Design and Experimental Testing of Dish Type Solar Thermal Collector for Cooking Application

Design and Experimental Testing of Dish Type Solar Thermal Collector for Cooking Application | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Design and Experimental Testing of Dish Type Solar Thermal Collector for Cooking Application Yohnnes Anmute, Yewondwosen Gzate This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3978250/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ethiopia is the country which use fossil fuel as main source of energy. About 83% people of the country live in countryside area and use fossil fuel as a source energy for both baking and cooking purpose. Among this 70% of the energy is used for baking injera which needs a high temperature in range of 180–220℃ in a control environment. Thus, substituting it by renewable energy is an admirable solution of the season. The thermal energy is collected using 2𝑚 2 area parabolic dish collector to the heat transfer fluid through spiral copper coil absorber. The experimental setup is manufactured from locally available material. Leakage of fluid was difficult to control during experimental test. Instruments like thermocouple, infrared thermometer and Pyranometer are used in the experimental test. Thus, HTF is heated by parabolic dish collector at the absorber plate and attain up to a temperature of 253℃ and the average day thermal efficiency was around 51.44%. Energy Engineering baking pan solar thermal energy heat transfer fluid PCM parabolic dish spiral coil Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 1. Introduction The development of one country depend on the availability of adequate amount of energy and development is imaginable over an increasing efficient consumption and extensive harnessing of different forms of energy. Suffering in energy disaster is common in most developing, which is characterized by reduction of locally accessible energy resources and reliance on imported fuels [ 1 ] [ 2 ]. The energy disaster is increasing the food trouble by increasing the rate of deforestation and thereby causing degradation of farmlands. Additionally, requirement on imported fuel is weakening the capacity of the concerned countries to buy food whenever the need arises. Despite rapid urbanization, the majority of Ethiopians still live-in rural areas, and access to and utilization of energy resources varies considerably thorough the country. Although Ethiopia has huge potential for emerging numerous energy resources, but the per capital energy consumption remains to be among the least in the world [ 2 ] [ 3 ]. The accessibility of suitable energy for household cooking is one of the most important anxieties of people in Ethiopia. Ethiopians’ high dependence on biomass energy resources contribute to deforestation, soil erosion, and land degradation. The conventional energy sources are inadequate and quickly becoming depleted with time; on the other hand, rapid increasing population and growing human activities are applying additional pressure with extra demand on the shrinking amount of energy resources [ 3 ] [ 4 ]. Injera is flat bread with a unique taste and texture [ 4 ]. It is mainly eaten as the first-choice food item in Ethiopia and some parts of East Africa. Injera baking requires temperatures ranging from 180°C – 220°C [ 4 ] [ 5 ]. In most households of Ethiopia, the energy demand for baking Injera is largely met with bio-fuels such as fuel wood, agricultural residue and dung cakes, whereas electricity is used in some of the urban households. In most households, this Injera baking system is carried out using an open fire / three stone) baking system which are inefficient and wasteful techniques. One serious disadvantage of this method is that it consumes considerable quantities of firewood, estimated to be at least 50% of the biomass energy consumption per household per year. Though the use of electricity for Injera baking is limited to urban inhabitants, the Injera baking electrical mitad contributes to large energy consumption in the electricity supply system of the country [ 5 ] [ 6 ]. It is widely perceived that the efficiency for energy consumption of the existing electrical mitad is low arising from old design and its manufacturing defaults. The current mitad design dates back to 1960’s when baking of Injera electrical mitad started with high-income groups in cities. 1.1 Baking by Mirt-stove The specific fuel consumption of Mirt stove has been determined by a number of researchers and developers; however, the average specific fuel consumption of Mirt stove is 535 g of wood per kg of injera [ 6 ]. 1.2 Baking by Electric pan The average power demand of a single household electric injera baking stove is in the range of 3 to 4 kW. Figure 3 shows a commonly manufactured electric injera baking stove. Currently, small manufacturing enterprises are involved in the manufacturing of the electric injera baking stove. The number of electric injera stove in use is estimated to reach 850,000 in the year 2020 (EEA, 2015), which demands corresponding energy efficiency measures to improve the peak hour load created by households [ 7 ]. 2. Methods The methodology is based an engineering model as shown in chart below that can illustrate the basic working approach. 2.1 Size and Specification of Baking Pan (Mitad) A baking pan is a flat and circular pan commonly about 50 to 60 cm in diameter and traditionally used over large clay hearths to bake Injera. The baking pan ‘Mitad’ considered in this case was 5mm thick and 500mm in diameter. Due to reduced thickness, it has high thermal conductivity than the one which is available in the local market. Direct contact of the pan with the hot heat storage salt solution can cause cracking of the baking pan; therefore, the baking pan is separated from the heat transfer fluid by thin sheet metal cover. 2.2 Energy Required for Injera Baking pan To measure the energy utilized in baking Injera, the initial mass of batter, and the total amount of Injera produced from this batter were measured. Thus, the mass of water vapor can be obtained by reducing the mass of Injera produced from the initial mass of batter. It is assumed that the energy utilized to bake the Injera is the energy required in raising the temperature of the batter from room temperature to the boiling point of water which is called sensible heat, plus the energy required to evaporate water which is called latent heat. Therefore, the utilized energy is: 𝐸𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝐶𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × (𝑇 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 ) + (𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑚𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑟𝑎 ) × ℎ𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1) [8] Where: 𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 - The mass of the batter expected for one injera= 400 (g) 𝑇 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙 -the boiling temperature of water = 94℃ 𝑇 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚, ≅ 25℃ 𝐶 𝑃 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4.187𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. K 𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 320𝑔 ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ 𝑓𝑔 = 2260𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 2.3 Specification of thermal storage The main important properties of thermal storage container material include; Excellent corrosion resistance at high temperature, high degree of chemical compatibility between the container material and PCM salt, Good mechanical properties like strength, creep and thermal fatigue resistance. For solar salt (60wt%NaNO 3 /40wt%KNO 3 ) PCM storage corrosion resistance of stainless steels is better than that of carbon steels and other metals. Since, Stainless steel is an alloy of iron carbon and chromium, as it exposed to solar salt, chromium oxide layer is formed on the surface of the tank wall which prevents the material from corrosion. The small pits observed in the material is due to the rupture in this passive layer. Due to this passive layer the propagation of corrosion through formation of pits is minimum for stainless steel compared to other metals [9]. Due to this reason, stainless steel is used as PCM storage tank material for long-term utilization solar energy. Table 1: properties of materials [10]. Material Melting point (℃) Rate of corrosion (𝑚𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚 2 . 