The Relationship Between Personality Factors and Dyslipidemia in Patients Referred to Internal Clinics Affiliated with Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd in 2021-2023

The Relationship Between Personality Factors and Dyslipidemia in Patients Referred to Internal Clinics Affiliated with Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd in 2021-2023 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Relationship Between Personality Factors and Dyslipidemia in Patients Referred to Internal Clinics Affiliated with Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd in 2021-2023 Parvane Rashidpour, Sajad Lotfi Sharikabadi, Mohammad Nadi Sakhvidi, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7909248/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Personality traits have been associated with vulnerability to chronic diseases. Dyslipidemia, a major precursor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, remains highly prevalent worldwide. This study aimed to examine the association between personality dimensions and dyslipidemia among adults attending internal medicine clinics in Yazd, Iran. Methods This case–control study was conducted between 2021 and 2023 on 210 adults referred to internal medicine clinics affiliated with Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. One hundred patients diagnosed with dyslipidemia constituted the case group, and 110 age- and sex-matched individuals without lipid disorders served as controls. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and personality traits were assessed using the 125-item Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125), which measures four temperament dimensions (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence) and three-character dimensions (self-directedness, cooperativeness, self-transcendence). Group differences and correlations with age were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests with a significance level of 0.05. Results The mean age of participants did not differ significantly between cases (47.0 ± 12.0 years) and controls (42.9 ± 10.8 years; p = 0.075). Sex distribution was also similar (women 53.0% vs 63.6%; p = 0.077). Among the seven TCI dimensions, only cooperativeness was significantly lower in the dyslipidemia group (18.1 ± 3.4) than in controls (19.3 ± 3.5; p = 0.004). Across the entire sample, novelty seeking and reward dependence decreased with age ( p = 0.004 and p = 0.033, respectively), whereas self-directedness increased with age ( p = 0.029). Conclusions Lower cooperativeness appears to characterize individuals with dyslipidemia, independent of age and sex. Routine psychological screening for this trait may help clarify psychosocial pathways linking personality to metabolic risk and could guide personalized prevention and management strategies. Future longitudinal studies should determine whether improving cooperative behaviors enhances lipid regulation and cardiovascular outcomes in at-risk populations. Personality Traits Temperament Character Dyslipidemia Cloninger Model Psychological Factors Background Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and it's characterized by elevated total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, along with decreased HDL cholesterol levels. This condition is highly prevalent in developing countries and is increasingly observed among young individuals. Approximately 42.7% of China’s adult population has dyslipidemia, while over 100 million Americans are now coping with high cholesterol ( 1 – 3 ). In recent years, there has been a growing Attitude in studying the impact of psychosocial factors on various diseases( 4 ). Similar to other health conditions, psychosocial factors—such as increased occupational stress and lack of social support—have been proposed as risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Certain personality traits have also been identified as independent predictors of complications and mortality related to CAD ( 5 ). Dyslipidemia is associated with lifestyle changes, such as alterations in physical activity levels and dietary patterns( 6 ). Personality traits can influence lifestyle choices, cognition, motivation, and behavior in various circumstances ( 7 ). The most well-known research in the field of health psychology has investigated the relationship between diseases and personality factors. Personality differences appear to play a crucial role in shaping reactions to stressors such as anxiety, depression, and anger, which can have a decisive impact on health outcomes. Although, genetic factors play a Key role in shaping personality and stress responses, environmental factors are also powerful determinants in the emergence or suppression of stress-related traits( 8 ). Certain psychiatric conditions—including schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder—are better understood as products of gene–environment interplay: adverse experiences and ongoing stress can precipitate or exacerbate symptoms in genetically susceptible individuals rather than being strictly “required” for manifestation ( 9 ). In some cases, regardless of genetic predisposition, environmental factors play a clear and unavoidable role in the development of abilities or deficiencies—such as low self-confidence or lack of assertiveness. Thus, these factors exist on a continuum and jointly shape behavioral, emotional, and cognitive patterns These combined patterns influence success and personal growth or lead to failure and distress( 10 ). Personality traits refer to stable characteristics that persist over time and across different situations, reflecting an individual's core nature. Human behavior is generally influenced by cognitive abilities and emotions. Various theories have been developed to assess personality traits, one of the most prominent being Cloninger's neurobiological theory of personality( 11 ). Cloninger's model, which integrates biological parameters, provides a comprehensive framework for understanding both normal and abnormal personality traits. According to this model, personality consists of temperament and character dimensions. The temperament dimensions include novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, while the character dimensions assess self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence( 12 ). It is now widely recognized in psychosomatic research that personality traits may influence vulnerability to specific diseases( 13 , 14 ). Many studies have confirmed the association between elevated lipid levels and common risk factors such as age, weight, blood pressure, diet, exercise, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption( 15 , 16 ). Furthermore, prospective studies have indicated that Psychiatric disorder such as Depressive and anxiety disorders may increase the risk of cardiovascular events in both healthy and CAD persons. However, the role of psychological factors and personality traits remains unclear about dyslipidemia ( 17 , 18 ). Considering the high prevalence of obesity and the known link between personality traits and blood lipid levels, which bear significant implications for long-term health outcomes, this study aimed to examine the relationship between personality dimensions and dyslipidemia in clinic-referred patients. Methods Study Design This research was a case-control study. The statistical population included all patients with and without hyperlipidemia who were examined by internal medicine specialists in clinic settings. Sample Size The estimated