Childbearing Attitude and Factors Affecting Permanence of Single Childbearing in women with only One Child of Reproductive Age Referred to Comprehensive Health Centers

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Considering the social, psychological, and health implications associated with single childbearing, it is essential to explore why families have shifted from having multiple children to having only one child. This study aims to investigate childbearing attitudes and identify factors influencing the permanence of single childbearing among women with only one child of reproductive age. Materials and Methods : This study used a descriptive-correlation type. A total of 368 individuals were included in this study using a multistage cluster classification sampling method. The questionnaire used included demographic characteristics, childbearing attitude and factors affecting permanence single childbearing that included 5 sections: employment, previous experiences of pregnancy and childbirth, religious beliefs about having children, the status of couples' relationships, and women's empowerment. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 for descriptive statistics, linear regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent sample t-test, and ANOVA. Results: Women’s employment status, previous experiences of fertility and childbirth, and religious beliefs about having children significantly influenced their childbearing attitude (p<0.05). Employment status had a stronger association with childbearing attitude. women's field of study, income, housing status and type of residence also had a significant relationship with childbearing attitude (p<0.05). Discussion: Population policymakers and health planners should develop effective strategies to encourage informed decision-making regarding single-child families. Understanding the factors influencing childbearing attitudes can guide interventions aimed at promoting family well-being and reproductive health. single child childbearing attitude employment previous experiences of pregnancy religious beliefs couples' relationships women's empowerment Introduction Population and its related issues are complex situations in human societies that are influenced by economic, social, cultural, and political factors ( 1 ). Demographic fluctuations are affected by several factors, the most important of which is the fertility rate, which is an important factor in predicting demographic changes in countries (2). Therefore, demographic policies are mainly applied to increase or decrease fertility (3). Factors such as lifestyle, customs, social norms, marital age, people's beliefs, and attitudes toward having children affect fertility (4.5). In the past decades, the fertility rate in Iran has decreased significantly, and the total fertility rate has decreased from 7.7 in 1966 to 1.8 in 2011. It is predicted that this rate will decrease to 0.8 by 2031. was reduced (5.6). During the last few decades, the beliefs and attitudes toward fertility and having children have changed, and the new generation considers having children a deprivation of peace (8). Today, having children depends on several needs, such as economic, social, and personal issues, and changing people's views on having children (7, 9). Research shows that having a child is a process that includes many issues, including financial expenses for children, social issues, fear of giving birth at an advanced age, child-rearing, and the ability to access childcare. He points out the consequences of job interruptions and cultural and ethnic norms (11,10). According to these studies, the most important factors affecting the fertility rate are the high cost of living and unemployment as well as the desire for higher education in women (1,12). A decrease in the fertility rate followed by a decrease in population growth and an increase in life expectancy will make Iran face an aging population in the coming years, which will lead to an increase in the burden of dependents, and the country will suffer irreparable social and economic damage (13). One of the most important reasons for this decrease was the increase in the number of single-child families. According to reports, 9.18 percent of Iranian families have single children, which is 9.19 percent in urban areas and 4.16 percent in rural areas (14). Some of the factors affecting single children are individualism, desire for self-improvement, lack of support from families, desire for higher education, employment, and providing for more children's expenses ( 15 ). According to the researchers' findings, not having a sibling leads to problems such as the impact on the child's personality and the occurrence of abnormal and undesirable behaviors (16). Only children are self-centered, lonely, maladjusted, and show more symptoms of anxiety and depression than children with siblings (17, 18). Single children also perform poorly in their life skills and are highly dependent on their parents (19). For this reason, the population policies of the country should focus on the factors affecting the increase in the number of children, which will not be achieved, except by increasing the studies related to demographic issues and recognizing the factors affecting the fertility of couples. By determining the factors affecting couples' fertility and formulating demographic policies based on these factors, a window can be made to escape the current situation. Considering these issues and the social, psychological, and health consequences related to having only one child and taking into account the question of why the behavior of families has changed from having many children to having only one child? The present study was conducted to determine childbearing and the factors affecting the perpetuation of single children in the ChaharMahal and Bakhtiari provinces. Materials and Methods The present study was a descriptive-correlation study conducted in 2023 in the ChaharMahal and Bakhtiari Provinces. The study population consisted of married women of reproductive age (15–44 years) and was covered by comprehensive health service centers in the ChaharMahal and Bakhtiari provinces. The sample size was 400 people, using Morgan's table and the possibility of dropping samples. However, owing to incomplete completion of the questionnaires and the withdrawal of some participants, a total of 368 participants were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: desire to participate in the study; having a child aged at least 1 year, 11 months, and 29 days; not intending to become pregnant again; the ability to read and write; not having any contraindications for re-pregnancy; and any physical or mental problems in such a way that the person was not able to participate in the study, pregnancy, secondary infertility, absolute prohibition of pregnancy, and lack of