𝑦𝑟) Stainless steel 1400-1455 0.3004 Aluminum 660.4 0.9423 Copper 1085 10.9869 2.4 parabolic collector size specification Several parameters are used to describe solar concentrating collectors. Given below are brief descriptions of some of these parameters: The aperture area (Aa) is the area of the collector that intercepts solar radiation and the absorber area (𝐴 𝑎𝑏𝑠 ) is the total area of the absorber surface that receives the concentrated solar radiation. It is also the area from where useful energy can be extracted. The Concentration Ratio C is defined as the ratio of the aperture area to the absorber area and can be written as: The instantaneous thermal efficiency of a solar concentrator may be calculated from an energy balance on the absorber. The useful thermal energy delivered by a concentrator is given by: 𝑞 𝑢 = 𝜂 𝑜 𝐼 𝑏 𝐴 𝑎 − 𝑈 𝐿 (𝑇 𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝑇 𝑎 )𝐴 𝑎𝑠 (3) [13] [14] At higher operating temperatures the radiation loss term dominates the convection losses and the energy balance equation may be written as 𝑞 𝑢 = 𝜂 𝑜 𝐼 𝑏 𝐴 𝑎 − 𝑈 𝐿 (𝑇 𝑎𝑏𝑠 4 − 𝑇 𝑎 4 )𝐴 𝑎𝑏𝑠 (4) [15] 3. Experimental set up arrangement The experimental setup and measuring instruments are shown in Fig. 6 . The set up was place in Bahir Dar institute of technology around stadium; the parabolic dish concentrator was set to move freely in any direction by rotating dish manually and the receiver was set at station connected with hot and cold reservoir by fluid transfer pipe. The focal point of the dish was obtained by moving the dish free until pointing at the receiver. 4. Performance Evaluation of the system Experimental testing was conducted in clear shine sun day during December 5–7/2012 E.C. During the experiment, different thermal equipment was used for measuring the required parameters relevant to this thesis work and to evaluate the performance of the system. Thermo couple, infrared thermo meter is used to measure the atmospheric temperature, receiver temperature, inlet and outlet fluid temperature of receiver and fluid temperature at different point of the system. Solar meter or pyranometer is used to measure the variation of radiation use function of time throughout a day. 4.1 Optical performance of parabolic dish concentrator Optical efficiency refers to performance of a collector which depends on the optical properties of the collector materials, the geometry of the collector, and the various imperfections arising from the construction of the collector. Optical efficiency of parabolic dish concentrator with spiral coil absorber is given by [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ]: 𝜂 𝑜 = 𝐴𝛾𝜌𝛼 (5) Where 𝝆= is the property of reflector material 𝜶= is the property of the receiver material A = refers to part of the reflective area of the dish shaded by the receiver. 𝜸 = is termed as the fraction of reflected radiation incident on the receiver/absorber 4.2 Useful energy and thermal loss The thermal model of spiral coiled tube absorber is based on the energy balance between the HTF, absorber/receiver, and surrounding. Here, the energy balance considers the direct/ beam solar radiation falling on the reflector, various optical losses, thermal losses and the useful heat gained by the HT. The use full energy is the heat transfer to fluid flow inside the receiver by convection can be calculated [ 19 ][ 20 ][ 21 ] [ 22 ]: 𝑄 𝑢 = 𝑄 𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝑄 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 (6) Where 𝑄 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = is the fraction of energy loses by conduction, convection and radiation. The useful heat gain by the HTF oil is also determined from the convective heat transfer relation [ 23 ] [ 24 ]. 𝑄 𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑐 ℎ(𝑇 𝑟 − 𝑇 𝑓𝑚 ) (7) Where H = is the heat transfer coefficient between the HTF and the receiver coil 𝐴 𝑠𝑐 = the heat transfer area of spiral coil 𝑇 𝑓𝑚 = the fluid mean temperature 5. Results and discussion The experimental testing was conducted in clear sun shine day on December 5–7/2012 E.C. During the experiment, different thermal equipment was used for measuring the required parameters and to evaluate the performance of the system such as, thermocouple and infrared thermometer to measure the atmospheric temperature, receiver temperature, inlet and outlet fluid temperature of receiver and fluid temperature at different point of the system. Solar meter or pyranometer is used to measure the variation of radiation use function of time throughout a day. Figure 7 shows the plot of receiver temperature, receiver fluid temperature and time of the day. From the figure it was observed that, the temperature was obtained around the middle of the day which was from 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM. An efficient time was around 12:00 PM in a day at which highest ambient temperature and solar radiation was recorded. Figure 8 bellow shows the graph of the temperature of the receiver and working fluid. From the graph it is observed that both receiver and fluid temperature are directly proportional with solar radiation and ambient temperature. The Fig. 9 above shows the test results indicating that the maximum fluid temperature reached 253℃ at noon time meanwhile the maximum solar radiation and ambient temperature were 940 W/m2 and 30℃. Figure 10 shows the thermal efficiency versus the ratio of temperature difference of the inlet and outlet receiver oil temperature to solar radiation intensity. The graph has a negative slope and the optimum thermal efficiency has been at the middle of the day. Figure 11 shows the temperature versus heating up time at difference thickness of the pan. The figure shows the temperature is increase with time, then it remains constant and decrease from bottom to surface. It shows that the pan thickness affects the heating time and the overall efficiency of the system. The maximum bottom temperature and surface temperature were 214.5 and 180(℃) which is attained after 10 to 15minutes. Figure 12 shows the heating pan time and the baking pan surface temperature which is analyzed using MATLAB manipulation. As it is seen in the figure, it takes approximately 10minutes to reach at the required temperature for baking. As show in the Fig. 13 the temperature vs time graph indicates the time taken to recover the surface temperature of the pane after one lap which require less time than the heat up at the first time this is because the initial temperature of the first heating is 25℃ whereas the surface temperature after one lap is 80℃ to 100℃. The baking pan surface transient temperature during heating and baking time as shown in Fig. 14 . The time require for first heating is 10-15minute to attain surface temperature around 200℃ then it will take 3-4minute for baking, then surface temperature will drop to 80–100℃. Whereas the retaining time will be 3–5 minute and will reach up 200–220℃. And after one lap retaining time and baking time will be decrease. 