A Cultural Ecosystem Services Assessment Framework for Classical Gardens: Integrating Social Media Data and Public Perception in Chinese Classical Gardens

A Cultural Ecosystem Services Assessment Framework for Classical Gardens: Integrating Social Media Data and Public Perception in Chinese Classical Gardens | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A Cultural Ecosystem Services Assessment Framework for Classical Gardens: Integrating Social Media Data and Public Perception in Chinese Classical Gardens Menglin LIU, Shenghai ZHANG, Jing XIE, Dajiang SUN, Mian YANG, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9050282/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Chinese classical gardens, as green cultural heritage that integrates natural aesthetic creation with humanistic expression, possess irreplaceable cultural, artistic, and ecological value. They offer crucial references for contemporary cultural heritage conservation, sustainable landscape design, and the harmonization of human - land relationships. The cultural ecosystem services (CES) they embody serve as a key dimension for understanding the relationship between traditional garden - building wisdom and contemporary public experiences. In the era of big data, public experiences and perceptions of CES are increasingly expressed through evolving social media platforms, providing a rich data source for revealing the cultural service value of heritage sites. This study examines 21 representative Chinese classical gardens in Sichuan Province, China. Based on online user review data, it constructs an evaluation framework for classical garden CES based on visitor perception to identify and quantify the primary service types and their perceived intensity at cultural heritage sites. Combining sentiment analysis and clustering methods, it explores the perceptual characteristics and emotional tendencies of the public towards CES in Chinese classical gardens. Results indicate that aesthetic appreciation and historical/cultural value are the most frequently discussed CES categories, with generally positive sentiment evaluations. Services like educational research and ecological regulation, though less frequently mentioned, are often accompanied by highly positive emotions when referenced, exhibiting distinct “hidden value” characteristics. Cluster analysis based on CES word frequency further categorizes the 21 gardens into five types: natural and spiritual experience - oriented, history - culture and aesthetics - dominant, comprehensive service - oriented, religious and historical gathering place - oriented, and historical architecture and cultural display - oriented. This reveals the differentiated characteristics of cultural service provision in Chinese classical gardens. This study expands the evaluation methodology for the CES of green cultural heritage from the visitor perception perspective, providing methodological support and practical references for interpreting the value of classical gardens, formulating differentiated conservation strategies, and optimizing visitor experiences. Classical Gardens Cultural Ecosystem Services CES Evaluation Framework Green Heritage Conservation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Cultural heritage refers to tangible and intangible heritage assets passed down through generations by a community or society, embodying historical memory, cultural identity, and collective wisdom [ 1 ].In today༇s era of accelerated urbanization, cultural heritage conservation has expanded from the preservation of individual structures to the living transmission of holistic landscapes and humanistic ecosystems. It is now recognized as a critical issue for promoting global sustainable urban development (SDG 11.4) [ 2 ].In recent years, as the concept of ༂cultural landscapes༂ has been integrated into heritage conservation frameworks, academic understanding of heritage types has undergone a profound shift. Green cultural heritage has gradually emerged as a new focus within the international heritage community [ 3 ].Unlike traditional cultural heritage that emphasizes physical structures, green cultural heritage highlights the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. Its value lies not only in bearing historical witness and artistic achievement but also in providing ecosystem services—particularly in regulating the physical and mental health of contemporary urban residents and offering spiritual solace [ 4 ]. As a quintessential example of green cultural heritage, classical gardens integrate architecture, landscapes, flora, and cultural significance, carrying profound historical memory and cultural value [ 5 ]. They serve as vital conduits for understanding ancient human-environmental wisdom and contemporary heritage value [ 6 ].Currently, international scholarship on classical gardens has expanded beyond singular discussions of landscaping techniques to encompass diverse dimensions such as cultural identity construction, heritage revitalization, and social service functions. This shift emphasizes their value in dynamic preservation and spiritual continuity within contemporary urban life [ 7 ].Among these, classical gardens serve as crucial repositories of China༇s outstanding traditional culture, and multiple sites have been designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. They represent the remarkable achievements of ancient China in philosophical thought, artistic aesthetics, engineering techniques, and ecological wisdom [ 8 ].Its design emphasizes a dynamic spatial narrative where “the scenery changes with every step,” showcasing a distinctive garden - making philosophy that integrates humanistic values with nature. It stands as a green heritage that encourages both exploration and habitation[ 9 ]. In today༇s era of rapid globalization and urbanization, how to effectively protect and sustainably manage these precious cultural heritage sites so that they can continue to fulfill their ecological, cultural, and spiritual functions in contemporary life has become a significant research topic in the field of heritage conservation[ 10 ]. Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES), as a significant category of ecosystem services, encompass recreation, ecotourism, aesthetics, culture, history, education, and multiple dimensions including spiritual/religious values [ 11 – 14 ]. Such services are relatively easy for visitors to perceive and appreciate [ 15 ].CES holds significant theoretical and practical reference value in landscape heritage conservation due to its complex interplay with other ecosystem services [ 16 ].In-depth research on the CES of classical gardens not only reveals their multifaceted value as green heritage but also provides scientific basis for the living transmission and sustainable management of such heritage [ 17 ]. In recent years, academia has increasingly focused on the cultural ecosystem service value of classical gardens. Particularly from a multisensory experience perspective, research shows that these gardens not only provide visual aesthetic pleasure but also bring intangible benefits through auditory, olfactory, tactile, and gustatory aspects, offering visitors spiritual comfort, cultural identification, recreational enjoyment, and environmental education [ 18 ]. These cultural ecosystem services further emphasize the lasting ecological and cultural functions, as well as the humanistic significance, of classical gardens in contemporary society. They provide new theoretical foundations and practical insights for garden conservation, sustainable management, and landscape design [ 19 ]. However, despite existing research efforts to construct CES evaluation frameworks for modern infrastructure, which emphasize the importance of localized classification criteria in accurately capturing cultural value, there is still a lack of specialized evaluation frameworks tailored to the cultural characteristics of traditional green cultural heritage sites, such as classical gardens. This deficiency makes it difficult to systematically assess visitors༇ perceptions of their CES [ 20 ].Over the years, through the sustained efforts of scholars in various fields, significant progress has been made in classifying and evaluating ecosystem services. However, due to the intangible, subjective, and ambiguous nature of Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) themselves, assessing their value remains highly challenging. When visiting and appreciating the Chinese classical gardens, tourists develop perceptions and form emotional attachments and preferences [ 21 ].These experiences and cognitions of cultural services belong to the psychological spatial dimension, yet there is currently no definitive evaluation framework to capture such cognitive aspects [ 22 ].Regarding research topics, current studies on CES both domestically and internationally primarily focus on: Perceptual differences among stakeholders regarding urban green spaces ; The influence of biophysical, sociodemographic, and institutional factors on perceptions ;Utilizing perceptions as a means to evaluate, map, and conduct quantitative research on CES - Exploring stakeholders༇ sociocultural preferences ;The relationship between CES and landscape characteristics [ 23 – 29 ].However, studies on the Perceived Environmental Satisfaction (PES) of classical gardens remain relatively scarce[ 30 ].Existing evaluation frameworks for classical gardens primarily rely on qualitative descriptions based on expert experience and multi-criteria decision-making models (such as AHP and cloud models). These studies have significantly enhanced the scientific rigor of heritage condition monitoring and conservation decision-making, particularly in deterioration diagnosis, risk classification, and restoration priority determination. Nevertheless, current evaluation systems remain overly focused on the physical attributes of classical gardens, lacking a systematic understanding of cultural ecosystem services grounded in visitor experience and perception[ 31 ]. Therefore, this study focuses on 21 representative classical gardens in western Sichuan, China, selecting social media texts as the primary data source to construct a CES evaluation framework based on visitor perceptions. The study aims to: (1) establish a CES classification system and evaluation methodology applicable to classical garden heritage; (2) identify public perception characteristics and emotional tendencies toward classical garden CES through sentiment analysis and clustering; (3) classify study sites based on CES perception differences, providing empirical evidence and strategic references for the conservation management, value interpretation, and sustainable development of classical gardens. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area As a significant branch of Chinese classical gardens, the classical gardens in Western Sichuan which is called West Shu gardens hold an indispensable position in both the Chinese classical garden tradition and global garden art, complete panorama of Chinese classical gardens through their cultural expressions and heritage value [ 32 ]. This is because of their landscape - adaptive, subtly profound layout techniques and profound historical and cultural heritage. As a significant regional school within China༇s classical garden system, West Shu gardens were shaped by the unique natural landscape, profound historical and cultural heritage, and the fusion of Taoist and Confucian philosophies of the West Shu region. This led to the aesthetic characteristics of ༂literary refinement and serene seclusion༂ and the artistic style of ༂graceful and ethereal༂ [ 33 ].Among these, memorial gardens honoring historical figures—such as Du Fu༇s Thatched Cottage and the Shrine of the Martial Sage—are particularly representative, standing as iconic spiritual landmarks in Chinese cultural history [ 34 ].As ༂living historical carriers,༂ West Shu gardens not only preserve architectural relics from successive dynasties but also carry the historical memories of figures ranging from Tang - Song literati to Three Kingdoms heroes, holding an irreplaceable position in the material transmission of China༇s outstanding traditional culture[ 35 ].Based on this, this study selects Sichuan Province as its research area. Located between 97°21′ and 108°31′ east longitude and 26°01′ and 34°21′ north latitude, this inland region in southwest China is both the birthplace and primary distribution area of West Shu gardens. West Shu gardens deeply integrate the natural landscape patterns, indigenous cultural heritage, and daily - life aesthetics of the Sichuan region, exhibiting distinct regional identity. They are typically categorized into eight types: ancestral hall gardens, guild hall gardens, mausoleum gardens, scenic gardens, temple gardens, Confucian temple gardens, government office gardens, and residential gardens. Accordingly, this study selected 21 representative West Shu garden sites within Sichuan Province—including Du Fu Thatched Cottage, Wuhou Temple, Wangjiang Pavilion, Three Su Shrine, and Yanhuachi—as research subjects (Fig. 1 ) to construct a cultural ecosystem services evaluation framework applicable to classical gardens. 2.2 Data Source and Preprocessing This study comprises four steps: data collection and processing, dictionary construction, sentiment analysis. and statistical analysis (Fig. 2 ). 2.2.1 Data Collection and Processing Ctrip.com is China༇s leading comprehensive tourism service platform. Users can freely publish reviews and multimedia content based on their personal experiences after completing hotel bookings, attraction visits, or itinerary experiences. As a platform aggregating large-scale, real-time user-generated content, its review data effectively reflects tourists༇ authentic perceptions and satisfaction with destinations [ 36 – 40 ].In this study, publicly available review data for 21 representative classical gardens located within Sichuan Province were systematically collected from Ctrip.com via the platform's application programming interface (API). The structured data fields obtained included: username, rating (typically 1–5 stars), review publication date, and review text content. 2.2.2 Dictionary Construction Word segmentation processing and high-frequency term extraction. Unlike English, Chinese and other similar languages require word segmentation before analysis. ROST CM6 is a public - benefit social computing and text mining platform developed by Professor Shenyang༇s team at Wuhan University, specifically designed for humanities and social science research. Its core word - segmentation function automatically divides Chinese text into space - separated words or phrases, which serves as the foundational prerequisite for all subsequent text mining tasks, such as word frequency analysis and sentiment analysis. This study employed this tool to segment each comment into words. It removed terms that were irrelevant to the research topic or lacked clear preference and then extracted high - frequency words. (Fig. 3 ) Evaluation Framework and Indicator Development An interdisciplinary panel of 11 experts from ecology, landscape architecture, cultural tourism, and environmental science developed the classical garden cultural service evaluation framework and indicators through expert assessment methods. Based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB), the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES V5.1), and relevant research on UGS [ 41 – 43 ].These were evaluated and screened for applicability, representativeness, and feasibility, ultimately identifying ten classical garden cultural ecosystem service types as first-level indicators. Then, high-frequency words identified through text analysis were screened and categorized until expert consensus was reached. This process ultimately formed the foundational classification for the secondary indicators of classical garden CES thematic keyword matching. Together with the 10 primary indicators and 151 secondary indicators, these elements collectively constitute the framework for classical garden CES evaluation. (Table 1 and Table 2 ) Table 1 Research on Cultural Ecosystem Services in Chinese Classical Gardens CES Categories Definition Number of Terms Total Recreational Activities Refers to the various recreational and cultural activities experienced in Chinese Classical gardens, which aim to provide visitors with pleasure, relaxation, and a sense of respite. 9 170 Aesthetic Appreciation Refers to the aesthetic experiences and artistic enjoyment derived from the landscapes, spatial compositions, and artistic conception of Chinese classical gardens, perceived through visual and other sensory modalities. 39 Physical and Mental Health Refers to various recreational and cultural activities conducted within Chinese classical gardens, aimed at achieving pleasure, relaxation, and rest. 8 History and Culture Refers to the historical heritage, traditional culture, and collective memory embodied, inherited, and presented by Chinese classical gardens as material carriers. 