreund MC, Hsieh MK, et al. The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine in the prevention of post-COVID conditions: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the latest research. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol. 2023;3(1):e168. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHastie CE, Lowe DJ, McAuley A, Mills NL, Winter AJ, Black C, et al. True prevalence of long-COVID in a nationwide, population cohort study. Nat Commun. 2023 Nov 30;14(1):7892. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeluso MJ, Spinelli MA, Deveau TM, Forman CA, Munter SE, Mathur S, et al. Postacute sequelae and adaptive immune responses in people with HIV recovering from SARS-COV-2 infection. AIDS. 2022 Oct 1;36(12):F7\u0026ndash;16. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlmomen A, Cox J, Lebouch\u0026eacute; B, Cheng MP, Frenette C, Routy JP, et al. Short Communication: Ongoing Impact of the Social Determinants of Health During the Second and Third Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic in People Living with HIV Receiving Care in a Montreal-Based Tertiary Care Center. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2022 May 1;38(5):359\u0026ndash;62. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJassat W, Mudara C, Vika C, Welch R, Arendse T, Dryden M, et al. A cohort study of post-COVID-19 condition across the Beta, Delta, and Omicron waves in South Africa: 6-month follow-up of hospitalized and nonhospitalized participants. Int J Infect Dis. 2023 Mar;128:102\u0026ndash;11. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaruna S, Gallardo-Cartagena JA, Theodore D, Hunidzarira P, Montenegro-Idrogo J, Hu J, et al. Post-COVID symptom profiles and duration in a global convalescent COVID-19 observational cohort: Correlations with demographics, medical history, acute COVID-19 severity and global region. J Glob Health. 2023 Jun 23;13:06020. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMazzitelli M, Trunfio M, Sasset L, Leoni D, Castelli E, Lo Menzo S, et al. Factors Associated with Severe COVID-19 and Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome in a Cohort of People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Treatment and with Undetectable HIV RNA. Viruses. 2022 Feb 28;14(3):493. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeluso MJ, Deveau TM, Munter SE, Ryder D, Buck A, Beck-Engeser G, et al. Chronic viral coinfections differentially affect the likelihood of developing long COVID. J Clin Invest. 2023 Feb 1;133(3):e163669. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePujari S, Gaikwad S, Chitalikar A, Dabhade D, Joshi K, Bele V. Long‐coronavirus disease among people living with HIV in western India: An observational study. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2021 Sep;9(3):1037\u0026ndash;43. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYue Y, Liang C, Weissman S, Lyu T, Olatosi B, Li X. 12-MONTH CONSEQUENCES IN PEOPLE WITH HIV/SARS-CoV-2 COINFECTION: NATIONAL EHR COHORT. CROI 2023 Abstr Ebook [Internet]. 884. Available from: https://www.croiconference.org/croi-2023-resources/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDurstenfeld MS, Peluso MJ, Spinelli MA, Li D, Sander E, Swaminathan S, Arechiga V, Hoh R,, Aras MA, Long CS, Deeks SG, Hsue P. EXERCISE CAPACITY IS REDUCED IN HIV INDEPENDENT OF SARS-CoV-2 INFECTION. CROI 2023 Abstr Ebook [Internet]. 2023;666. Available from: https://www.croiconference.org/croi-2023-resources/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYendewa GA, Perez JA, Patil N, McComsey GA. HIV INFECTION INCREASES RISK OF PASC WHILE COVID-19 VACCINATION IS PROTECTIVE. CROI 2023 Abstr Ebook. 724. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAntar A, Gallego Marquez N, Jamal A, Alisha Dziarski A, Fu J, Walch S, Romero A, Queiroz A, Araujo-Pereira M, Zelaya A, Akasreku E, Andrade B, Peluso M, Landay A. SYMPTOMS AND BIOMARKERS OF LONG COVID IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH AND WITHOUT HIV. CROI 2023 Abstract ebook [Internet]. 2023; Available from: https://www.croiconference.org/croi-2023-resources/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"infection","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"infe","sideBox":"Learn more about [Infection](http://link.springer.com/journal/15010)","snPcode":"15010","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/15010/3","title":"Infection","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"HIV, PLWH, COVID-19, long-COVID, post-COVID-19 conditions, post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3956593/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3956593/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur Hospital in Northern Italy assists 3817 people living with HIV (PLWH) and has faced the impact of COVID-19. Little is known about the impact of HIV infection on the risk of post-COVID-19 conditions (PCCs) onset. We aim to assess the incidence of PCC in PLWH and the factors associated with its occurrence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe performed a retrospective, observational study including all PLWH\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;18 years registered in the Brescia Health Protection Agency database, assessing SARS-CoV-2 burden, vaccination status, socio-demographic, and viro-immunological parameters from February 2020 until May 2022. Persistence of self-reported symptoms (clustered into gastrointestinal, respiratory, osteo-muscular, and neuro-behavioral symptoms) was evaluated after 3 months by a telephone-administered questionnaire. We estimated the associations between all variables and outcomes through univariate and multivariable logistic models.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the study period, 653 PLWH were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection (17.1%). We observed 19 (2.9%) reinfections, 71 (10.9%) hospitalizations, and 3 (0.5%) deaths. We interviewed 510/653 PLWH (78%), and 178 (PCCs prevalence 34.9%; CI95% 30.7\u0026ndash;39.2) reported persistent symptoms. Asthenia/fatigue was the most reported symptom (60/178), followed by muscular pain (54/178). In the multivariate regression model, male sex was protective (adjusted OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.64; CI95% 0.99\u0026ndash;3.66), while hospitalization during acute infection was associated with an increased the risk of PCCs (adjusted OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.9; CI95% 0.99\u0026ndash;3.66). Notably, no viro-immunological variable modified the PCCs risk onset.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study highlights a substantial prevalence of PCCs among PLWH, three months post-SARS-CoV-2 infection, independent of viro-immunological features or vaccination status.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Long-term symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of people living with HIV (PLWH): a real-life study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-16 09:29:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3956593/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-03-03T12:01:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-02-19T12:47:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"d913ee99-e0e6-4cb3-a8a7-9647cfd1b039","date":"2024-02-15T14:30:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-02-15T09:47:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-02-15T05:34:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-02-15T04:01:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Infection","date":"2024-02-14T16:18:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"infection","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"infe","sideBox":"Learn more about [Infection](http://link.springer.com/journal/15010)","snPcode":"15010","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/15010/3","title":"Infection","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ecdd5705-40a8-473e-8fb6-896ffdc16467","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-07T20:09:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3956593","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02288-9","journal":{"identity":"infection","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Infection"},"publishedOn":"2024-05-03 19:58:10","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 3rd, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-16 09:29:44","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s15010-024-02288-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02288-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3956593","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3956593","identity":"rs-3956593","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}