6. Conclusions Using renewable energy for baking and cooking process play a vital role in Scio-economic development of country like Ethiopia. High amount of energy with pan surface temperature of 180℃ to 220℃ is required for a single household to bake injera. Under theoretical and design consideration, this paper studies the amount of energy required for a single household is 18.38 MJ of energy in one term baking. Parabolic dish type solar collector can extract more than 600℃, which is a best alternative to shift the country dependency on fossil fuel that causes environmental pollution. In this study design and experimental testing of solar thermal injera baking with thermal storage (PCM) has been carried out. During the experimental test ambient temperature (22–30℃), solar radiation (371–946 𝑤 ⁄ 𝑚 2), receiver surface temperature (193–306℃) and fluid temperature (164–254℃) have been measured from 2:00–11:00 local time. Finally, the measured row data is analyzed using numerical method in MATLAB and sigma plot software. The analysis result shows that, the thermal efficiency receiver (solar absorber) is 51.44%, the heat up time (time require to heat the pan initially) is 10–15 minute and the retaining time (heating time require after one lap) is 3–5 minute. The top and bottom surface temperature of the pan is 179.5 and 214.3℃ respectively. List of Abbreviations CSP Concentrated solar power HTF Heat transfer fluid EELPA Ethiopian electric light & power authority NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration PCM Phase change material TES Thermal energy storage TCS Thermo-chemical storage Declarations I the Author declare that the manuscript title "Design and experimental testing of dish type solar thermal collector for cooking application” is truly my own work. Availability of data and materials Data included in article/supp. material/referenced in article. Competing interests The authors do not declare any competing or non-financial interest Funding No fund is available Authors' contributions Yewondwosen Gzate Ayalew: Conceived and designed the analysis; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed analysis tools or data; wrote the paper; revising. Yohnnes Anmute mucheye: Conceived and designed the analysis; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed analysis tools or data; wrote the paper; editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements Thank you the Almighty GOOD. References A. Y. Ali, “Design and Development of Semi-Automatic Injera Making Machine for Family Households in Ethiopia,” 2018. H. Weldekidan, V. Strezov, and G. Town, “Review of solar energy for biofuel extraction,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , vol. 88. pp. 184–192, 2018. “ScienceNordic - Solar-powered bread baking in Ethiopia "http://sciencenordic.com/solarpowered-bread-baking-ethiopia- 2014-04-21. S. Indora and T. C. Kandpal, “Institutional cooking with solar energy: A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , vol. 84, no. October 2017, pp. 131–154, 2018. Y. Tavan, S. H. Hosseini, and G. Ahmadi, “Energy and Exergy Analysis of Intensified Condensate Stabilization Unit with Water Draw Pan,” Appl. Therm. Eng. , 2019. J. D. Osorio and A. Rivera-Alvarez, “Performance analysis of Parabolic Trough Collectors with Double Glass Envelope,” Renew. Energy , 2019. R. Kumar, A. Kumar, and V. Goel, “Performance improvement and development of correlation for friction factor and heat transfer using computational fluid dynamics for ribbed triangular duct solar air heater,” Renew. Energy , 2019. W. Kong et al. , “Test method for evaluating and predicting thermal performance of thermosyphon solar domestic hot water system,” Appl. Therm. Eng. , 2019. A. Nahar, M. Hasanuzzaman, N. A. Rahim, and S. Parvin, “Numerical investigation on the effect of different parameters in enhancing heat transfer performance of photovoltaic thermal systems,” Renew. Energy , 2019. S. Y. Heng, Y. Asako, T. Suwa, and K. Nagasaka, “Transient thermal prediction methodology for parabolic trough solar collector tube using artificial neural network,” Renew. Energy , 2019. H. Z. Al Garni, A. Awasthi, and D. Wright, “Optimal orientation angles for maximizing energy yield for solar PV in Saudi Arabia Optimal orientation angles for maximizing 1 energy yield for solar PV in Saudi Arabia 2 3,” Renew. Energy , 2018. M. S. Dehaj and M. Z. Mohiabadi, “Experimental investigation of heat pipe solar collector using MgO nanofluids,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells , 2019. O. Z. Sharaf, A. N. Al-Khateeb, D. C. Kyritsis, and E. Abu-Nada, “Energy and exergy analysis and optimization of low-flux direct absorption solar collectors (DASCs): Balancing power- and temperature-gain,” Renew. Energy , 2019. H. M. K. U. Haq and E. Hiltunen, “An inquiry of ground heat storage: Analysis of experimental measurements and optimization of system’s performance,” Appl. Therm. Eng. , 2019. A. Abdessemed, C. Bougriou, D. Guerraiche, and R. Abachi, “Effects of tray shape of a multi-stage solar still coupled to a parabolic concentrating solar collector in Algeria,” Renew. Energy , 2019. A. Bianchini, A. Guzzini, M. Pellegrini, and C. Saccani, “Performance assessment of a solar parabolic dish for domestic use based on experimental measurements,” Renew. Energy , 2019. P. A. González-Gómez, J. Gómez-Hernández, D. Ferruzza, F. Haglind, and D. Santana, “Dynamic performance and stress analysis of the steam generator of parabolic trough solar power plants,” Appl. Therm. Eng. , 2019. M. Malekan, A. Khosravi, and X. Zhao, “The influence of magnetic field on heat transfer of magnetic nanofluid in a double pipe heat exchanger proposed in a small-scale CAES system,” Appl. Therm. Eng. , 2019. S. Marrakchi, Z. Leemrani, H. Asselman, A. Aoukili, and A. Asselman, “Temperature distribution analysis of parabolic trough solar collector using CFD,” in Procedia Manufacturing , 2018. A. Shahsavar and S. Khanmohammadi, “Feasibility of a hybrid BIPV/T and thermal wheel system for exhaust air heat recovery: Energy and exergy assessment and multi-objective optimization,” Appl. Therm. Eng. , 2019. J. Qu, R. Zhang, Z. Wang, and Q. Wang, “Photo-thermal conversion properties of hybrid CuO-MWCNT/H2O nanofluids for direct solar thermal energy harvest,” Appl. Therm. Eng. , 2019. M. Ahmadi, S. Vahaji, M. Arbab Iqbal, A. Date, and A. Akbarzadeh, “Experimental study of converging-diverging nozzle to generate power by Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC),” Appl. Therm. Eng. , 2019. Y. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Zhou, D. Wang, Y. Wang, and D. Wang, “Experimental research on the thermal performance of PEX helical coil pipes for heating the biogas digester,” Appl. Therm. Eng. , 2019. E. Bellos, I. Daniil, and C. Tzivanidis, “Multiple cylindrical inserts for parabolic trough solar collector,” Appl. Therm. Eng. , 2018. F. Zhou, J. Ji, W. Yuan, M. Modjinou, X. Zhao, and shengjuan Huang, “Experimental study and performance prediction of the PCM-antifreeze solar thermal system under cold weather conditions,” Appl. Therm. Eng. , 2019. S. Şevik and M. Abuşka, “Thermal performance of flexible air duct using a new absorber construction in a solar air collector,” 2018. H. Jia, X. Cheng, J. Zhu, Z. Li, and J. Guo, “Mathematical and experimental analysis on solar thermal energy harvesting performance of the textile-based solar thermal energy collector,” Renew. Energy , 2018. M. Imtiaz Hussain, C. Ménézo, and J. T. Kim, “Advances in solar thermal harvesting technology based on surface solar absorption collectors: A review,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells , 2018. B. Agza, R. Bekele, and L. Shiferaw, “Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Wild.): As a potential ingredient of injera in Ethiopia,” J. Cereal Sci. , 2018. G. Kumaresan, R. Santosh, G. Raju, and R. Velraj, “Experimental and numerical investigation of solar flat plate cooking unit for domestic applications,” Energy , 2018. A. Aichouba, M. Merzouk, L. Valenzuela, E. Zarza, and N. Kasbadji-Merzouk, “Influence of the displacement of solar receiver tubes on the performance of a parabolic-trough collector,” Energy , 2018. L. Xu et al. , “Analysis of the influence of heat loss factors on the overall performance of utility-scale parabolic trough solar collectors,” Energy , 2018. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3978250","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":274272370,"identity":"6d580647-8235-4a0a-94d2-79b377981fc1","order_by":0,"name":"Yohnnes Anmute","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wolo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yohnnes","middleName":"","lastName":"Anmute","suffix":""},{"id":274272371,"identity":"72dc5767-e272-4f03-b6b1-f065064ef8ea","order_by":1,"name":"Yewondwosen Gzate","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAu0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACGyBmbDxAvIYDDGkgLQ0kaTkMpYkBBueXP/z8oeK83dr2w0BbamyiCWu58SBZ4sCZ28nbziQCtRxLy20grOXAAYmDbbeTzQ4AtTA2HCZGy8HmHwf/nUs2O/+QWC3nm9kkDjYcsDO7QawtkjfY2CzOHEtOMLsBtCWBGL/wnT/++EZFjZ292fn0hw8+1NgQ1qJwIwFMJ4JVJhBSDgLy/QfAtD0xikfBKBgFo2CEAgAPI1EMgfjF3gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8382-5256","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yewondwosen","middleName":"","lastName":"Gzate","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-22 10:05:44","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3978250/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3978250/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51532860,"identity":"de6e371b-46b9-4d34-a9c4-6374984ed4c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:27:16","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":212477,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThree stone fire baking injera.