consent to participate in the study. Sampling was performed using multi-stage cluster classification. In this way, the first 5 cities out of 10 cities of ChaharMahal and Bakhtiari province (50% of clusters) were randomly selected, then 50% of urban clusters and 50% of rural clusters were randomly selected in each city, and then the volume of the sample was divided proportionally according to the number of women with one child in each city. The sample size of each city was again divided proportionally to the urban and rural populations of women with one child in the same city, and the number of samples in each cluster was determined by determining the desired number of samples in each city. Then, by referring to health centers and using the Sib system, the samples were selected based on the information of the system, the names of women who were single children were listed, and using simple random sampling according to the entry criteria, the samples were entered. were studied. The data collection tools in this research include a demographic profile questionnaire (age, age at marriage, age of spouse at marriage, age at birth of first child, age of spouse at birth of first child, gender of first child, type of delivery, level of education spouse's education level, occupation, spouse's occupation, income, housing status and type of residence), factors affecting Permanence single childbearing and childbearing attitude questionnaire made by Saberi et al.(14), factors affecting Permanence single childbearing questionnaire includes 5 sections: women's employment status, previous experiences of pregnancy and childbirth, religious beliefs about having children, the relationship status of couples and the empowerment of women. In order to obtain the validity of the mentioned questionnaire, the questionnaire was given to ten reproductive and midwifery health experts and healthy fertility policy makers and planners in Isfahan province's deputy health authority, and their corrective comments were applied, and the questionnaire was given to several people with the company's profile. The editors were placed and the text was checked for simplicity and fluency. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, 20 people with the same characteristics and conditions as the research samples were selected from postnatal treatment centers, and the questionnaires were completed by the research units. After a week, they were completed again using the same samples, and the correlation coefficient between the two occasions was 0.79. Cronbach's alpha for previous pregnancy and childbirth experiences was 0.77 religious beliefs about childbearing 0.79 and women's empowerment of 0.71 and 0.91 in the coupled interaction section, respectively. was calculated (14). After obtaining the necessary permits, referring to comprehensive health service centers, and explaining the objectives of the research, sampling was conducted. After sampling and obtaining consent from the participants and ensuring confidentiality of the information, the questionnaires were completed. The collected data will be analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and descriptive statistics, linear regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent Sample-T test and ANOVA. Results The present study was conducted to investigate the childbearing attitude and factors affecting permanence single childbearing in woman’s with only One Child of Reproductive Age in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. For this purpose, 368 single-child women of reproductive age who qualified to participate in the study were examined. The findings showed that 6% of participants were under 20 years old, 52.2% were 21–30 years old, 36.7% were 31–40 years old, and 5.2% were over 41 years old. 53.9% had a bachelor's degree or diploma, 9.8% had a master's degree, 28.3% had a bachelor's degree, and 8.2% had a master's degree or higher. Of the participants, 57.1 spouses had a diploma or diploma, 10.1% had a postgraduate degree, 20.9% had a bachelor's degree, and 12% had postgraduate education or higher. 11.7% were technical, 1.9% were agricultural, 43.5% were humanities and literature, 23.4% were basic sciences, and 19.6% had education related to health and treatment. 31.5% The spouses' fields of study were technical, 6% agriculture, 36.7% literature and humanities, 20.1% basic science, and 5.7% education related to health and treatment. The type of occupation of the women participating in the study included 21.7% employees, 72% housewives, 6.3% self-employed, and their husbands were 25.3% employees, 70.1% self-employed, and 4.6% unemployed. Of the participants, 25.5% had an income of less than 50 million Rials, 42.7 percent had an income of 50–100 million Rials, 23.4 percent had an income of 100–150 million Rials, and 8.4 percent had an income of more than 150 million Rials. 66.6% had private housing and the rest had rented housing. 54.9% lived in the city and 45.1% lived in the village. The first child comprised 42.3% girls and 52.7% boys. (Table 1 ) Table 1 Distribution of demographic variables and their relationship with the childbearing attitude variable Subgroups Frequency (%) childbearing attitude (Mean ± SD) P-value Age Under 20 years 22(6.0) 57.5 ± 7.2 0.27 # 21–30 years 192(52.2) 60.07 ± 9.37 31–40 years 135(36.7) 61.22 ± 9.52 over 41 years old 19(5.2) 62.72 ± 11.41 education Sub-diploma and diploma 198(53.9) 120.39 ± 18.98 0.57 # Associate Degree 36(9.8) 60.11 ± 10.24 Bachelor's degree 104(28.3) 60.26 ± 9.68 Master’s degree and higher 30(8.2) 62.96 ± 7.31 Wife's education Sub-diploma and diploma 210(57.1) 120.13 ± 18.91 0.69 # Associate Degree 37(10.1) 62.18 ± 7.77 Bachelor's degree 77(20.9) 60.44 ± 10.82 Master’s degree and higher 44(12.0) 61.56 ± 8.89 Field of Study Technical 43(11.7) 63.04 ± 9.12 0.02 # Agriculture 7(1.9) 62.14 ± 9.97 Humanities and literature 160(43.5) 60.77 ± 9.40 Science 86(23.4) 61.24 ± 9.18 Education related to health and treatment 72(19.6) 57.48 ± 9.49 Wife's field of study Technical 116(31.5) 60.23 ± 9.43 0.27 # Agriculture 22(6.0) 61.22 ± 9.54 Humanities and literature 135(36.7) 60.85 ± 9.58 Science 74(20.1) 59.86 ± 9.83 Education related to health and treatment 21(5.7) 61.76 ± 8.88 Job Type Employee 80(21.7) 58.91 ± 10.45 0.22 # Housewife 265(72.0) 61.01 ± 9.05 Free 23(6.3) 60.65 ± 10.00 Unemployed 0(0) 0 Wife's job type Employee 93(25.3) 60.02 ± 9.87 0.27 # Housewife 0(0) 0 Free 258(70.1) 60.69 ± 9.11 Unemployed 17(4.6) 60.82 ± 12.24 Income Less than 50 million Rials 94(25.5) 59.52 ± 9.26 0.04 # 50 to 100 million Rials 157(42.7) 62.07 ± 9.06 100 to 150 million Rials 86(23.4) 59.74 ± 9.22 Above 150 million Rials 31(8.4) 58.00 ± 11.03 Housing situation Personal 245(66.6) 61.31 ± 9.02 0.02 ## Rental 123(33.4) 58.97 ± 10.08 Type of residence City 202(54.9) 62.04 ± 9.68 0.00 ## Rural 166(45.1) 58.68 ± 8.83 