Application of Box-Behnken Design and Steepest Ascent Approaches for Textile Wastewater Treatment Using Spinel Ferrites Composite 

Application of Box-Behnken Design and Steepest Ascent Approaches for Textile Wastewater Treatment Using Spinel Ferrites Composite | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Application of Box-Behnken Design and Steepest Ascent Approaches for Textile Wastewater Treatment Using Spinel Ferrites Composite Lina Rim Frada, Rachida Chemini, Burcu Palas, Gulin Ersöz, Suheyda Atalay, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7716728/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To reuse treated wastewater and avoid environmental contamination, effluent from textile industries needs suitable treatment. The Fenton-like oxidation process, using prepared Spinel Ferrite-activated carbon (AC) catalyst MFe 2 O 4 /AC (M = Ni, Co, Cu) through the sol-gel method was applied to treat pre-treated textile wastewater. Characterization was carried using different techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which reveals that the surface of the activated carbon is covered by aggregates of the ferrites. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements show that all three ferrites are magnetic in nature. The Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method indicate that NiFe 2 O 4 /AC has the largest surface area (1030.2515m 2 /g) and the highest total pore volume (0.728953cm 3 /g). The best catalyst was selected by trying two different pH (3, 8.21), two catalyst loadings (CL = 0.1 and 1 g/L), and three different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (HPC = 1.10 and 50 milimolar). The CL, pH, and HPC were optimized using the Box-Behnken design as a response surfaces methodology to maximize the TOC removal. The statistical results yielded a coefficient of correlation R 2 equal to 0.97 and a p-value less than 0.01 for CL, HPC, the quadratic term CL 2 , and the two interactions CL*pH and CL*HPC. The 3D surface responses allowed the investigation of the optimum conditions, the highest percentage of TOC removal rates attained by the experiments and the model are 79.04% and 82%, respectively with 1.5 g/L of CL, pH = 3 and 1mM (milimolar) of HPC. A comparison of TOC removal using the steepest ascent and Box–Behnken approaches reveals that the latter is a more efficient method of optimizing textile effluent. Based on these results, the Fenton-like process using spinel ferrite-activated carbon catalysts not only provides high performance but also highlights a new approach for the wastewater treatment sector which is a promising combining process to reuse treated wastewater. Advanced Oxidation Process Catalyst Fenton-like oxidation Response surfaces methodology Steepest Ascent approach TOC removal Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7716728","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":521401234,"identity":"2bd261a2-f83f-442d-bd3c-f4b1ebd521fd","order_by":0,"name":"Lina Rim Frada","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lina","middleName":"Rim","lastName":"Frada","suffix":""},{"id":521401235,"identity":"9e660e9d-1e94-4a20-aa61-dc69bef8fc29","order_by":1,"name":"Rachida 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","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Advanced Oxidation Process, Catalyst, Fenton-like oxidation, Response surfaces methodology, Steepest Ascent approach, TOC removal","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7716728/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7716728/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo reuse treated wastewater and avoid environmental contamination, effluent from textile industries needs suitable treatment. The Fenton-like oxidation process, using prepared Spinel Ferrite-activated carbon (AC) catalyst MFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/AC (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ni, Co, Cu) through the sol-gel method was applied to treat pre-treated textile wastewater. Characterization was carried using different techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which reveals that the surface of the activated carbon is covered by aggregates of the ferrites. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements show that all three ferrites are magnetic in nature. The Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method indicate that NiFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/AC has the largest surface area (1030.2515m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g) and the highest total pore volume (0.728953cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/g). The best catalyst was selected by trying two different pH (3, 8.21), two catalyst loadings (CL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1 and 1 g/L), and three different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (HPC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.10 and 50 milimolar). The CL, pH, and HPC were optimized using the Box-Behnken design as a response surfaces methodology to maximize the TOC removal. The statistical results yielded a coefficient of correlation R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e equal to 0.97 and a p-value less than 0.01 for CL, HPC, the quadratic term CL\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, and the two interactions CL*pH and CL*HPC. The 3D surface responses allowed the investigation of the optimum conditions, the highest percentage of TOC removal rates attained by the experiments and the model are 79.04% and 82%, respectively with 1.5 g/L of CL, pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3 and 1mM (milimolar) of HPC. A comparison of TOC removal using the steepest ascent and Box\u0026ndash;Behnken approaches reveals that the latter is a more efficient method of optimizing textile effluent. Based on these results, the Fenton-like process using spinel ferrite-activated carbon catalysts not only provides high performance but also highlights a new approach for the wastewater treatment sector which is a promising combining process to reuse treated wastewater.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Application of Box-Behnken Design and Steepest Ascent Approaches for Textile Wastewater Treatment Using Spinel Ferrites Composite ","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-30 08:06:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7716728/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f1c89e9f-6bb2-4f3a-857f-eb508ef51cc9","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-30T20:38:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-30 08:06:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7716728","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7716728","identity":"rs-7716728","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}