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/e8fbf30e7577aa5faabf56bb.jpg"},{"id":51532856,"identity":"948adf8f-b1ea-4e2f-b982-ebb16ebc078a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:27:16","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":230735,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMirt injera stove.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/431eded63e21e9c4ab537700.jpg"},{"id":51532858,"identity":"9dafcff7-0849-4866-8e4f-f97d8fc4b570","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:27:16","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140518,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eElectric baking pan.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/9c648ff32254cf2636a59b4e.jpg"},{"id":51533194,"identity":"43abdb02-19d3-42ec-a52a-1370a5d57f6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:35:16","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":314127,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWorking methodology.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/d19a78f6d3e72526f8db08cb.jpg"},{"id":51532859,"identity":"0eed4516-1376-43be-a88d-aedfa6f9f9dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:27:16","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":877212,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eModel of Parabolic dish.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/1f4f9278fa52da393f661724.png"},{"id":51533195,"identity":"b6d8eaf3-f253-4dd4-887f-5c637a5b9151","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:35:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":518554,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhotographic view of experimental set up with instruments.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/5ef49da394ac0ee19019918a.jpg"},{"id":51532865,"identity":"f1267249-d324-4d18-8533-0f476edc4d8c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:27:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":200213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDaily average ambient temperature and solar irradiation with time.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/eb5d848683a6657f3236732a.jpg"},{"id":51533196,"identity":"eb2af4b1-0d7c-4466-93d9-234e50550357","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:35:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":209074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDaily Receiver temperature and receiver fluid outlet temperature.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/c42b9a41e0a4e1fee917bedc.jpg"},{"id":51532866,"identity":"c69156f7-c31c-40d1-8924-f6e42df0254e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:27:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":163991,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFluid temperature with variation of solar radiation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/41e5edc57c7846aec1977e0a.jpg"},{"id":51532870,"identity":"efda7834-36fa-4cac-8f6c-997fb4184e08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:27:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":165383,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e[To-Ti)/I] vs thermal efficiency graph.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/e4163155dd97f4e3ae8076f5.jpg"},{"id":51532861,"identity":"a9c9e19d-b3ca-4884-b611-e1df7e15ac4b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:27:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":237052,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeat up time versus temperature at different thickness of the pan.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/77cd5410311035678040d42e.jpg"},{"id":51532869,"identity":"73cf4199-85c2-422a-9aff-facee0c5e3be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:27:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":172007,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeat up time and temperature distribution of baking pan surface.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/7b7d5bd1a9727b776574dd97.jpg"},{"id":51532867,"identity":"6dbdd068-94bf-4605-857a-eab5acf8040d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:27:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":176428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRetaining time after one baking lap.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/8b72c9a831297361e05b00f5.jpg"},{"id":51532868,"identity":"7b435951-b66f-48a4-b756-9adc8084b58e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:27:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":233640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeating, baking and retaining time versus temperature.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/b22188072b0c4eb367fdf701.jpg"},{"id":51533465,"identity":"c6de6fc0-467e-45ac-80b2-12096798cc09","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 08:43:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1874381,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978250/v1/f26afa74-4eb8-4d74-9668-87fb5647cb71.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesign and Experimental Testing of Dish Type Solar Thermal Collector for Cooking Application\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe development of one country depend on the availability of adequate amount of energy and development is imaginable over an increasing efficient consumption and extensive harnessing of different forms of energy. Suffering in energy disaster is common in most developing, which is characterized by reduction of locally accessible energy resources and reliance on imported fuels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The energy disaster is increasing the food trouble by increasing the rate of deforestation and thereby causing degradation of farmlands. Additionally, requirement on imported fuel is weakening the capacity of the concerned countries to buy food whenever the need arises. Despite rapid urbanization, the majority of Ethiopians still live-in rural areas, and access to and utilization of energy resources varies considerably thorough the country. Although Ethiopia has huge potential for emerging numerous energy resources, but the per capital energy consumption remains to be among the least in the world [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe accessibility of suitable energy for household cooking is one of the most important anxieties of people in Ethiopia. Ethiopians\u0026rsquo; high dependence on biomass energy resources contribute to deforestation, soil erosion, and land degradation. The conventional energy sources are inadequate and quickly becoming depleted with time; on the other hand, rapid increasing population and growing human activities are applying additional pressure with extra demand on the shrinking amount of energy resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Injera is flat bread with a unique taste and texture [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. It is mainly eaten as the first-choice food item in Ethiopia and some parts of East Africa. Injera baking requires temperatures ranging from 180\u0026deg;C \u0026ndash; 220\u0026deg;C [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn most households of Ethiopia, the energy demand for baking Injera is largely met with bio-fuels such as fuel wood, agricultural residue and dung cakes, whereas electricity is used in some of the urban households. In most households, this Injera baking system is carried out using an open fire / three stone) baking system which are inefficient and wasteful techniques. One serious disadvantage of this method is that it consumes considerable quantities of firewood, estimated to be at least 50% of the biomass energy consumption per household per year. Though the use of electricity for Injera baking is limited to urban inhabitants, the Injera baking electrical mitad contributes to large energy consumption in the electricity supply system of the country [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. It is widely perceived that the efficiency for energy consumption of the existing electrical mitad is low arising from old design and its manufacturing defaults. The current mitad design dates back to 1960\u0026rsquo;s when baking of Injera electrical mitad started with high-income groups in cities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.1 Baking by Mirt-stove\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe specific fuel consumption of Mirt stove has been determined by a number of researchers and developers; however, the average specific fuel consumption of Mirt stove is 535 g of wood per kg of injera [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.2 Baking by Electric pan\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average power demand of a single household electric injera baking stove is in the range of 3 to 4 kW. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows a commonly manufactured electric injera baking stove. Currently, small manufacturing enterprises are involved in the manufacturing of the electric injera baking stove. The number of electric injera stove in use is estimated to reach 850,000 in the year 2020 (EEA, 2015), which demands corresponding energy efficiency measures to improve the peak hour load created by households [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2.\tMethods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe methodology is based an engineering model as shown in chart below that can illustrate the basic working approach.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Size and Specification of Baking Pan (Mitad)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA baking pan is a flat and circular pan commonly about 50 to 60 cm in diameter and traditionally used over large clay hearths to bake Injera. The baking pan \u0026lsquo;Mitad\u0026rsquo; considered in this case was 5mm thick and 500mm in diameter. Due to reduced thickness, it has high thermal conductivity than the one which is available in the local market. Direct contact of the pan with the hot heat storage salt solution can cause cracking of the baking pan; therefore, the baking pan is separated from the heat transfer fluid by thin sheet metal cover.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Energy Required for Injera Baking pan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo measure the energy utilized in baking Injera, the initial mass of batter, and the total amount of Injera produced from this batter were measured. Thus, the mass of water vapor can be obtained by reducing the mass of Injera produced from the initial mass of batter. It is assumed that the energy utilized to bake the Injera is the energy required in raising the temperature of the batter from room temperature to the boiling point of water which is called sensible heat, plus the energy required to evaporate water which is called latent heat. Therefore, the utilized energy is:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e𝐸𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 \u0026times; 𝐶𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 \u0026times; (𝑇 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙 \u0026minus; 𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 ) + (𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 \u0026minus; 𝑚𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑟𝑎 ) \u0026times; ℎ𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1) [8]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e𝑚\u003csub\u003e𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟\u003c/sub\u003e- The mass of the batter expected for one injera= 400 (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e𝑇\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙\u003c/sub\u003e-the boiling temperature of water = 94℃\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e𝑇\u003csub\u003e𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026minus; 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚, \u0026cong; 25℃\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e𝐶\u003csub\u003e𝑃\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026minus; 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4.187𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. K \u003csub\u003e𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑟𝑎\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 320𝑔\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eℎ\u003csub\u003e𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026minus; 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eℎ\u003csub\u003e𝑓𝑔\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= 2260𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Specification of thermal storage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main important properties of thermal storage container material include; Excellent corrosion resistance at high temperature, high degree of chemical compatibility between the container material and PCM salt, Good mechanical properties like strength, creep and thermal fatigue resistance. For solar salt (60wt%NaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/40wt%KNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) PCM storage corrosion resistance of stainless steels is better than that of carbon steels and other metals. Since, Stainless steel is an alloy of iron carbon and chromium, as it exposed to solar salt, chromium oxide layer is formed on the surface of the tank wall which prevents the material from corrosion. The small pits observed in the material is due to the rupture in this passive layer. Due to this passive layer the propagation of corrosion through formation of pits is minimum for stainless steel compared to other metals [9]. Due to this reason, stainless steel is used as PCM storage tank material for long-term utilization solar energy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: properties of materials [10].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"444\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.153498871331827%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaterial\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.79683972911964%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMelting point (℃)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.04966139954853%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate of corrosion (𝑚𝑔\u0026frasl;𝑐𝑚\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;𝑦𝑟)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.153498871331827%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStainless steel\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.79683972911964%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1400-1455\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.04966139954853%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3004\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.153498871331827%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAluminum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.79683972911964%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e660.