Exploring Hydrological and Environmental Transformations by Tank Structures in Odisha Using Sentinel-2 Data

Exploring Hydrological and Environmental Transformations by Tank Structures in Odisha Using Sentinel-2 Data | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Exploring Hydrological and Environmental Transformations by Tank Structures in Odisha Using Sentinel-2 Data Ranu Rani Sethi, Asit Kumar Dandapat, A Ramakrushna Sarab, Arjamadutta Sarangi, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873363/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the environmental and hydrological impacts of groundwater recharge structures constructed under the Green Climate Fund (GCF) project between 2018 and 2024 in drought-prone regions of Odisha, India. The research focuses on ten districts—Kalahandi, Keonjhar, Nabarangpur, Rayagada, Sambalpur, Subarnapur, Boudh, and Balangir—characterized by water scarcity and deteriorating vegetation health. Multi-temporal Sentinel-2 satellite imagery was analyzed using indices such as MNDWI, NDII, NDMI, PWI, WBI, and WRI to assess changes in vegetation cover, soil moisture, and water body extent before (2018) and after (2024) the interventions. The results demonstrate significant environmental improvements in districts with targeted water conservation efforts. Kalahandi achieved a notable reduction in low moisture content (95.93–63.30%) and a sharp increase in water-saturated vegetation (1.84–69.91%), reflecting successful recharge structures. Keonjhar showed improvements in vegetation cover (11.82–48.15%) and high-water content (1.06–10.29%), while Boudh exhibited exceptional growth, with water bodies increasing from 13.37–67.65% and high vegetation rising from 18.99–72.78%. Balangir’s severe drought areas decreased from 45.22–19.37%, showcasing the effectiveness of localized water management. Rayagada recorded modest increases in water bodies (19.48–22.43%) but a decline in heavy vegetation (16.53–4.71%). Sambalpur demonstrated substantial progress in moisture retention, with high moisture content rising from 1.11–46.77%. These findings highlight the critical role of afforestation, sustainable agriculture, and targeted water conservation in improving ecological conditions. However, districts impacted by industrial activities require focused interventions to achieve balanced and sustainable environmental development. Groundwater recharge structures Tank sentinel-2 imagery spectral indices and geospatial analysis Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Figures are available in the Supplementary Files section. Tables are available in the Supplementary Files section. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5873363","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":405629902,"identity":"bf2d2b4d-156a-4ab0-a790-9bfec33003de","order_by":0,"name":"Ranu Rani Sethi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADA2bmAwfgvAQidEgYMLMlkKqFgceAOPeYt589JsHwx6bOnJ3n44EfNfcY5N17DBge7sCtReZMXpoEY1uahGUz74aDPceKGQzPnDFgSDyDx0EMOWYSjA2HJQwO8244zMCWwGA4Iy2BIbENjxb+N2ZAh/0HauF5cJjhHzFaJIC2MLAdAGlhOMzYlsAgL5F8gICWN8YWiW3JkhsOsxkc7O1L4DHgOXzgAH6H5Rje+PDHjt/g/OHHH358S5CTb29sfPgTjxYwSEBi8xgcYGA4QEADGpBvIE39KBgFo2AUDH8AAAd2TIQjw6ddAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Principal Scientist, ICAR-Indian Institute of Water Management","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ranu","middleName":"Rani","lastName":"Sethi","suffix":""},{"id":405629903,"identity":"338ccd77-246f-49eb-ac12-3dda01fa98fb","order_by":1,"name":"Asit Kumar Dandapat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-IIWM","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Asit","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Dandapat","suffix":""},{"id":405629904,"identity":"06128f47-0227-41fe-86f2-782e41df4d73","order_by":2,"name":"A Ramakrushna Sarab","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-IIWM","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"A","middleName":"Ramakrushna","lastName":"Sarab","suffix":""},{"id":405629905,"identity":"930cacba-9a9b-4a48-993b-b317c480943b","order_by":3,"name":"Arjamadutta Sarangi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Director of ICAR-Indian Institute of Water Management, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arjamadutta","middleName":"","lastName":"Sarangi","suffix":""},{"id":405629906,"identity":"8ae8d7e5-d27d-48a1-8676-eeb38df20581","order_by":4,"name":"Dileep K. Panda","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Principal Scientist, ICAR-Indian Institute of Water Management","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dileep","middleName":"K.","lastName":"Panda","suffix":""},{"id":405629907,"identity":"54acec04-b22a-4e26-bf8c-21212d96c8f4","order_by":5,"name":"Sheelabhadra Mohanty","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Principal Scientist, ICAR-Indian Institute of Water Management","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sheelabhadra","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohanty","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-21 12:08:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873363/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873363/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79006234,"identity":"dd88ad81-b6e2-4834-a8aa-d323e7896dea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-22 08:16:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":8641237,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"waterindexmanuscriptabbreviationstablesfigures.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5873363/v1_covered_944102a4-3932-4afe-b32d-4e7bd6b42b70.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cp\u003eNo competing interests reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigures are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTables are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e","formattedTitle":"Exploring Hydrological and Environmental Transformations by Tank Structures in Odisha Using Sentinel-2 Data","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Groundwater recharge structures, Tank, sentinel-2 imagery, spectral indices and geospatial analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873363/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873363/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the environmental and hydrological impacts of groundwater recharge structures constructed under the Green Climate Fund (GCF) project between 2018 and 2024 in drought-prone regions of Odisha, India. The research focuses on ten districts\u0026mdash;Kalahandi, Keonjhar, Nabarangpur, Rayagada, Sambalpur, Subarnapur, Boudh, and Balangir\u0026mdash;characterized by water scarcity and deteriorating vegetation health. Multi-temporal Sentinel-2 satellite imagery was analyzed using indices such as MNDWI, NDII, NDMI, PWI, WBI, and WRI to assess changes in vegetation cover, soil moisture, and water body extent before (2018) and after (2024) the interventions. The results demonstrate significant environmental improvements in districts with targeted water conservation efforts. Kalahandi achieved a notable reduction in low moisture content (95.93\u0026ndash;63.30%) and a sharp increase in water-saturated vegetation (1.84\u0026ndash;69.91%), reflecting successful recharge structures. Keonjhar showed improvements in vegetation cover (11.82\u0026ndash;48.15%) and high-water content (1.06\u0026ndash;10.29%), while Boudh exhibited exceptional growth, with water bodies increasing from 13.37\u0026ndash;67.65% and high vegetation rising from 18.99\u0026ndash;72.78%. Balangir\u0026rsquo;s severe drought areas decreased from 45.22\u0026ndash;19.37%, showcasing the effectiveness of localized water management. Rayagada recorded modest increases in water bodies (19.48\u0026ndash;22.43%) but a decline in heavy vegetation (16.53\u0026ndash;4.71%). Sambalpur demonstrated substantial progress in moisture retention, with high moisture content rising from 1.11\u0026ndash;46.77%. These findings highlight the critical role of afforestation, sustainable agriculture, and targeted water conservation in improving ecological conditions. 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