Experimental Investigation of CI Engine Fueled with Animal Tallow-based Hybrid Microemulsion Biofuel and its Comparative Assessment with Petrodiesel and its Biodiesel Blends

Experimental Investigation of CI Engine Fueled with Animal Tallow-based Hybrid Microemulsion Biofuel and its Comparative Assessment with Petrodiesel and its Biodiesel Blends | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experimental Investigation of CI Engine Fueled with Animal Tallow-based Hybrid Microemulsion Biofuel and its Comparative Assessment with Petrodiesel and its Biodiesel Blends Harish Kumar, Himansh Kumar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9354838/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This experimental study presents a comparative assessment of animal tallow-based hybrid microemulsion biofuel (MHBF) to petrodiesel, and animal tallow-based biodiesel blends, fuelled in the diesel engine. The MHBF was formulated with using of esterified animal tallow oil and titrate it with ethanol (viscosity modifier) and butanol (surfactant) to form stable emulsion. The optimized composition of animal tallow oil, ethanol and butanol was 68:20:12 (% vol.). The experimental investigation is focussed upon to compare the MHBF, animal tallow based two biodiesel blends i.e., B10 (Biodiesel 10% + diesel 90%) and B20 (Biodiesel 20% + diesel 80%) w.r.to pure petrodiesel. At 25% load, MHBF and biodiesel blends produce slightly lower brake power than diesel due to their lower energy content. However, as engine load increases, MHBF performs better than the blends. MHBF shows consistent BTE improvement, rising from 7.29% at 25% load to 24.84% at full load. The best BSFC result for MHBF is 2.44% decrease at 50% load, showing highest fuel efficiency. BMEP and mechanical efficiency improve at higher loads, especially for MHBF. Volumetric efficiency (η vol ) slightly decreases for all fuels. Emissions of MHBF shows maximum CO reduction of 66.7% at 75% load, followed by 60% at full load and CO 2 reduction of 44.44% at 25% load, 57.14% at 75% load, and 60% at full load. MHBF shows best UHC reduction of 22.22% at full load. The results revel the potential of animal tallow-based biofuel as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional diesel fuel. Microemulsion Net heat release rate Mass fraction fuel burned Combustion Performance Emission CO CO2 UHC Cylinder pressure Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files EnginereportDieselbiodiesel90B10.doc EnginereportMHBF.doc EnginereportDieselbiodiesel80B20.doc EnginereportDieselfuel.doc floatimage1.png Graphical Abstract Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 04 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 02 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 20 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 18 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 16 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 16 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9354838","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":634669294,"identity":"b65c8674-787c-4239-87d7-87e3dfedd837","order_by":0,"name":"Harish Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Teerthanker Mahaveer University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Harish","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":634669298,"identity":"7293956a-7afb-47e4-9944-b920a3c14523","order_by":1,"name":"Himansh 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