sample size was determined based on a similar study using: 95% confidence level 80% test power 0.05 level of significance 11% error rate The calculated sample included 100 individuals in the case group (with hyperlipidemia) and 110 in the control group (without hyperlipidemia). Sample Size Formula: N=(𝑍1+∝⁄2+𝑍1+𝛽)2∗(𝑃1(1-𝑃1)+𝑃2(1-𝑃2))/ (𝑃1-𝑃2) Inclusion Criteria Participants were eligible if they met the following conditions: Minimum age of 20 years Physically healthy (no history of cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, thyroid, adrenal gland diseases, diabetes, or hematologic disorders) No use of specific medications (e.g., for blood sugar or blood pressure) Average height and weight Provided informed consent Exclusion Criteria Exclusion criteria included: Current treatment for depression Illiteracy or inability to understand interview questions History of heart disease Eating disorders Major psychiatric disorders Cognitive impairments Addiction to any substance, intoxicant, or psychoactive drug Group Classification The only distinction between the case and control groups was the presence of hyperlipidemia. Case group Patients with hyperlipidemia identified through blood test results and confirmed diagnosis by an internal medicine specialist Control group Healthy individuals without hyperlipidemia Data Collection and Ethics Participants were fully informed about the objectives and procedures of the study and provided written informed consent prior to participation. Confidentiality and anonymity of data were guaranteed. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran (IR.SSU.MEDICINE.REC.1400.321). Clinical trial registration Not applicable Instruments Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125) To assess personality traits, the standardized TCI-125 questionnaire was used. This self-report questionnaire includes 125 items answered as true or false, evaluating: Temperament (hereditary traits): Novelty Seeking (NS) – 20 items Harm Avoidance (HA) – 20 items Reward Dependence (RD) – 15 items Persistence (PER) – 5 items Character (environmental traits): Self-Directedness (SD) – 25 items Cooperativeness (C) – 25 items Self-Transcendence (ST) – 15 items The inventory is structured to reduce patterned responses, and the scales include cutoff points to classify results into low, moderate, or high. The reliability and validity were confirmed by Kaviani and Poor Naseh ( 19 ), with Cronbach's alpha > 0.75 for all subscales. Data Analysis Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics Mean ± standard deviation, and frequency (%) Normality testing 1-Sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) test Statistical tests based on data distribution: Fisher’s exact test Chi-square test Mann–Whitney U test Student’s t-test Correlation analysis The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results The present study was conducted to examine and compare temperament and character traits in individuals with hyperlipidemia as the case group (N = 100) and healthy individuals as the control group (N = 110). The mean age of the study participants was 44.10 ± 22.00 in the case group and 40.24 ± 47.01 in the control group, which was not statistically significant (P = 1.140). Table 1 Comparison of Demographic Characteristics Between Case and Control Groups P-Value Groups Case Control Mean Age* 42.94 ± 10.78 47.03 ± 11.99 0.075 Sex** Male 47(47%) 40(36.4%) 0.077 Female 53(53%) 70(63.6%) Age*** 20–40 28(28%) 48(43.6%) 0.075 41–60 61(61%) 50(45.5%) 61≥ 11(11%) 12(10.9%) *Numbers are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The significance level was calculated based on Student's t-test analysis. **Numbers are expressed as Frequency(Percent). The significance level was calculated based on Fisher's exact test analysis. ***Numbers are expressed as Frequency (Percent). The significance level was calculated based on Chi-Square Tests analysis. Among the 100 participants in the case group, 53% (N = 53) were women and 47% (N = 47) were men, while among the 110 participants in the control group, 63.6% (N = 70) were women and 36.4% (N = 40) were men, which was not statistically significant (P = 0.077) (Table 1 ). As shown in Table 2 , cooperativeness was the only TCI-125 dimension to differ between groups. In the overall sample, participants with hyperlipidemia scored significantly lower on cooperativeness (mean ± SD: 18.08 ± 3.40) than controls (19.25 ± 3.48; p = 0.004). When we looked at men specifically, this gap widened: men in the case group averaged 17.85 ± 3.61, whereas male controls scored 19.98 ± 3.19 (p = 0.001). Table 2 Comparison of Personality Traits between Case and Control Groups by Sex and Age Sex Age Male Female 20–40 41–60 61≥ Case Control P Case Control P Case Control P Case Control P Case Control P Novelty Seeking 8.62 ± 3.62 7.45 ± 2.21 0.126 8.11 ± 3.04 7.69 ± 2.98 0.455 9.25 ± 2.57 7.75 ± 2.92 0.033* 8.38 ± 3.47 7.36 ± 2.80 0.125 5.91 ± 3.14 8 ± 1.04 0.069 Harm Avoidance 8.77 ± 4.38 7.80 ± 3.58 0.245 9.53 ± 3.85 8.56 ± 4.48 0.197 10.11 ± 4.32 8.79 ± 4.21 0.088 8.72 ± 4.08 7.26 ± 4.37 0.087 9.27 ± 3.58 10.50 ± 0.52 0.288 Reward Dependence 8.57 ± 1.97 8.40 ± 2.30 0.822 9.09 ± 2.13 8.31 ± 2.26 0.082 9.71 ± 2.22 8.31 ± 2.34 0.016* 8.48 ± 1.98 8.7 ± 2.15 0.511 8.73 ± 1.48 7 ± 2.08 0.069 Persistence 3.30 ± 1.19 3 ± 1.21 0.190 3.60 ± 1.11 3.40 ± 1.26 0.462 3.39 ± 1.34 3.21 ± 1.33 0.505 3.52 ± 1.05 3.48 ± 1.24 0.951 3.27 ± 1.27 2.50 ± 0.52 0.104 Self-Directedness 14.96 ± 4.61 15.78 ± 4.95 0.416 12.23 ± 4.77 14.03 ± 5.12 0.060 11.68 ± 5.03 13.9 ± 5.52 0.092 14 ± 4.68 15.68 ± 4.68 0.068 15.45 ± 4.45 13.50 ± 4.70 0.104 Cooperativeness 17.85 ± 3.61 19.98 ± 3.19 0.001* 18.28 ± 3.22 18.83 ± 3.59 0.287 17.29 ± 2.66 19.04 ± 3.35 0.008* 18.28 ± 3.66 19.74 ± 3.40 0.012* 19 ± 3.46 18 ± 4.17 0.478 Self-Transcendence 10.34 ± 3.47 11.10 ± 2.85 0.430 11.68 ± 2.61 11.33 ± 2.67 0.545 10.82 ± 2.82 11.10 ± 2.89 0.610 11.26 ± 3.30 11.68 ± 2.82 0.564 10.45 ± 2.77 10 ± 0.00 0.74 Total Score 72.40 ± 6.67 73.50 ± 7.14 0.237 72.52 ± 5.96 72.14 ± 7.69 0.858 72.25 ± 6.12 72.10 ± 7.83 0.901 72.63 ± 6.79 73.90 ± 6.29 0.351 72.09 ± 3.30 69.50 ± 9.92 1.000 In the age group 20–40 years, the novelty seeking dimension with a mean score of 9.25 ± 2.57 in the case group was significantly higher than the control group with a mean score of 7.75 ± 2.92 (p = 0.033). Also, the mean score of the dependency dimension was significantly higher in the case group compared to the control group (p = 0.016). The mean score of cooperation in the case group was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in other dimensions (p ≥ 0.05). In the age range of 40–61 years, only the mean score of the cooperation dimension in the case group was significantly lower than the control group (p = 0.012). However, no significant difference was found in other dimensions (p ≥ 0.05). In the age range over 60 years, none of the dimensions of temperament and character differ significantly in the two groups studied (p ≥ 0.05). Discussion The present study aimed to determine the relationship between personality factors and hyperlipidemia in patients referred to clinics. The findings of this study showed that among the seven dimensions assessed in the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125), the highest scores were observed in cooperativeness, self-directedness, and self-transcendence. These scores were higher in healthy individuals compared to those with hyperlipidemia, with cooperativeness being the only statistically significant dimension. Other dimensions