Common variants in LAMC1 confer risk for pelvic organ prolapse in Chinese population.

A total of 396 individuals, including 161 unrelated patients with POP and 235 controls without POP were recruited from our hospital, Beijing, China, between July 2012 and September 2017. All the subjects were of China origin geographically and Chinese population. Family history of each individual was investigated and none of them belonged to extended family. All patients were clinically diagnosed by a senior urogynecologist according to the criteria of the International Continence Society to determine the stage of POP (pelvic organ prolapse quantification, POP-Q), and all of the POP patients were stage III (139 cases) or IV (22 cases). Controls were from routine health check-up department in the same hospital. All the control group were postmenopausal, and none of them accepted hormone therapy and prolapse surgery in the previous years. All the controls were of stage 0 (189 controls) or I (46 controls). For both groups, individuals with chronic pelvic inflammatory diseases, endometriosis, gynecological malignancies or connective tissue diseases were excluded. As showed in Table  1 . Table 1 Demographic features of women with and without pelvic organ prolapse Variables Non-POP ( n  = 235) No.(%) POP ( n  = 161) No.(%) P value Age a (y) 59(56,65) 63(53,68) 0.513 Body mass index a 24.6(22.8, 27.2) 23.5(22.4,25.5) 0.041 Menopausal years a 8(5,12) 14(8,19) < 0.001 Gravity a 2(1,2) 3(2,4) < 0.001 Parity a 1(1,1) 2(1,2) < 0.001 Hypertension b 53 39 0.699 Diabetes b 22 13 0.658 a The data are presented as the medians (interquartile range), and the P value was calculated with the Mann-Whitney test b The data are presented as n (%), and the P value was calculated with the chi-square test Demographic features of women with and without pelvic organ prolapse a The data are presented as the medians (interquartile range), and the P value was calculated with the Mann-Whitney test b The data are presented as n (%), and the P value was calculated with the chi-square test All participants provided written informed consent. This study was approved by the Medical College Hospital Ethics Committee (project No. S-450). There were 3 SNPs, rs20558, rs20563 and rs10911193, of LAMC1 that have been investigated in previous studies. In the present study, we first genotyped these three SNPs and then selected Tag SNPs using the Haploview 4.2 program on the basis of Chinese in Beijing (CHB) population from the Hapmap database ( http://www.hapmap.org/ ), for association study in our population (Table 2 ). A total of seven Tag SNPs (rs6424889, rs10911241, rs3768617, rs12073936, rs729819, rs10911214 and rs869133) with minor allele frequency (MAF) of ≥5% across the whole LAMC1 locus were selected, covering 86% of the gene. Table 2 10 SNPs that were selected for genotyping SNP Position a Alleles Function Exonic Function AA Change rs20558 183,125,412 T > C exonic missense LAMC1: NM_002293 :exon15:c.T2663C:p.L888P rs20563 183,116,620 A > G exonic missense LAMC1: NM_002293 :exon7:c.A1372G:p.I458V rs10911193 183,021,513 C > T 2 KB Upstream . . rs6424889 183,122,661 G > C intronic . . rs10911241 183,094,001 A > G intronic . . rs3768617 183,123,365 C > T intronic . . rs12073936 183,092,755 T > G intronic . . rs729819 183,139,899 G > A intronic . . rs10911214 183,056,650 T > C intronic . . rs869133 183,100,146 G > C intronic . . SNP Single-nucleotide polymorphism, AA Amino acid, L Leucine, P Proline, I Isoleucine, V Valine a Chromosomal positions are based on GRCh38 and all SNPs are located on Chromosome 1q25.3 10 SNPs that were selected for genotyping SNP Single-nucleotide polymorphism, AA Amino acid, L Leucine, P Proline, I Isoleucine, V Valine a Chromosomal positions are based on GRCh38 and all SNPs are located on Chromosome 1q25.3 Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes using the FlexiGene DNA kit (QIAGEN, USA) strictly according to the manufacturer’s instructions. SNP loci were genotyped by standard Sanger sequencing. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using a 2 x PCR master mix (TIANGEN, China), 20 ng of genomic DNA and 5 pmol of forward and reverse primers, respectively. The cycling conditions involved an initial step at 95 °C for 10 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing at 45–60 °C for 30 s and extension at 72 °C for 30 s. Replication of 5% samples was performed blind to the technical personnel and the concordance rate of the duplicated control samples was 100%. The genotype calling rate for each SNP was more than 95%. For the demographic data, median and interquartile range will be used to describe non-normally distributed continuous data, and frequency and percentages will be used to describe categorical variables. We used Mann-Whitney test significant association to compare continuous outcomes and chi-square test to compare dichotomous parameters between the two groups. Student t-test (two-tailed) was applied to compare age-distribution between the patient group and the control group and the χ 2 goodness-of-fit test to estimate the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for each SNP. The UNPHASED program (version 3.1.5) was used to analyze the genotyping data for allelic and genotypic associations [ 15 ]. To circumvent the inflation of false positive rates due to multiple testing [ 16 ], 100,00 permutations were performed using the UNPHASED program for the global null hypotheses in which all the odds ratios were equal. The significance level for all statistical tests was set at a corrected P -value of 0.05. A power calculation was conducted for a nonfamilial case-control association using the Power and Sample Size program. Given a sample size of 161 cases and 235 controls, we have greater than 73.2% power to detect an effect size of approximately 1.70 and higher.