The gender of the first child Girl 174(42.3) 61.14 ± 9.49 0.23 ## Boy 194(52.7) 59.97 ± 9.36 # ANOVA test ## Independent-samples t-test The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normality of the distribution of the studied variables. The results of this test showed that all studied variables were normal. Based on the ANOVA and independent Sample-T test result, women's fields of study, income, housing status and type of residence had a significant relationship with the childbearing attitude (P < 0.05). In addition, the ANOVA and independent sample T-test showed that there was no significant relationship between age, spouse's education, wife's field of study, gender of the first child and permanence in single childbearing with childbearing attitude (P > 0.05). (Table 1 ) Pearson's correlation test and linear regression result showed that there is significant relationship between childbearing attitude and women's employment status, previous experiences of fertility and childbirth, and religious beliefs about having (P < 0.05). However, the relationship status of couples and women's empowerment did not have a significant relationship with the childbearing attitude. It was also found that employment status had a stronger correlation with childbearing attitude. (Table 2 ) Table 2 Correlation coefficient between childbearing attitude and independent variables and linear regression result variable Pearson Correlation coefficient Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients # t Sig. B Std. Error Beta Beta Employment 0.408** 1.530 .232 .321 .300 6.610 .000 Previous fertility and childbirth experiences 0.366** .255 .050 .252 .294 5.111 .000 Religious beliefs about having children 0.234** .437 .110 .185 .129 3.970 .000 Relationship status of couples -0.051 .012 .079 .008 .017 .151 .880 Women's empowerment 0.002 − .010 .057 − .009 .067 − .176 .860 *Significance at the 0.05 level **Significance at the 0.01 level # model with adjustment of age, age at marriage, age of spouse at marriage, age at birth of first child, age of spouse at birth of first child, gender of first child, type of delivery, level of education spouse's education level, occupation, spouse's occupation, income, housing status and type of residence Discussion Undoubtedly, having a child and attaining the status of a parent is one of the most sensitive human experiences in accordance with the individual desire of humans to continue their generation and survival. Having a child can lead to an increase in love, mental health, happiness, and personality development, and people who have more children believe that having a child is a long-term investment in happiness and has many psychological and physical benefits ( 20 ). The results of one study showed that many people believe that having a child strengthens their marriage, and they consider having two children to strengthen their marriage. In this situation, people avoid having children ( 21 ). In the current study, no significant relationship was observed between women's age and the persistence of single children, but this was inconsistent with the results of Berrington and Patover's studies, which reported a significant and inverse relationship between women's age and the possibility of having a second child. In both studies, the probability of having a second child for women over 35 years old decreased significantly ( 22 ). The findings of the present study showed that there was a significant relationship between the type of housing and type of residence with the persistence of single children. It seems that living in cities and having better access to facilities are effective in the desire to have children, and when parents have their own houses, they show a greater desire to have children. The findings of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between women's employment status and persistence in having only one child. Similar to the present study, Zheng (2016) found a significant relationship between the employment of women with one child and the probability of having a second child ( 23 ). In contrast, Forozanfar et al. The reason for this was the small number of working women in this study ( 24 ). In this study, no significant relationship was observed between the education of the woman and her husband and the persistence of single children; in this regard, Morgan and Rakin reported similar results. They stated that the challenges of balancing work career and family obligations are not too severe for highly educated and employed men ( 25 ). Berrington and Pataro also reported that unemployment and not having a job reduced men's fertility. In fact, since men are the main focus of the family, they delay marriage and fertility if they are unemployed or unemployed ( 26 ). The findings of this study showed a significant relationship between persistence in a single child and people's income. In the literary research of Adibi Sedeh et al., it was found that there was no significant relationship between family income and fertility rate ( 27 ). However, a study by Askari Nadushan showed a significant relationship between economic status, family income, and fertility ( 28 ). In the present study, a significant relationship was observed between previous experiences of pregnancy and childbirth and permanence in single childbearing. In a study by Mobasheri et al. on single-child and childless families, it was shown that among the causes mentioned by the participants in the research, fear of miscarriage and stillbirth had the lowest percentage, and fear of childbirth had the highest percentage of factors related to pregnancy. Previous studies have been ( 1 ). The findings in this section show that bad and unfortunate experiences from pregnancy and previous births have been very influential in people's decision to get pregnant again, and infertility and its problems are important factors in the formation of the fertility pattern of single-child families. Was. This study found that there was a significant relationship between religious beliefs and permanence in single childbearing. Rad also reported that, although the correlation between religious beliefs and the number of children was small, it was significant and direct ( 29 ). Peri-Rotem conducted a study on three European countries: England, France, and the Netherlands. He showed that in all three countries, the highest fertility rate was related to people who adhered to religion, and the lowest fertility rate was related to those who had no religious affiliation ( 30 ). The results of the present study indicated that there was no significant relationship between couples' relationships and the permanence of single children. In contrast to the results of this research, Rijken and Thomson showed that a woman's perception of the quality of her relationship with her husband has an effect on the probability of