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.04966139954853%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9423\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.153498871331827%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCopper\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.79683972911964%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1085\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.04966139954853%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9869\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 parabolic collector size specification\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral parameters are used to describe solar concentrating collectors. Given below are brief descriptions of some of these parameters: The aperture area (Aa) is the area of the collector that intercepts solar radiation and the absorber area (𝐴\u003csub\u003e𝑎𝑏𝑠\u003c/sub\u003e) is the total area of the absorber surface that receives the concentrated solar radiation. It is also the area from where useful energy can be extracted. The Concentration Ratio C is defined as the ratio of the aperture area to the absorber area and can be written as:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" height=\"44\" width=\"785\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe instantaneous thermal efficiency of a solar concentrator may be calculated from an energy balance on the absorber. The useful thermal energy delivered by a concentrator is given by:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e𝑞\u003csub\u003e𝑢\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= 𝜂\u003csub\u003e𝑜\u003c/sub\u003e𝐼\u003csub\u003e𝑏\u003c/sub\u003e𝐴\u003csub\u003e𝑎\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026minus; 𝑈\u003csub\u003e𝐿\u003c/sub\u003e(𝑇\u003csub\u003e𝑎𝑏𝑠\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026minus; 𝑇\u003csub\u003e𝑎\u003c/sub\u003e)𝐴\u003csub\u003e𝑎𝑠\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(3) [13] [14]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt higher operating temperatures the radiation loss term dominates the convection losses and the energy balance equation may be written as\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e𝑞\u003csub\u003e𝑢\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= 𝜂\u003csub\u003e𝑜\u003c/sub\u003e𝐼\u003csub\u003e𝑏\u003c/sub\u003e𝐴\u003csub\u003e𝑎\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026minus; 𝑈\u003csub\u003e𝐿\u003c/sub\u003e(𝑇\u003csub\u003e𝑎𝑏𝑠\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026minus; 𝑇\u003csub\u003e𝑎\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e)𝐴\u003csub\u003e𝑎𝑏𝑠\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(4) [15]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Experimental set up arrangement","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experimental setup and measuring instruments are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The set up was place in Bahir Dar institute of technology around stadium; the parabolic dish concentrator was set to move freely in any direction by rotating dish manually and the receiver was set at station connected with hot and cold reservoir by fluid transfer pipe. The focal point of the dish was obtained by moving the dish free until pointing at the receiver.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Performance Evaluation of the system","content":"\u003cp\u003eExperimental testing was conducted in clear shine sun day during December 5\u0026ndash;7/2012 E.C. During the experiment, different thermal equipment was used for measuring the required parameters relevant to this thesis work and to evaluate the performance of the system. Thermo couple, infrared thermo meter is used to measure the atmospheric temperature, receiver temperature, inlet and outlet fluid temperature of receiver and fluid temperature at different point of the system. Solar meter or pyranometer is used to measure the variation of radiation use function of time throughout a day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Optical performance of parabolic dish concentrator\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptical efficiency refers to performance of a collector which depends on the optical properties of the collector materials, the geometry of the collector, and the various imperfections arising from the construction of the collector. Optical efficiency of parabolic dish concentrator with spiral coil absorber is given by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026#120578;\u003csub\u003e\u0026#119900;\u003c/sub\u003e = \u0026#119860;\u0026#120574;\u0026#120588;\u0026#120572; (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026#120646;= is the property of reflector material\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026#120630;= is the property of the receiver material\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;refers to part of the reflective area of the dish shaded by the receiver.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026#120632; = is termed as the fraction of reflected radiation incident on the receiver/absorber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Useful energy and thermal loss\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe thermal model of spiral coiled tube absorber is based on the energy balance between the HTF, absorber/receiver, and surrounding. Here, the energy balance considers the direct/ beam solar radiation falling on the reflector, various optical losses, thermal losses and the useful heat gained by the HT. The use full energy is the heat transfer to fluid flow inside the receiver by convection can be calculated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026#119876;\u003csub\u003e\u0026#119906;\u003c/sub\u003e = \u0026#119876;\u003csub\u003e\u0026#119886;\u0026#119887;\u0026#119904;\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026minus; \u0026#119876;\u003csub\u003e\u0026#119897;\u0026#119900;\u0026#119904;\u0026#119904;\u003c/sub\u003e (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026#119876;\u003csub\u003e\u0026#119897;\u0026#119900;\u0026#119904;\u0026#119904;\u003c/sub\u003e = is the fraction of energy loses by conduction, convection and radiation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe useful heat gain by the HTF oil is also determined from the convective heat transfer relation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026#119876;\u003csub\u003e\u0026#119906;\u003c/sub\u003e = \u0026#119860;\u003csub\u003e\u0026#119904;\u0026#119888;\u003c/sub\u003eℎ(\u0026#119879;\u003csub\u003e\u0026#119903;\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026minus; \u0026#119879;\u003csub\u003e\u0026#119891;\u0026#119898;\u003c/sub\u003e) (7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;is the heat transfer coefficient between the HTF and the receiver coil\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026#119860;\u003csub\u003e\u0026#119904;\u0026#119888;\u003c/sub\u003e = the heat transfer area of spiral coil\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026#119879;\u003csub\u003e\u0026#119891;\u0026#119898;\u003c/sub\u003e = the fluid mean temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experimental testing was conducted in clear sun shine day on December 5\u0026ndash;7/2012 E.C. During the experiment, different thermal equipment was used for measuring the required parameters and to evaluate the performance of the system such as, thermocouple and infrared thermometer to measure the atmospheric temperature, receiver temperature, inlet and outlet fluid temperature of receiver and fluid temperature at different point of the system. Solar meter or pyranometer is used to measure the variation of radiation use function of time throughout a day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the plot of receiver temperature, receiver fluid temperature and time of the day. From the figure it was observed that, the temperature was obtained around the middle of the day which was from 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM. An efficient time was around 12:00 PM in a day at which highest ambient temperature and solar radiation was recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 8 bellow shows the graph of the temperature of the receiver and working fluid. From the graph it is observed that both receiver and fluid temperature are directly proportional with solar radiation and ambient temperature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e above shows the test results indicating that the maximum fluid temperature reached 253℃ at noon time meanwhile the maximum solar radiation and ambient temperature were 940 W/m2 and 30℃.