The χ 2 goodness-of-fit test showed that the genotypic distributions of rs20563 deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium ( P  < 0.05) in the control group, we therefore excluded this SNP in further study (Table  3 ). Associations of three SNPs, rs20558, rs20563 and rs10911193 within LAMC1 with POP susceptibility have been reported previously, we therefore first investigated whether these three SNPs might also contribute to POP risk in our population. As shown in Table  4 , none of the two previously reported SNPs, rs20558 or rs10911193, showed allelic or genotypic association with POP (all P  > 0.05). Among the 7 tag SNPs, significant allelic association with POP was observed for rs10911241 (χ 2  = 10.70, P  = 1.1 E-03), which survived a strict correction with 10,000 permutations (global P  = 7.1 E-03) (Table 4 ). The minor allele (rs10911241-G) carriers exhibited an increased risk of the disease (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.24–2.36). Significant genotypic association was also detected for rs10911241 (χ 2  = 14.98, df = 2, P  = 5.6 E-04). Table 3 The goodness-of-fit χ 2 test for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium SNP Controls Cases 1/1 1/2 2/2 χ2 P 1/1 1/2 2/2 χ2 P rs20558 102 94 35 2.866 0.090 64 64 31 4.006 0.045 rs20563 73 96 65 7.458 0.006 53 62 44 7.530 0.006 rs10911193 192 39 4 1.430 0.232 123 31 6 4.471 0.034 rs6424889 95 93 37 2.95 0.086 72 57 31 9.019 0.003 rs10911241 140 80 10 0.11 0.736 82 53 25 9.308 0.002 rs3768617 81 113 34 0.283 0.595 59 77 20 0.438 0.508 rs12073936 188 42 3 0.140 0.708 126 31 4 1.471 0.225 rs729819 95 104 29 0.004 0.948 57 83 19 1.830 0.176 rs10911214 147 72 8 0.050 0.822 99 41 16 11.11 8.6 E-04 rs869133 202 23 2 2.018 0.155 139 19 1 0.155 0.693 “1” represents the major allele and “2” represents the minor allel Table 4 Allelic and genotypic association of 9 SNPs in LAMC1 gene with POP SNP Sample N Allele frequency (%) OR (95% CI) χ 2 P Genotype frequency (%) χ 2 P rs20558 C T CC CT TT POP 159 192 (60.4) 126 (39.6) 1.192 (0.888–1.601) 1.372 0.241 64 (40.3) 64 (40.3) 31 (19.4) 1.393 0.498 CTR 231 298 (64.5) 164 (35.5) 102 (44.2) 94 (40.7) 35 (15.2) rs10911193 C T CC CT TT POP 160 277 (86.6) 43 (13.4) 1.397 (0.899–2.170) 2.229 0.135 123 (76.9) 31 (19.4) 6 (3.8) 2.270 0.321 CTR 235 423 (90.0) 47 (10.0) 192 (81.7) 39 (16.6) 4 (1.7) rs6424889 C G CC CG GG POP 160 201 (62.8) 119 (37.2) 1.003 (0.746–1.350) 4.67 E-04 0.957 72 (45.0) 57 (35.6) 31 (19.4) 1.403 0.496 CTR 225 283 (62.9) 167 (37.1) 95 (42.2) 93 (41.3) 37 (16.4) rs10911241 A G AA AG GG POP 160 103 (32.2) 217 (67.8) 1.709 (1.238–2.359) 10.70 1.1 E-03 82 (51.3) 53 (33.1) 25 (15.6) 14.98 5.6 E-04 a CTR 230 100 (21.7) 360 (78.3) 140 (60.9) 80 (34.8) 10 (4.3) rs3768617 C T CC CT TT POP 156 117 (37.5) 195 (62.5) 0.912 (0.678–1.226) 0.540 0.912 59 (37.8) 77 (49.4) 20 (12.8) 0.423 0.809 CTR 228 181 (39.7) 275 (60.3) 81 (35.5) 113 (49.6) 34 (14.9) rs12073936 T G TT TG GG POP 161 283 (87.9) 39 (12.1) 1.200 (0.766–1.880) 0.636 0.425 126 (78.3) 31 (19.3) 4 (2.5) 0.916 0.633 CTR 233 418 (89.7) 48 (10.3) 188 (80.7) 42 (18.0) 3 (1.3) rs729819 A G AA AG GG POP 159 197 (61.9) 121 (38.1) 1.115 (0.829–1.500) 0.515 0.473 57 (35.8) 83 (52.2) 19 (11.9) 1.693 0.429 CTR 228 294 (64.5) 162 (35.5) 95 (41.7) 104 (45.6) 29 (12.7) rs10911214 T C TT TC CC POP 156 239 (76.6) 73 (23.4) 1.270 (0.895–1.804) 1.795 0.180 99 (63.5) 41 (26.3) 16 (10.3) 7.637 0.022 CTR 227 366 (80.6) 88 (19.4) 147 (64.8) 72 (31.7) 8 (3.5) rs869133 G C GG GC CC POP 159 297 (93.4) 21 (6.6) 1.118 (0.620–2.016) 0.138 0.710 139 (87.4) 19 (11.9) 1 (0.6) 0.386 0.824 CTR 227 427 (94.1) 27 (5.9) 202 (89.0) 23 (10.1) 2 (0.9) POP Pelvic organ prolapse, CTR Control, SNP Single-nucleotide polymorphism, CI Confidence interval, OR Odds ratio a Global P -value was 7.1 E-03 after 10,000 permutations The goodness-of-fit χ 2 test for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium “1” represents the major allele and “2” represents the minor allel Allelic and genotypic association of 9 SNPs in LAMC1 gene with POP POP Pelvic organ prolapse, CTR Control, SNP Single-nucleotide polymorphism, CI Confidence interval, OR Odds ratio a Global P -value was 7.1 E-03 after 10,000 permutations