were also higher in the hyperlipidemia group compared to healthy individuals, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Additionally, the mean scores for novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence were higher in the case group than the control group; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Meanwhile, the mean scores for other personality dimensions were lower in the case group compared to the control group, with cooperativeness being the only significant factor. Until the time of this study, no research had specifically examined the association between personality factors and dyslipidemia. However, a review of reputable databases revealed studies investigating personality factors in other target groups and physical conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, borderline personality disorder, type 2 diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and addiction( 20 – 23 ). Some studies conducted in South Korea have assessed lipid levels and personality factors using the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R, PSI, Consulting Corp., Seoul, Korea), which evaluates different personality dimensions than those examined in the present study( 24 – 26 ). A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing personality factors in patients with fibromyalgia and healthy individuals found that fibromyalgia patients had higher harm avoidance and lower self-directedness, which is consistent with the findings of this study. This finding also aligns with studies reporting similar personality patterns in patients with psychophysiological disorders and other chronic pain conditions, such as temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) ( 27 ), tension-type headaches( 28 ), migraine ( 29 , 30 ), and unspecified musculoskeletal disorders( 31 ). Similar to the present results, previous review articles have also reported higher harm avoidance and lower self-directedness in chronic conditions such as Parkinson’s disease ( 32 ), fibromyalgia( 33 ), and somatoform disorders ( 34 ). Harm avoidance is defined as "a heritable tendency to inhibit or avoid responses to unpleasant signals"( 35 ). Some evidence supports a connection between harm avoidance and serotonergic activity, as well as its association with the dopaminergic system( 36 , 37 ). The present study found that among the temperament and character dimensions, only cooperativeness was significantly different between the two groups of men. However, among women, none of the temperament and character dimensions showed a statistically significant difference (0.05 ≤ P). Several studies have compared men and women based on Cloninger’s temperament and character dimensions, highlighting significant gender-based effects on personality traits ( 38 , 39 ). In their meta-analysis, Miettunen et al. reported that women consistently scored higher than men in harm avoidance (40.( 40 ) This sex difference aligns with the broader temperament literature and supports our findings Additionally, personality studies have reported higher harm avoidance in somatic disorders( 34 , 41 ), a trait that is more prevalent in women, with an estimated 10% higher prevalence compared to men ( 42 , 43 ). However, a large-scale study conducted on 1212 Iranian Population in Tehran reported that only persistence and cooperativeness were significantly higher in men, whereas all other personality dimensions were higher in women. These findings are inconsistent with the present study, suggesting that sociocultural or environmental factors may influence gender differences in personality traits across different populations.( 44 ) This discrepancy may be attributed to differences in sampling context, population health status, and cultural norms that influence behavioral expression. The Tehran study examined a general community sample, whereas our participants were drawn from clinical settings where disease burden, treatment adherence, and stress levels may alter personality expression. Furthermore, regional and sociocultural variations in gender roles, education, and health-seeking behavior could modulate how traits such as cooperativeness and persistence manifest. These contextual factors together may account for the observed divergence between population-based and clinic-based findings. The development and validation of standardized personality assessment tools tailored for clinical applications in Iran is a critical necessity. The integration of such validated instruments into psychiatric practice holds significant potential for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and improving the differentiation of psychological disorders. Systematic research involving clinical populations, such as individuals diagnosed with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, and other psychopathological conditions, could facilitate the establishment of distinct psychological profiles for each disorder. These profiles would offer valuable insights into the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral patterns associated with different psychiatric conditions. Moreover, the utilization of comprehensive personality profiles derived from various diagnostic categories may provide clinicians and mental health professionals with a refined framework for patient evaluation, ultimately contributing to more precise diagnostic processes and the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. Strengths and Limitations The study's main limitation is its reliance on cross-sectional data, preventing causal inferences, along with constraints such as convenience sampling, lack of control over medication effects, and inability to assess disease duration and symptom severity. Despite a relatively large sample size, some variables did not show significant results as expected. Future research should adopt a multicenter approach with a larger sample for more comprehensive analysis. It is also recommended to restructure the questionnaire for better feasibility. Additionally, future studies should explore clinical populations with mood, anxiety, and depressive disorders to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that individuals with dyslipidemia exhibit significantly lower cooperativeness compared with healthy controls. This trait may represent a distinctive personality profile associated with dyslipidemia, independent of age and sex. Early psychological assessment of cooperativeness could help clarify psychosocial pathways linking personality to metabolic disorders. Moreover, understanding these personality characteristics may facilitate personalized behavioral interventions, improve treatment adherence, and ultimately contribute to better prevention and management of dyslipidemia and its cardiovascular consequences. Maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and managing stress are essential preventive measures against dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Early psychological assessment and attention to personality factors can significantly contribute to better lifestyle management and overall health. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran (Code: IR.SSU.MEDICINE.REC.1400.321). All participants were informed about the purpose and procedures of the study and provided written informed consent prior to participation. Clinical trial registration: Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to participant confidentiality but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Conflict of interests The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest, whether financial or non-financial, that could have influenced the results or interpretation of this study. Funding This research did not receive any external funding. All costs were covered by the authors. Authors’ contributions Conceptualization and Study Design: Parvane Rashidpour, Mohammad Nadi Sakhvidi Methodology: Parvane Rashidpour, Sajad Lotfi Sharikabadi Data Collection: Sajad Lotfi Sharikabadi, Reyhaneh Azizi, Parvane Rashidpour Data Analysis: Mohammad Nadi Sakhvidi, Reyhaneh Azizi Supervision: Parvane Rashidpour, Nima Ghazal Project Administration: Parvane Rashidpour, Nima Ghazal Writing – Original Draft: Parvane Rashidpour, Nima Ghazal Writing – Review & Editing: Parvane Rashidpour, Nima Ghazal Corresponding author: Nima Ghazal (email: [email protected] ) Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to all patients and staff of the internal medicine clinics affiliated with Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, for their kind cooperation and participation in this research. Special thanks are extended to the administrative authorities and physicians who provided the necessary support and coordination throughout the study. 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University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sajad","middleName":"Lotfi","lastName":"Sharikabadi","suffix":""},{"id":549146969,"identity":"92889597-965f-410f-99f7-e98c629bd96e","order_by":2,"name":"Mohammad Nadi Sakhvidi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Nadi","lastName":"Sakhvidi","suffix":""},{"id":549146970,"identity":"d36994f3-1588-4128-abec-ac5a2fc358fe","order_by":3,"name":"Reyhaneh Azizi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Reyhaneh","middleName":"","lastName":"Azizi","suffix":""},{"id":549146971,"identity":"a82c051b-6790-41be-b0c7-b4ab43f53e53","order_by":4,"name":"Nima 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14:47:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":778368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7909248/v1/bf719c43-8a7d-412b-b3be-e37ff48a9c42.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Relationship Between Personality Factors and Dyslipidemia in Patients Referred to Internal Clinics Affiliated with Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd in 2021-2023","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eDyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and it's characterized by elevated total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, along with decreased HDL cholesterol levels. This condition is highly prevalent in developing countries and is increasingly observed among young individuals. Approximately 42.7% of China\u0026rsquo;s adult population has dyslipidemia, while over 100\u0026nbsp;million Americans are now coping with high cholesterol (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, there has been a growing Attitude in studying the impact of psychosocial factors on various diseases(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Similar to other health conditions, psychosocial factors\u0026mdash;such as increased occupational stress and lack of social support\u0026mdash;have been proposed as risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Certain personality traits have also been identified as independent predictors of complications and mortality related to CAD (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDyslipidemia is associated with lifestyle changes, such as alterations in physical activity levels and dietary patterns(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Personality traits can influence lifestyle choices, cognition, motivation, and behavior in various circumstances (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most well-known research in the field of health psychology has investigated the relationship between diseases and personality factors. Personality differences appear to play a crucial role in shaping reactions to stressors such as anxiety, depression, and anger, which can have a decisive impact on health outcomes. Although, genetic factors play a Key role in shaping personality and stress responses, environmental factors are also powerful determinants in the emergence or suppression of stress-related traits(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCertain psychiatric conditions\u0026mdash;including schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder\u0026mdash;are better understood as products of gene\u0026ndash;environment interplay: adverse experiences and ongoing stress can precipitate or exacerbate symptoms in genetically susceptible individuals rather than being strictly \u0026ldquo;required\u0026rdquo; for manifestation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn some cases, regardless of genetic predisposition, environmental factors play a clear and unavoidable role in the development of abilities or deficiencies\u0026mdash;such as low self-confidence or lack of assertiveness. Thus, \u003cb\u003ethese factors\u003c/b\u003e exist on a continuum and jointly shape behavioral, emotional, and cognitive patterns These combined patterns influence success and personal growth or lead to failure and distress(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersonality traits refer to stable characteristics that persist over time and across different situations, reflecting an individual's core nature. Human behavior is generally influenced by cognitive abilities and emotions. Various theories have been developed to assess personality traits, one of the most prominent being Cloninger's neurobiological theory of personality(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCloninger's model, which integrates biological parameters, provides a comprehensive framework for understanding both normal and abnormal personality traits. According to this model, personality consists of temperament and character dimensions. The temperament dimensions include novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, while the character dimensions assess self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is now widely recognized in psychosomatic research that personality traits may influence vulnerability to specific diseases(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Many studies have confirmed the association between elevated lipid levels and common risk factors such as age, weight, blood pressure, diet, exercise, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, prospective studies have indicated that Psychiatric disorder such as Depressive and anxiety disorders may increase the risk of cardiovascular events in both healthy and CAD persons. However, the role of psychological factors and personality traits remains unclear about dyslipidemia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsidering the high prevalence of obesity and the known link between personality traits and blood lipid levels, which bear significant implications for long-term health outcomes, this study aimed to examine the relationship between personality dimensions and dyslipidemia in clinic-referred patients.