the first child, and the man's perception does not play a role, but for the birth of the second child, both couples' perception of the quality of the relationship is involved, and in a relatively good relationship, from the perspective of men, the probability of having a second child increases ( 31 ). The difference between this study and the present study may be because of the present study, the relationship between couples was examined only from the perspective of women, and there was no information about their husbands’ views in this regard. It can also be said that people's culture can be involved in this issue. Based on the findings of the present study, we found that there was no significant relationship between women's empowerment and persistence in single childbearing. Abbasi Shawazi and Khaje Salehi in investigating the relationship between women's independence (decision-making and economic issues) and the desire to get pregnant again, reported the absence of a significant relationship ( 32 ). Therefore, demographic policymakers and health planners should make effective plans to encourage single-child families to adopt children by considering the above-mentioned factors. Declarations Not applicable Ethics approval and consent to participate This research has the code of ethics IR.SKUMS.REC.1401.157 from Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences and all participants completed the informed consent form to participate in the research. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Funding There was no funding source in this research Authors ‘Contributions Lotfizadeh M, Introduction Writer/Methodologist /Discussion Writer/ Statistical Analyst; Fatahian F, Introduction Writer/Methodologist /Discussion Writer (25%). Acknowledgments This study was conducted using the support of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. We would like to thank our colleagues in the University's Research division and all the women who helped the researchers in this study with their special patience. References Mobasheri M, Alidosti M, Heidari Soureshjani S, Khosravi F, Khalafeyan P, Jalilian M. Determination of the most important factors influencing the fertility patterns of single child and without child families in Shahr-e-kord city in 2013. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of MedicalSciences.2013;21(6). Jemna DV. Causality relationship between economic development and fertility in Romania on regional level. Procedia Economics and Finance.2015Jan1;20 : 334-1. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4634006","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":320174075,"identity":"4cac2484-03a1-4343-98dd-0d86564f0595","order_by":0,"name":"Masoud Lotfizadeh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Masoud","middleName":"","lastName":"Lotfizadeh","suffix":""},{"id":320174076,"identity":"b35ed231-e526-46c6-ae9f-d6641eed3839","order_by":1,"name":"Fatemeh Fatahian","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC+wNg6gAPv/z7hw+ALB4+QloMGJjBWuQkG3KYDUBa2IjVYmxwIIdNAsQkrIX9/MFHNyruJDYcOHus8muOnQwbA/PDRzfw+YUnmdk458yzxMbGvrTbstuSgQ5jMzbOweuwZDbp3LbDic3MDGa3JbcxA7XwsEnj1cL/mP137r/DiW1sDGbFktvqidAikczGnNtw2JiHh8eM8eO2w8RoeWwsnXPssJyEBFuyNOO24zxszIT8wp/48HNOzWEe+xvMBz/+3FZtz8/e/PAxPi0ogJkHTBKrHAQYf5CiehSMglEwCkYMAAADpUagoHd2UgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fatemeh","middleName":"","lastName":"Fatahian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-25 06:32:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4634006/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4634006/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97009712,"identity":"0cd23388-e6cc-4110-ae91-32640e6b9588","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-28 15:24:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":635228,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4634006/v1/e57e1361-03e5-4f85-9f26-2f1ef4ac1ba0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildbearing Attitude and Factors Affecting Permanence of Single Childbearing in women with only One Child of Reproductive Age Referred to Comprehensive Health Centers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePopulation and its related issues are complex situations in human societies that are influenced by economic, social, cultural, and political factors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Demographic fluctuations are affected by several factors, the most important of which is the fertility rate, which is an important factor in predicting demographic changes in countries (2). Therefore, demographic policies are mainly applied to increase or decrease fertility (3). Factors such as lifestyle, customs, social norms, marital age, people's beliefs, and attitudes toward having children affect fertility (4.5). In the past decades, the fertility rate in Iran has decreased significantly, and the total fertility rate has decreased from 7.7 in 1966 to 1.8 in 2011. It is predicted that this rate will decrease to 0.8 by 2031. was reduced (5.6). During the last few decades, the beliefs and attitudes toward fertility and having children have changed, and the new generation considers having children a deprivation of peace (8). Today, having children depends on several needs, such as economic, social, and personal issues, and changing people's views on having children (7, 9). Research shows that having a child is a process that includes many issues, including financial expenses for children, social issues, fear of giving birth at an advanced age, child-rearing, and the ability to access childcare. He points out the consequences of job interruptions and cultural and ethnic norms (11,10). According to these studies, the most important factors affecting the fertility rate are the high cost of living and unemployment as well as the desire for higher education in women (1,12). A decrease in the fertility rate followed by a decrease in population growth and an increase in life expectancy will make Iran face an aging population in the coming years, which will lead to an increase in the burden of dependents, and the country will suffer irreparable social and economic damage (13). One of the most important reasons for this decrease was the increase in the number of single-child families. According to reports, 9.18 percent of Iranian families have single children, which is 9.19 percent in urban areas and 4.16 percent in rural areas (14). Some of the factors affecting single children are individualism, desire for self-improvement, lack of support from families, desire for higher education, employment, and providing for more children's expenses (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). According to the researchers' findings, not having a sibling leads to problems such as the impact on the child's personality and the occurrence of abnormal