Pelvic floor dysfunction is a major health issue for older women, and genetic factors are considered to play an important role in the pathophysiology of this disorder. In the present study, we performed an association study to investigate the common variants of LAMC1 in POP susceptibility. A total of 10 SNPs, including 3 SNPs reported previously and 7 tag SNPs across the LAMC1 gene locus, were selected for analysis. Among them, SNP rs10911241 showed both significant allelic and genotypic association with POP. LAMC1 gene is a large gene spanning 122 Kb and containing 28 coding exons, which encodes the gamma-1 chain of laminin. Laminins are important extracellular matrix glycoproteins, which composed of three chains: alpha, beta and gamma, creating 15 different isoforms. Laminins are the major non-collagenous constituent of basement membranes. Laminins are known to be involved in a variety of cellular mechanisms such as regulation of cell adhesion, differentiation, and migration [ 17 , 18 ]. The polymorphisms of LAMC1 gene have been reported to be associated with colorectal cancer, premature ovarian failure and Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome ( MRKHS ) [ 15 , 19 , 20 ]. Together with laminin, many kinds of proteins can synergize to maintain the pelvic support organization, involving collagens (I, II and III) [ 16 ], MMP family menbers which could cleave fibrillar collagen and denature peptides [ 21 ], LOXL1 [ 22 ] and so on. Based on the functions of these genes in POP development, we hypothesized that variants in these genes might be associated with POP risk. For LAMC1 , rs10911193 showed significant association with POP risk previously [ 11 ]. Supporting our results, rs376617 and rs12073836 were previously studied by Wu et al. [ 14 ] and neither one showed association with POP. The absence of significant association of the above mentioned SNPs and POP risk in our cohort of samples might be due to the following reasons. First, the number of samples in both previous studies and the present study was small, which may cause inconsistent results as a result of sampling error. Second, population stratification, which can largely be dealt with statistically due to the difference in allele frequencies among subpopulations, would play an important role [ 23 ]. In addition, we genotyped seven new tag SNPs, explored their association with POP, and found that SNP rs10911241 was significantly associated with POP in both allelic and genotypic manners. Notably, rs10911241 was in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs10911193 ( R 2  = 1) while in weak LD with rs20558 or rs20563 ( R 2  = 0.079) in Chinese Han populations, suggesting that rs10911193-rs10911241 locus may be a truly positive signal for POP risk. Surprisingly, rs10911193 only exhibited a trend of association with POP despite of strong LD between rs10911193 and rs10911241, which is largely due to limited sample size recruited in the current study. Another important issue in a case-control study is careful selection of the control subjects considering that environmental components (such as increased gravity, increased time in post-menopausal status, etc) may also confer risk for POP. We can’t exclude the