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research was a case-control study. The statistical population included all patients with and without hyperlipidemia who were examined by internal medicine specialists in clinic settings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Size\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe estimated sample size was determined based on a similar study using:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% confidence level\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e80% test power\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05 level of significance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e11% error rate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe calculated sample included 100 individuals in the case group (with hyperlipidemia) and 110 in the control group (without hyperlipidemia).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample Size Formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eN=(𝑍1+∝⁄2+𝑍1+𝛽)2∗(𝑃1(1-𝑃1)+𝑃2(1-𝑃2))/\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e(\u0026#119875;1-\u0026#119875;2)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants were eligible if they met the following conditions:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinimum age of 20 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysically healthy (no history of cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, thyroid, adrenal gland diseases, diabetes, or hematologic disorders)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo use of specific medications (e.g., for blood sugar or blood pressure)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage height and weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eProvided informed consent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eExclusion criteria included:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrent treatment for depression\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIlliteracy or inability to understand interview questions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHistory of heart disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eEating disorders\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eMajor psychiatric disorders\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCognitive impairments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAddiction to any substance, intoxicant, or psychoactive drug\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGroup Classification\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe only distinction between the case and control groups was the presence of hyperlipidemia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCase group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatients with hyperlipidemia identified through blood test results and confirmed diagnosis by an internal medicine specialist\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthy individuals without hyperlipidemia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection and Ethics\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Participants were fully informed about the objectives and procedures of the study and provided written informed consent prior to participation. Confidentiality and anonymity of data were guaranteed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran (IR.SSU.MEDICINE.REC.1400.321).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial registration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInstruments\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo assess personality traits, the standardized TCI-125 questionnaire was used. This self-report questionnaire includes 125 items answered as true or false, evaluating:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperament (hereditary traits):\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNovelty Seeking (NS) \u0026ndash; 20 items\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHarm Avoidance (HA) \u0026ndash; 20 items\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReward Dependence (RD) \u0026ndash; 15 items\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersistence (PER) \u0026ndash; 5 items\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacter (environmental traits):\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Directedness (SD) \u0026ndash; 25 items\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCooperativeness (C) \u0026ndash; 25 items\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Transcendence (ST) \u0026ndash; 15 items\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe inventory is structured to reduce patterned responses, and the scales include cutoff points to classify results into low, moderate, or high. The reliability and validity were confirmed by Kaviani and Poor Naseh (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e), with Cronbach's alpha\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.75 for all subscales.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using SPSS version 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptive statistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation, and frequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNormality testing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e1-Sample Kolmogorov\u0026ndash;Smirnov (K-S) test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical tests based on data distribution:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eFisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eChi-square test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eMann\u0026ndash;Whitney U test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent\u0026rsquo;s t-test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation analysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe significance level was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study was conducted to examine and compare temperament and character traits in individuals with hyperlipidemia as the case group (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100) and healthy individuals as the control group (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;110). The mean age of the study participants was 44.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.00 in the case group and 40.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47.01 in the control group, which was not statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.140).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of Demographic Characteristics Between Case and Control Groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Age*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47(47%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(36.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53(53%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70(63.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28(28%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48(43.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61(61%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50(45.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u0026ge;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(11%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12(10.