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows the thermal efficiency versus the ratio of temperature difference of the inlet and outlet receiver oil temperature to solar radiation intensity. The graph has a negative slope and the optimum thermal efficiency has been at the middle of the day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e shows the temperature versus heating up time at difference thickness of the pan. The figure shows the temperature is increase with time, then it remains constant and decrease from bottom to surface. It shows that the pan thickness affects the heating time and the overall efficiency of the system. The maximum bottom temperature and surface temperature were 214.5 and 180(℃) which is attained after 10 to 15minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e shows the heating pan time and the baking pan surface temperature which is analyzed using MATLAB manipulation. As it is seen in the figure, it takes approximately 10minutes to reach at the required temperature for baking.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs show in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e the temperature vs time graph indicates the time taken to recover the surface temperature of the pane after one lap which require less time than the heat up at the first time this is because the initial temperature of the first heating is 25℃ whereas the surface temperature after one lap is 80℃ to 100℃.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe baking pan surface transient temperature during heating and baking time as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e. The time require for first heating is 10-15minute to attain surface temperature around 200℃ then it will take 3-4minute for baking, then surface temperature will drop to 80\u0026ndash;100℃. Whereas the retaining time will be 3\u0026ndash;5 minute and will reach up 200\u0026ndash;220℃. And after one lap retaining time and baking time will be decrease.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eUsing renewable energy for baking and cooking process play a vital role in Scio-economic development of country like Ethiopia. High amount of energy with pan surface temperature of 180℃ to 220℃ is required for a single household to bake injera. Under theoretical and design consideration, this paper studies the amount of energy required for a single household is 18.38 MJ of energy in one term baking. Parabolic dish type solar collector can extract more than 600℃, which is a best alternative to shift the country dependency on fossil fuel that causes environmental pollution. In this study design and experimental testing of solar thermal injera baking with thermal storage (PCM) has been carried out. During the experimental test ambient temperature (22\u0026ndash;30℃), solar radiation (371\u0026ndash;946\u003csup\u003e\u0026#119908;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026frasl;\u003csub\u003e\u0026#119898;\u003c/sub\u003e2), receiver surface temperature (193\u0026ndash;306℃) and fluid temperature (164\u0026ndash;254℃) have been measured from 2:00\u0026ndash;11:00 local time. Finally, the measured row data is analyzed using numerical method in MATLAB and sigma plot software. The analysis result shows that, the thermal efficiency receiver (solar absorber) is 51.44%, the heat up time (time require to heat the pan initially) is 10\u0026ndash;15 minute and the retaining time (heating time require after one lap) is 3\u0026ndash;5 minute. The top and bottom surface temperature of the pan is 179.5 and 214.3℃ respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"List of Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"491\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConcentrated solar power\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHTF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeat transfer fluid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEELPA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopian electric light \u0026amp; power authority\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNASA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNational\u0026nbsp;Aeronautics and Space Administration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhase change material\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThermal energy storage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThermo-chemical storage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eI the Author declare that the manuscript title \u0026quot;Design and experimental testing of dish type solar thermal collector for cooking application\u0026rdquo; is truly my own work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData included in article/supp. material/referenced in article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors do not declare any competing or non-financial interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo fund is available\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYewondwosen Gzate Ayalew: Conceived and designed the analysis; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed analysis tools or data; wrote the paper; revising. Yohnnes Anmute mucheye: Conceived and designed the analysis; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed analysis tools or data; wrote the paper; editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThank you the Almighty GOOD.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Y. Ali, \u0026ldquo;Design and Development of Semi-Automatic Injera Making Machine for Family Households in Ethiopia,\u0026rdquo; 2018. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eH. Weldekidan, V. Strezov, and G. Town, \u0026ldquo;Review of solar energy for biofuel extraction,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 88. pp. 184\u0026ndash;192, 2018. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026ldquo;ScienceNordic - Solar-powered bread baking in Ethiopia \u0026quot;http://sciencenordic.com/solarpowered-bread-baking-ethiopia- 2014-04-21.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Indora and T. C. Kandpal, \u0026ldquo;Institutional cooking with solar energy: A review,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eRenew. Sustain. Energy Rev.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 84, no. October 2017, pp. 131\u0026ndash;154, 2018. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eY. Tavan, S. H. Hosseini, and G. Ahmadi, \u0026ldquo;Energy and Exergy Analysis of Intensified Condensate Stabilization Unit with Water Draw Pan,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAppl. Therm. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJ. D. Osorio and A. Rivera-Alvarez, \u0026ldquo;Performance analysis of Parabolic Trough Collectors with Double Glass Envelope,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eRenew. Energy\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR. Kumar, A. Kumar, and V. Goel, \u0026ldquo;Performance improvement and development of correlation for friction factor and heat transfer using computational fluid dynamics for ribbed triangular duct solar air heater,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eRenew. Energy\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eW. Kong \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, \u0026ldquo;Test method for evaluating and predicting thermal performance of thermosyphon solar domestic hot water system,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAppl. Therm. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Nahar, M. Hasanuzzaman, N. A. Rahim, and S. Parvin, \u0026ldquo;Numerical investigation on the effect of different parameters in enhancing heat transfer performance of photovoltaic thermal systems,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eRenew. Energy\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Y. Heng, Y. Asako, T. Suwa, and K. Nagasaka, \u0026ldquo;Transient thermal prediction methodology for parabolic trough solar collector tube using artificial neural network,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eRenew. Energy\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eH. Z. Al Garni, A. Awasthi, and D. Wright, \u0026ldquo;Optimal orientation angles for maximizing energy yield for solar PV in Saudi Arabia Optimal orientation angles for maximizing 1 energy yield for solar PV in Saudi Arabia 2 3,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eRenew. Energy\u003c/em\u003e, 2018. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. S. Dehaj and M. Z. Mohiabadi, \u0026ldquo;Experimental investigation of heat pipe solar collector using MgO nanofluids,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eSol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO. Z. Sharaf, A. N. Al-Khateeb, D. C. Kyritsis, and E. Abu-Nada, \u0026ldquo;Energy and exergy analysis and optimization of low-flux direct absorption solar collectors (DASCs): Balancing power- and temperature-gain,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eRenew. Energy\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eH. M. K. U. Haq and E. Hiltunen, \u0026ldquo;An inquiry of ground heat storage: Analysis of experimental measurements and optimization of system\u0026rsquo;s performance,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAppl. Therm. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Abdessemed, C. Bougriou, D. Guerraiche, and R. Abachi, \u0026ldquo;Effects of tray shape of a multi-stage solar still coupled to a parabolic concentrating solar collector in Algeria,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eRenew. Energy\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Bianchini, A. Guzzini, M. Pellegrini, and C. Saccani, \u0026ldquo;Performance assessment of a solar parabolic dish for domestic use based on experimental measurements,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eRenew. Energy\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eP. A. Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-G\u0026oacute;mez, J. G\u0026oacute;mez-Hern\u0026aacute;ndez, D. Ferruzza, F. Haglind, and D. Santana, \u0026ldquo;Dynamic performance and stress analysis of the steam generator of parabolic trough solar power plants,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAppl. Therm. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Malekan, A. Khosravi, and X. Zhao, \u0026ldquo;The influence of magnetic field on heat transfer of magnetic nanofluid in a double pipe heat exchanger proposed in a small-scale CAES system,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAppl. Therm. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Marrakchi, Z. Leemrani, H. Asselman, A. Aoukili, and A. Asselman, \u0026ldquo;Temperature distribution analysis of parabolic trough solar collector using CFD,\u0026rdquo; in \u003cem\u003eProcedia Manufacturing\u003c/em\u003e, 2018. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Shahsavar and S. Khanmohammadi, \u0026ldquo;Feasibility of a hybrid BIPV/T and thermal wheel system for exhaust air heat recovery: Energy and exergy assessment and multi-objective optimization,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAppl. Therm. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJ. Qu, R. Zhang, Z. Wang, and Q. Wang, \u0026ldquo;Photo-thermal conversion properties of hybrid CuO-MWCNT/H2O nanofluids for direct solar thermal energy harvest,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAppl. Therm. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Ahmadi, S. Vahaji, M. Arbab Iqbal, A. Date, and A. Akbarzadeh, \u0026ldquo;Experimental study of converging-diverging nozzle to generate power by Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC),\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAppl. Therm. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eY. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Zhou, D. Wang, Y. Wang, and D. Wang, \u0026ldquo;Experimental research on the thermal performance of PEX helical coil pipes for heating the biogas digester,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAppl. Therm. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE. Bellos, I. Daniil, and C. Tzivanidis, \u0026ldquo;Multiple cylindrical inserts for parabolic trough solar collector,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAppl. Therm. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, 2018. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eF. Zhou, J. Ji, W. Yuan, M. Modjinou, X. Zhao, and shengjuan Huang, \u0026ldquo;Experimental study and performance prediction of the PCM-antifreeze solar thermal system under cold weather conditions,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAppl. Therm. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Şevik and M. Abuşka, \u0026ldquo;Thermal performance of flexible air duct using a new absorber construction in a solar air collector,\u0026rdquo; 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eH. Jia, X. Cheng, J. Zhu, Z. Li, and J. Guo, \u0026ldquo;Mathematical and experimental analysis on solar thermal energy harvesting performance of the textile-based solar thermal energy collector,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eRenew. Energy\u003c/em\u003e, 2018. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Imtiaz Hussain, C. M\u0026eacute;n\u0026eacute;zo, and J. T. Kim, \u0026ldquo;Advances in solar thermal harvesting technology based on surface solar absorption collectors: A review,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eSol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells\u003c/em\u003e, 2018. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eB. Agza, R. Bekele, and L. Shiferaw, \u0026ldquo;Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Wild.): As a potential ingredient of injera in Ethiopia,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJ. Cereal Sci.\u003c/em\u003e, 2018. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG. Kumaresan, R. Santosh, G. Raju, and R. Velraj, \u0026ldquo;Experimental and numerical investigation of solar flat plate cooking unit for domestic applications,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eEnergy\u003c/em\u003e, 2018. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Aichouba, M. Merzouk, L. Valenzuela, E. Zarza, and N. Kasbadji-Merzouk, \u0026ldquo;Influence of the displacement of solar receiver tubes on the performance of a parabolic-trough collector,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eEnergy\u003c/em\u003e, 2018. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL. Xu \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, \u0026ldquo;Analysis of the influence of heat loss factors on the overall performance of utility-scale parabolic trough solar collectors,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eEnergy\u003c/em\u003e, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Bahir Dar University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"baking pan, solar thermal energy, heat transfer fluid, PCM, parabolic dish, spiral coil","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3978250/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3978250/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEthiopia is the country which use fossil fuel as main source of energy. About 83% people of the country live in countryside area and use fossil fuel as a source energy for both baking and cooking purpose. Among this 70% of the energy is used for baking injera which needs a high temperature in range of 180\u0026ndash;220℃ in a control environment. Thus, substituting it by renewable energy is an admirable solution of the season. The thermal energy is collected using 2\u0026#119898;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e area parabolic dish collector to the heat transfer fluid through spiral copper coil absorber. The experimental setup is manufactured from locally available material. Leakage of fluid was difficult to control during experimental test. Instruments like thermocouple, infrared thermometer and Pyranometer are used in the experimental test. Thus, HTF is heated by parabolic dish collector at the absorber plate and attain up to a temperature of 253℃ and the average day thermal efficiency was around 51.44%.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Design and Experimental Testing of Dish Type Solar Thermal Collector for Cooking Application","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-23 08:27:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3978250/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b8e6e327-d013-4c81-bbf1-9ebaeab0fb73","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":28910686,"name":"Energy Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-23T08:27:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-23 08:27:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3978250","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3978250","identity":"rs-3978250","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}