possibility that difference of environmental factors between cases and controls may confound the association results. Moreover, we do not know the ideal method for phenotyping pelvic organ prolapse. This point highlights the importance for future research into how best to phenotype prolapse, as well as the other pelvic floor disorders, and the importance of genetic and genetic epidemiological research of pelvic floor disorders. In summary, we repeated the association of three LAMC1 SNPs and seven new tag SNPs with POP risk in Chinese population, and found SNP rs10911241 to be significantly associated with POP risk, further in support of the important functions of LAMC1 in POP development. Our results provided evidences for further investigation of LAMC1 in the pathophysiology of prolapse.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a major health concern for women in menopausal period, greatly impair overall quality of life (QoL) [ 1 ]. Recent epidemiology studies showed that symptomatic POP affected nearly 15% of postmenopausal women in China [ 2 ], and 6–19% of them undergo surgery for POP, while up to 29% undergo reoperation within 3 to 5 years [ 3 ]. Though many studies have been conducted to unravel the molecular basis of POP, the underlying pathophysiology mechanisms remain largely unknown. Both environmental factors, including vaginal parity, advancing age, obesity, prior surgery and hormonal status, and genetic variants have been reported to contribute to increased risk of POP [ 4 ]. Twins study showed that genetic factors accounted for 43% susceptibility of POP [ 5 ]. There is increasing evidence that POP is familial clustering and heritable. The relative risks of POP were significantly elevated in first- and third-degree female relatives [ 6 ]. In addition, a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis revealed that family history was one of the major risk factors for prolapse recurrence after reconstructive surgery [ 7 ]. Mechanistically, POP is biomechanical weakness of pelvic supportive tissues due to disturbance in connective tissue metabolism [ 8 ]. The connective tissue contains relatively few kinds of cells, most of which are fibroblasts, producing components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Up till now, several genes of ECM have been reported to be associated with POP though association study and linkage analysis, such as MMP-1 , MMP-3 , MMP-9 [ 9 ], COLIA1 and LAMC1 [ 10 ]. Among them, LAMC1 , which encodes the laminin gamma 1 chain and is critical for ECM, has been investigated for association with POP in European and American populations. Nikolova et al. identifies one SNP, rs10911193, located in LAMC1 in a study of familial prolapse [ 11 ]. However, the correlation of LAMC1 with POP susceptibility was absent in several different populations [ 12 – 14 ]. Chen et al. performed a case-control study of 265 Caucasians and 146 African Americans, and reported 3 SNPs in LAMC1 , namely rs10911193, rs20563 and rs20558 [ 12 ]. However, no significant SNPs of LAMC1 were associated with advanced prolapse within ethnicities. Wu et al. genotyped 14 SNPs in LAMC1 and failed to correlate these SNPs with POP risk among 239 POP patients and 197 healthy individuals in American populations [ 14 ]. In contrast to the extensive studies in European and American populations, whether LAMC1 was associated with POP risk in Chinese population remains to be investigated. In the present study, we hypothesized that common variants in LAMC1 might contribute to POP in the Chinese population. To test our hypothesis, we genotyped three previously reported risk SNPs and seven tag SNPs, across LAMC1 , and tested their association with POP susceptibility.