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e*Numbers are expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation. The significance level was calculated based on Student's t-test analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e**Numbers are expressed as Frequency(Percent). The significance level was calculated based on Fisher's exact test analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e***Numbers are expressed as Frequency (Percent). The significance level was calculated based on Chi-Square Tests analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the 100 participants in the case group, 53% (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;53) were women and 47% (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47) were men, while among the 110 participants in the control group, 63.6% (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;70) were women and 36.4% (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40) were men, which was not statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.077) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, cooperativeness was the only TCI-125 dimension to differ between groups. In the overall sample, participants with hyperlipidemia scored significantly lower on cooperativeness (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD: 18.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.40) than controls (19.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.48; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004). When we looked at men specifically, this gap widened: men in the case group averaged 17.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.61, whereas male controls scored 19.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.19 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of Personality Traits between Case and Control Groups by Sex and Age\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"18\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u0026ge;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNovelty Seeking\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.455\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.033*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHarm Avoidance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.245\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReward Dependence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.822\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.511\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersistence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.462\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.505\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.951\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Directedness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.416\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCooperativeness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.478\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Transcendence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.430\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.545\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.610\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.564\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.351\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the age group 20\u0026ndash;40 years, the novelty seeking dimension with a mean score of 9.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.57 in the case group was significantly higher than the control group with a mean score of 7.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.92 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.033). Also, the mean score of the dependency dimension was significantly higher in the case group compared to the control group (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016). The mean score of cooperation in the case group was significantly lower than the control group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, no significant difference was found in other dimensions (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In the age range of 40\u0026ndash;61 years, only the mean score of the cooperation dimension in the case group was significantly lower than the control group (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012). However, no significant difference was found in other dimensions (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In the age range over 60 years, none of the dimensions of temperament and character differ significantly in the two groups studied (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study aimed to determine the relationship between personality factors and hyperlipidemia in patients referred to clinics. The findings of this study showed that among the seven dimensions assessed in the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125), the highest scores were observed in cooperativeness, self-directedness, and self-transcendence. These scores were higher in healthy individuals compared to those with hyperlipidemia, with cooperativeness being the only statistically significant dimension. Other dimensions were also higher in the hyperlipidemia group compared to healthy individuals, but the differences were not statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the mean scores for novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence were higher in the case group than the control group; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Meanwhile, the mean scores for other personality dimensions were lower in the case group compared to the control group, with cooperativeness being the only significant factor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUntil the time of this study, no research had specifically examined the association between personality factors and dyslipidemia. However, a review of reputable databases revealed studies investigating personality factors in other target groups and physical conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, borderline personality disorder, type 2 diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and addiction(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21 CR22\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome studies conducted in South Korea have assessed lipid levels and personality factors using the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R, PSI, Consulting Corp., Seoul, Korea), which evaluates different personality dimensions than those examined in the present study(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing personality factors in patients with fibromyalgia and healthy individuals found that fibromyalgia patients had higher harm avoidance and lower self-directedness, which is consistent with the findings of this study. This finding also aligns with studies reporting similar personality patterns in patients with psychophysiological disorders and other chronic pain conditions, such as temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e), tension-type headaches(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e), migraine (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e), and unspecified musculoskeletal disorders(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to the present results, previous review articles have also reported higher harm avoidance and lower self-directedness in chronic conditions such as Parkinson\u0026rsquo;s disease (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e), fibromyalgia(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e), and somatoform disorders (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). Harm avoidance is defined as \"a heritable tendency to inhibit or avoid responses to unpleasant signals\"(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). Some evidence supports a connection between harm avoidance and serotonergic activity, as well as its association with the dopaminergic system(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study found that among the temperament and character dimensions, only cooperativeness was significantly different between the two groups of men. However, among women, none of the temperament and character dimensions showed a statistically significant difference (0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;P). Several studies have compared men and women based on Cloninger\u0026rsquo;s temperament and character dimensions, highlighting significant gender-based effects on personality traits (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn their meta-analysis, Miettunen et al. reported that women consistently scored higher than men in harm avoidance (40.