and undesirable behaviors (16). Only children are self-centered, lonely, maladjusted, and show more symptoms of anxiety and depression than children with siblings (17, 18). Single children also perform poorly in their life skills and are highly dependent on their parents (19). For this reason, the population policies of the country should focus on the factors affecting the increase in the number of children, which will not be achieved, except by increasing the studies related to demographic issues and recognizing the factors affecting the fertility of couples. By determining the factors affecting couples' fertility and formulating demographic policies based on these factors, a window can be made to escape the current situation. Considering these issues and the social, psychological, and health consequences related to having only one child and taking into account the question of why the behavior of families has changed from having many children to having only one child? The present study was conducted to determine childbearing and the factors affecting the perpetuation of single children in the ChaharMahal and Bakhtiari provinces.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study was a descriptive-correlation study conducted in 2023 in the ChaharMahal and Bakhtiari Provinces. The study population consisted of married women of reproductive age (15\u0026ndash;44 years) and was covered by comprehensive health service centers in the ChaharMahal and Bakhtiari provinces. The sample size was 400 people, using Morgan's table and the possibility of dropping samples. However, owing to incomplete completion of the questionnaires and the withdrawal of some participants, a total of 368 participants were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: desire to participate in the study; having a child aged at least 1 year, 11 months, and 29 days; not intending to become pregnant again; the ability to read and write; not having any contraindications for re-pregnancy; and any physical or mental problems in such a way that the person was not able to participate in the study, pregnancy, secondary infertility, absolute prohibition of pregnancy, and lack of consent to participate in the study. Sampling was performed using multi-stage cluster classification. In this way, the first 5 cities out of 10 cities of ChaharMahal and Bakhtiari province (50% of clusters) were randomly selected, then 50% of urban clusters and 50% of rural clusters were randomly selected in each city, and then the volume of the sample was divided proportionally according to the number of women with one child in each city. The sample size of each city was again divided proportionally to the urban and rural populations of women with one child in the same city, and the number of samples in each cluster was determined by determining the desired number of samples in each city. Then, by referring to health centers and using the Sib system, the samples were selected based on the information of the system, the names of women who were single children were listed, and using simple random sampling according to the entry criteria, the samples were entered. were studied. The data collection tools in this research include a demographic profile questionnaire (age, age at marriage, age of spouse at marriage, age at birth of first child, age of spouse at birth of first child, gender of first child, type of delivery, level of education spouse's education level, occupation, spouse's occupation, income, housing status and type of residence), factors affecting Permanence single childbearing and childbearing attitude questionnaire made by Saberi et al.(14), factors affecting Permanence single childbearing questionnaire includes 5 sections: women's employment status, previous experiences of pregnancy and childbirth, religious beliefs about having children, the relationship status of couples and the empowerment of women. In order to obtain the validity of the mentioned questionnaire, the questionnaire was given to ten reproductive and midwifery health experts and healthy fertility policy makers and planners in Isfahan province's deputy health authority, and their corrective comments were applied, and the questionnaire was given to several people with the company's profile. The editors were placed and the text was checked for simplicity and fluency. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, 20 people with the same characteristics and conditions as the research samples were selected from postnatal treatment centers, and the questionnaires were completed by the research units. After a week, they were completed again using the same samples, and the correlation coefficient between the two occasions was 0.79. Cronbach's alpha for previous pregnancy and childbirth experiences was 0.77 religious beliefs about childbearing 0.79 and women's empowerment of 0.71 and 0.91 in the coupled interaction section, respectively. was calculated (14). After obtaining the necessary permits, referring to comprehensive health service centers, and explaining the objectives of the research, sampling was conducted. After sampling and obtaining consent from the participants and ensuring confidentiality of the information, the questionnaires were completed. The collected data will be analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and descriptive statistics, linear regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent Sample-T test and ANOVA.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study was conducted to investigate the childbearing attitude and factors affecting permanence single childbearing in woman\u0026rsquo;s with only One Child of Reproductive Age in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. For this purpose, 368 single-child women of reproductive age who qualified to participate in the study were examined. The findings showed that 6% of participants were under 20 years old, 52.2% were 21\u0026ndash;30 years old, 36.7% were 31\u0026ndash;40 years old, and 5.2% were over 41 years old. 53.9% had a bachelor's degree or diploma, 9.8% had a master's degree, 28.3% had a bachelor's degree, and 8.2% had a master's degree or higher. Of the participants, 57.1 spouses had a diploma or diploma, 10.1% had a postgraduate degree, 20.9% had a bachelor's degree, and 12% had postgraduate education or higher. 11.7% were technical, 1.9% were agricultural, 43.5% were humanities and literature, 23.4% were basic sciences, and 19.6% had education related to health and treatment. 31.5% The spouses' fields of study were technical, 6% agriculture, 36.7% literature and humanities, 20.1% basic science, and 5.7% education related to health and treatment. The type of occupation of the women participating in the study included 21.7% employees, 72% housewives, 6.3% self-employed, and their husbands were 25.3% employees, 70.1% self-employed, and 4.6% unemployed. Of the participants, 25.5% had an income of less than 50\u0026nbsp;million Rials, 42.7 percent had an income of 50\u0026ndash;100\u0026nbsp;million Rials, 23.4 percent had an income of 100\u0026ndash;150\u0026nbsp;million Rials, and 8.4 percent had an income of more than 150\u0026nbsp;million Rials. 