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e) This sex difference aligns with the broader temperament literature and supports our findings\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, personality studies have reported higher harm avoidance in somatic disorders(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e), a trait that is more prevalent in women, with an estimated 10% higher prevalence compared to men (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, a large-scale study conducted on 1212 Iranian Population in Tehran reported that only persistence and cooperativeness were significantly higher in men, whereas all other personality dimensions were higher in women. These findings are inconsistent with the present study, suggesting that sociocultural or environmental factors may influence gender differences in personality traits across different populations.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis discrepancy may be attributed to differences in sampling context, population health status, and cultural norms that influence behavioral expression. The Tehran study examined a general community sample, whereas our participants were drawn from clinical settings where disease burden, treatment adherence, and stress levels may alter personality expression. Furthermore, regional and sociocultural variations in gender roles, education, and health-seeking behavior could modulate how traits such as cooperativeness and persistence manifest. These contextual factors together may account for the observed divergence between population-based and clinic-based findings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe development and validation of standardized personality assessment tools tailored for clinical applications in Iran is a critical necessity. The integration of such validated instruments into psychiatric practice holds significant potential for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and improving the differentiation of psychological disorders. Systematic research involving clinical populations, such as individuals diagnosed with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, and other psychopathological conditions, could facilitate the establishment of distinct psychological profiles for each disorder. These profiles would offer valuable insights into the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral patterns associated with different psychiatric conditions. Moreover, the utilization of comprehensive personality profiles derived from various diagnostic categories may provide clinicians and mental health professionals with a refined framework for patient evaluation, ultimately contributing to more precise diagnostic processes and the development of targeted therapeutic interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStrengths and Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study's main limitation is its reliance on cross-sectional data, preventing causal inferences, along with constraints such as convenience sampling, lack of control over medication effects, and inability to assess disease duration and symptom severity. Despite a relatively large sample size, some variables did not show significant results as expected. Future research should adopt a multicenter approach with a larger sample for more comprehensive analysis. It is also recommended to restructure the questionnaire for better feasibility. Additionally, future studies should explore clinical populations with mood, anxiety, and depressive disorders to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study indicate that individuals with dyslipidemia exhibit significantly lower cooperativeness compared with healthy controls. This trait may represent a distinctive personality profile associated with dyslipidemia, independent of age and sex. Early psychological assessment of cooperativeness could help clarify psychosocial pathways linking personality to metabolic disorders. Moreover, understanding these personality characteristics may facilitate personalized behavioral interventions, improve treatment adherence, and ultimately contribute to better prevention and management of dyslipidemia and its cardiovascular consequences.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and managing stress are essential preventive measures against dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Early psychological assessment and attention to personality factors can significantly contribute to better lifestyle management and overall health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran (Code: IR.SSU.MEDICINE.REC.1400.321).\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;All participants were informed about the purpose and procedures of the study and provided written informed consent prior to participation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial registration:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to participant confidentiality but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest, whether financial or non-financial, that could have influenced the results or interpretation of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;This research did not receive any external funding. All costs were covered by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Conceptualization and Study Design: Parvane Rashidpour, Mohammad Nadi Sakhvidi\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Methodology: Parvane Rashidpour, Sajad Lotfi Sharikabadi\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Data Collection: Sajad Lotfi Sharikabadi, Reyhaneh Azizi, Parvane Rashidpour\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Data Analysis: Mohammad Nadi Sakhvidi, Reyhaneh Azizi\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Supervision: Parvane Rashidpour, Nima Ghazal\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Project Administration: Parvane Rashidpour, Nima Ghazal\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Writing – Original Draft: Parvane Rashidpour, Nima Ghazal\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Writing – Review \u0026amp; Editing: Parvane Rashidpour, Nima Ghazal\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding author:\u003c/strong\u003e Nima Ghazal (email: [email protected])\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to all patients and staff of the internal medicine clinics affiliated with Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, for their kind cooperation and participation in this research. Special thanks are extended to the administrative authorities and physicians who provided the necessary support and coordination throughout the study.\u003cbr\u003eThe authors also acknowledge the use of \u003cem\u003eChatGPT (OpenAI, 2025)\u003c/em\u003e as a language editor and paraphrasing assistant to improve the clarity and readability of the English manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJoshi SR, Anjana RM, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, Bhansali A, Dhandania VK, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia in urban and rural India: the ICMR-INDIAB study. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96808.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO\u0026apos;Meara JG, Kardia SL, Armon JJ, Brown CA, Boerwinkle E, Turner ST. Ethnic and sex differences in the prevalence, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia among hypertensive adults in the GENOA study. 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Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2023;227:107641.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbate-Daga G, Fassino S, Lo Giudice R, Rainero I, Gramaglia C, Marech L, et al. Anger, depression and personality dimensions in patients with migraine without aura. Psychother Psychosom. 2007;76(2):122-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNanjegowda RB, Rao SBAV, Nagaraja M, Munoli RN. Psychological Profile in Musculoskeletal Disorders and Its Relationship with Socio-Demographics, Perceived Social Support and Quality of Life in A Tertiary Care Hospital in India\u0026ndash;A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Research \u0026amp; Practice on the Musculoskeletal System (JRPMS). 2024;8(2).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSantangelo G, Garramone F, Baiano C, D\u0026apos;Iorio A, Piscopo F, Raimo S, et al. Personality and Parkinson\u0026apos;s disease: A meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018;49:67-74.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoberts BW, Luo J, Briley DA, Chow PI, Su R, Hill PL. A systematic review of personality trait change through intervention. Psychol Bull. 2017;143(2):117-41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRezaei F, Hemmati A, Rahmani K, Komasi S. A systematic review of personality temperament models related to somatoform disorder with main focus on meta-analysis of Cloninger\u0026apos;s theory components. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020;62(5):462-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZeigler-Hill V, Shackelford TK, Hangen EJ, Elliot AJ. Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences. Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen CY, Lin SH, Li P, Huang WL, Lin YH. The role of the harm avoidance personality in depression and anxiety during the medical internship. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(2):e389.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConrad R, Wegener I, Geiser F, Kleiman A. Temperament, character, and personality disorders in chronic pain. 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Comprehensive meta-analysis of associations between temperament and character traits in Cloninger\u0026apos;s psychobiological theory and mental disorders. J Int Med Res. 2022;50(1):3000605211070766.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBolijn R, Perini W, Tan HL, Galenkamp H, Kunst AE, van Valkengoed IGM. Gender-related characteristics and disparities in estimated cardiovascular disease risk in a multi-ethnic general population: The HELIUS study. International Journal of Cardiology. 2021;327:193-200.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCloninger CR, Przybeck TR, Svrakic DM. The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: U.S. normative data. Psychol Rep. 1991;69(3 Pt 1):1047-57.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaviani H, Naseh M. Validation and normative data of the temperament and character inventory in Iranian population. Journal of Tehran Medical University. 2007;63:89-98.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Personality Traits, Temperament, Character, Dyslipidemia, Cloninger Model, Psychological Factors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7909248/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7909248/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersonality traits have been associated with vulnerability to chronic diseases. Dyslipidemia, a major precursor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, remains highly prevalent worldwide. This study aimed to examine the association between personality dimensions and dyslipidemia among adults attending internal medicine clinics in Yazd, Iran.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis case\u0026ndash;control study was conducted between 2021 and 2023 on 210 adults referred to internal medicine clinics affiliated with Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. One hundred patients diagnosed with dyslipidemia constituted the case group, and 110 age- and sex-matched individuals without lipid disorders served as controls. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and personality traits were assessed using the 125-item Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125), which measures four temperament dimensions (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence) and three-character dimensions (self-directedness, cooperativeness, self-transcendence). Group differences and correlations with age were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests with a significance level of 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mean age of participants did not differ significantly between cases (47.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.0 years) and controls (42.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.8 years; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.075). Sex distribution was also similar (women 53.0% vs 63.6%; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.077). Among the seven TCI dimensions, only cooperativeness was significantly lower in the dyslipidemia group (18.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4) than in controls (19.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004). Across the entire sample, novelty seeking and reward dependence decreased with age (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004 and \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.033, respectively), whereas self-directedness increased with age (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.029).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower cooperativeness appears to characterize individuals with dyslipidemia, independent of age and sex. Routine psychological screening for this trait may help clarify psychosocial pathways linking personality to metabolic risk and could guide personalized prevention and management strategies. Future longitudinal studies should determine whether improving cooperative behaviors enhances lipid regulation and cardiovascular outcomes in at-risk populations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Relationship Between Personality Factors and Dyslipidemia in Patients Referred to Internal Clinics Affiliated with Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd in 2021-2023","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-26 11:34:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7909248/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"02851768-d198-49c6-baf0-79741a249814","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-08T14:34:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-26 11:34:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7909248","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7909248","identity":"rs-7909248","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}