66.6% had private housing and the rest had rented housing. 54.9% lived in the city and 45.1% lived in the village. The first child comprised 42.3% girls and 52.7% boys. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of demographic variables and their relationship with the childbearing attitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003evariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubgroups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003echildbearing attitude (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder 20 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(6.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;30 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192(52.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135(36.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eover 41 years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eeducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSub-diploma and diploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198(53.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36(9.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor's degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104(28.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaster\u0026rsquo;s degree and higher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(8.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWife's education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSub-diploma and diploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210(57.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(10.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor's degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77(20.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaster\u0026rsquo;s degree and higher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(12.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eField of Study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(11.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumanities and literature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160(43.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86(23.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation related to health and treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72(19.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWife's field of study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116(31.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(6.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumanities and literature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135(36.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74(20.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation related to health and treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJob Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80(21.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22 \u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e265(72.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWife's job type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93(25.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e258(70.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(4.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 50\u0026nbsp;million Rials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94(25.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 to 100\u0026nbsp;million Rials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157(42.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 to 150\u0026nbsp;million Rials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86(23.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbove 150\u0026nbsp;million Rials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(8.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousing situation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245(66.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRental\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123(33.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of residence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202(54.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166(45.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gender of the first child\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGirl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174(42.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194(52.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e ANOVA test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003e Independent-samples t-test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Kolmogorov\u0026ndash;Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normality of the distribution of the studied variables. The results of this test showed that all studied variables were normal. Based on the ANOVA and independent Sample-T test result, women's fields of study, income, housing status and type of residence had a significant relationship with the childbearing attitude (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In addition, the ANOVA and independent sample T-test showed that there was no significant relationship between age, spouse's education, wife's field of study, gender of the first child and permanence in single childbearing with childbearing attitude (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson's correlation test and linear regression result showed that there is significant relationship between childbearing attitude and women's employment status, previous experiences of fertility and childbirth, and religious beliefs about having (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, the relationship status of couples and women's empowerment did not have a significant relationship with the childbearing attitude. It was also found that employment status had a stronger correlation with childbearing attitude. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation coefficient between childbearing attitude and independent variables and linear regression result\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003evariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson Correlation coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnstandardized Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandardized Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandardized Coefficients\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.408**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.530\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.610\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious fertility and childbirth experiences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.366**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligious beliefs about having children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.234**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.437\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship status of couples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.880\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen's empowerment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e*Significance at the 0.05 level\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e**Significance at the 0.01 level\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003emodel with adjustment of age, age at marriage, age of spouse at marriage, age at birth of first child, age of spouse at birth of first child, gender of first child, type of delivery, level of education spouse's education level, occupation, spouse's occupation, income, housing status and type of residence\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eUndoubtedly, having a child and attaining the status of a parent is one of the most sensitive human experiences in accordance with the individual desire of humans to continue their generation and survival. Having a child can lead to an increase in love, mental health, happiness, and personality development, and people who have more children believe that having a child is a long-term investment in happiness and has many psychological and physical benefits (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). The results of one study showed that many people believe that having a child strengthens their marriage, and they consider having two children to strengthen their marriage. In this situation, people avoid having children (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). In the current study, no significant relationship was observed between women's age and the persistence of single children, but this was inconsistent with the results of Berrington and Patover's studies, which reported a significant and inverse relationship between women's age and the possibility of having a second child. In both studies, the probability of having a second child for women over 35 years old decreased significantly (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). The findings of the present study showed that there was a significant relationship between the type of housing and type of residence with the persistence of single children. It seems that living in cities and having better access to facilities are effective in the desire to have children, and when parents have their own houses, they show a greater desire to have children. The findings of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between women's employment status and persistence in having only one child. Similar to the present study, Zheng (2016) found a significant relationship between the employment of women with one child and the probability of having a second child (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, Forozanfar et al. The reason for this was the small number of working women in this study (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, no significant relationship was observed between the education of the woman and her husband and the persistence of single children; in this regard, Morgan and Rakin reported similar results. They stated that the challenges of balancing work career and family obligations are not too severe for highly educated and employed men (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). Berrington and Pataro also reported that unemployment and not having a job reduced men's fertility. In fact, since men are the main focus of the family, they delay marriage and fertility if they are unemployed or unemployed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). The findings of this study showed a significant relationship between persistence in a single child and people's income. In the literary research of Adibi Sedeh et al., it was found that there was no significant relationship between family income and fertility rate (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). However, a study by Askari Nadushan showed a significant relationship between economic status, family income, and fertility (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, a significant relationship was observed between previous experiences of pregnancy and childbirth and permanence in single childbearing. In a study by Mobasheri et al. on single-child and childless families, it was shown that among the causes mentioned by the participants in the research, fear of miscarriage and stillbirth had the lowest percentage, and fear of childbirth had the highest percentage of factors related to pregnancy. Previous studies have been (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The findings in this section show that bad and unfortunate experiences from pregnancy and previous births have been very influential in people's decision to get pregnant again, and infertility and its problems are important factors in the formation of the fertility pattern of single-child families. Was. This study found that there was a significant relationship between religious beliefs and permanence in single childbearing. Rad also reported that, although the correlation between religious beliefs and the number of children was small, it was significant and direct (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Peri-Rotem conducted a study on three European countries: England, France, and the Netherlands. He showed that in all three countries, the highest fertility rate was related to people who adhered to religion, and the lowest fertility rate was related to those who had no religious affiliation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). The results of the present study indicated that there was no significant relationship between couples' relationships and the permanence of single children. In contrast to the results of this research, Rijken and Thomson showed that a woman's perception of the quality of her relationship with her husband has an effect on the probability of the first child, and the man's perception does not play a role, but for the birth of the second child, both couples' perception of the quality of the relationship is involved, and in a relatively good relationship, from the perspective of men, the probability of having a second child increases (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). The difference between this study and the present study may be because of the present study, the relationship between couples was examined only from the perspective of women, and there was no information about their husbands\u0026rsquo; views in this regard. It can also be said that people's culture can be involved in this issue. Based on the findings of the present study, we found that there was no significant relationship between women's empowerment and persistence in single childbearing. Abbasi Shawazi and Khaje Salehi in investigating the relationship between women's independence (decision-making and economic issues) and the desire to get pregnant again, reported the absence of a significant relationship (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, demographic policymakers and health planners should make effective plans to encourage single-child families to adopt children by considering the above-mentioned factors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research has the code of ethics IR.SKUMS.REC.1401.157 from Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences and all participants completed the informed consent form to participate in the research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no funding source in this research\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors ‘Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLotfizadeh M, Introduction Writer/Methodologist /Discussion Writer/ Statistical Analyst; Fatahian F, Introduction Writer/Methodologist /Discussion Writer (25%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;This study was conducted using the support of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. We would like to thank our colleagues in the University's Research division and all the women who helped the researchers in this study with their special patience.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMobasheri M, Alidosti M, Heidari Soureshjani S, Khosravi F, Khalafeyan P, Jalilian M. Determination of the most important factors influencing the fertility patterns of single child and without child families in Shahr-e-kord city in 2013. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of MedicalSciences.2013;21(6).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJemna DV. Causality relationship between economic development and fertility in Romania on regional level. Procedia Economics and Finance.2015Jan1;20\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e334-1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaezzat F, AHMADI GA, Marzbani Y, Karimi A, Azarnioshan B. A study of psychometric properties of the Persian version of attitudes toward fertility and childbearing scale.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnsari Majd M, Khalajabadi Farahani F, Naghibi A, Moosazadeh M, Khani S. Effect of transtheoretical model-based education on women attitudes and stages of change toward childbearing behavior. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2019 Jul 10;29(174):134-47.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBehboudi Gandevani S, Ziaee S, Khalajabadi Farahani F. A Review of the Impact of Different Social Policy Incentives to Accelerate Population Growth Rate. Women\u0026rsquo;s Health Bulletin. 2014 Apr1;1(1):1-5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBehmanesh F, Taghizadeh Z, Vedadhir AA, Ebadi A, Pourreza A, Abbasi Shavazi MJ. Explaining the causes of single child based on women\u0026apos;s views: A qualitative Study. Iranian Journal ofEpidemiology.2019;15(3):279-88.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhadivzadeh T, Arghavani E, Shakeri MT. 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Women in development and politics. 2013 Mar 21;11(1):45-64\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"single child, childbearing attitude, employment, previous experiences of pregnancy, religious beliefs, couples' relationships, women's empowerment","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4634006/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4634006/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e In recent years, the prevalence of single-child families has increased. Considering the social, psychological, and health implications associated with single childbearing, it is essential to explore why families have shifted from having multiple children to having only one child. This study aims to investigate childbearing attitudes and identify factors influencing the permanence of single childbearing among women with only one child of reproductive age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials and Methods\u003c/strong\u003e: This study used a descriptive-correlation type. A total of 368 individuals were included in this study using a multistage cluster classification sampling method. The questionnaire used included demographic characteristics, childbearing attitude and factors affecting permanence single childbearing that included 5 sections: employment, previous experiences of pregnancy and childbirth, religious beliefs about having children, the status of couples' relationships, and women's empowerment. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 for descriptive statistics, linear regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent sample t-test, and ANOVA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Women’s employment status, previous experiences of fertility and childbirth, and religious beliefs about having children significantly influenced their childbearing attitude (p\u0026lt;0.05). Employment status had a stronger association with childbearing attitude. women's field of study, income, housing status and type of residence also had a significant relationship with childbearing attitude (p\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscussion: \u003c/strong\u003ePopulation policymakers and health planners should develop effective strategies to encourage informed decision-making regarding single-child families. Understanding the factors influencing childbearing attitudes can guide interventions aimed at promoting family well-being and reproductive health.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Childbearing Attitude and Factors Affecting Permanence of Single Childbearing in women with only One Child of Reproductive Age Referred to Comprehensive Health Centers","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-19 17:13:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4634006/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0595c7d0-d93d-423a-9e20-3cff5990544b","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-28T15:23:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-19 17:13:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4634006","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4634006","identity":"rs-4634006","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"omnImTCwR2MFx8CMYfrG7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}