56 Religion Refers to the specific spaces and spiritual atmosphere provided by Chinese classical gardens for religious rituals, spiritual practice, or contemplative activities related to faith. 12 Social Interaction Refers to the social function of Chinese classical gardens as public spaces for fostering communication, gatherings, and collaboration among people. 6 Sense of Place Refers to the sense of identity, belonging, and emotional attachment to a place that people develop within Chinese classical gardens, representing the emotional bond between people and the land. 18 Spiritual Value Services Refers to the profound spiritual experiences—such as philosophical contemplation, sudden enlightenment, or a sense of the sublime concerning life and the cosmos—that transcend the ordinary and are evoked by Chinese classical gardens. 15 Educational and Research Services Refers to the support provided by Chinese classical gardens as a living physical teaching resource and research subject for scientific education, academic research, and knowledge dissemination. 4 Ecological Regulation Services Refers to the climate regulation, environmental purification, and biological support functions achieved by the Chinese classical gardens ecosystem through their structure and processes. 3 Table 2 Perceptual Vocabulary List for Chinese Classical Garden Culture Category Vocabulary A. Recreational Activities Rest, Experience, Interest, Games, Tourism, Enjoyment, Sightseeing, Du Fu, Recreation B. Aesthetic Appreciation Landscape, Garden, Scenic Spot, Striking, Distinctive, Elegant, Holistic, Sculpture, Park, Design, Gate, Rural, Fresh, Color, Beautiful, Natural, Art, Architectural Complex, Scenic Area, Music, View, Climate, Landscape, Arts, Ancient Architecture, Architecture, Rich, Value, Theme, Plaza, Collection, Rustic, Garden, Landscape, Bamboo Grove, Awe-inspiring, Magnificent, Grand C. Physical and Mental Health Serene, mountain climbing, exercise, ascending, elderly, health, sun, mood E. Religion Value, Variety, Atmosphere, Taoism, Ambience, Taoist Temple, Worship, Religion, Sacred Site, Bodhisattva, Pure Sound, Holy Place D. History and Culture Literature, ancient architecture, architecture, city, stories, culture, tradition, customs, cultural relics, novels, legends, endeavors, literature, Northern Song Dynasty, era, research, knowledge, East, AD, commemoration, calligraphy, articles, depth, writing, ancient, ruins, red, era, materials, ancient, history, Southwest, language, Chengdu City, period, atmosphere,Taoism, ambiance, Taoist temple, education, preservation, protection, tea, creation, poet, poetry, former residence, humanities, ruins, poetic history, red walls, cultural relics, story, Three Kingdoms, ancient people, heritage F. Social Interaction Education, Activities, Life, Interaction, Commentary, Forecast G. Sense of Place Unique, Beijing, locality, residence, Guangzhou, local, representative, Henan, Xi༇an, local, Sichuan, land, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, strong, Grass Hut, Meishan, Mount Emei H. Spiritual Value Services Serene, Spiritual, Ideal, Freedom, Brilliant, Symbolic, Creative, Brilliant, Strong, Feeling, Poetic, Depth, Tranquil, Vivid, Interesting I. Educational Research Services Visits, Learning, Science, Guidance J. Ecological Regulation Services Weather, air, freshness 2.2.3 Sentiment Analysis To quantitatively assess the emotional tendencies embedded in visitors༇ textual reviews of Chinese Classical gardens, we conducted sentiment analysis using a deep learning-based probabilistic classification framework. The core of this computational workflow is a pre-trained language model specifically optimized for sentiment analysis tasks. (Fig. 4 ) We employed SKEP (Sentiment Knowledge Enhanced Pre - training), a Transformer - based pre - trained model that incorporates sentiment knowledge during pre - training [ 44 , 45 ].Unlike general-purpose language models that focus solely on linguistic coherence, SKEP is pre-trained with a sentiment masking objective: it automatically mines sentiment knowledge (including sentiment words, word polarity, and opinion pairs) from large-scale unlabeled corpora and then learns to recover this masked sentiment information. This architecture enables the model to develop a deeper understanding of emotional expressions in text. For each visitor comment, the text is first tokenized into sub word units and converted into input embeddings. These embeddings pass through multiple layers of Transformer encoders, which compute contextualized representations through self-attention mechanisms. The final hidden state corresponding to the \(`\left[\text{C}\text{L}\text{S}\right]`\) token is then fed into a softmax classification layer, which maps the semantic vector into the sentiment category space. Formally, given an input text \(\left(\text{x}\right)\) , the model computes the probability distribution over sentiment categories \((\text{y}\in\{\text{p}\text{o}\text{s}\text{i}\text{t}\text{i}\text{v}\text{e}\) , \(\text{n}\text{e}\text{g}\text{a}\text{t}\text{i}\text{v}\text{e}\) , \(\text{n}\text{e}\text{u}\text{t}\text{r}\text{a}\text{l}\left\}\right)\) as: $$\text{P}\left(\text{y}\right|\text{x})=\text{s}\text{o}\text{f}\text{t}\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}(\text{W}{\text{h}}_{\left[\text{C}\text{L}\text{S}\right]}+\text{b})$$ where \(({\text{h}}_{\left[\text{C}\text{L}\text{S}\right]}\in{\mathbb{R}}^{\text{d}})\) is the contextualized representation of the \(`\left[\text{C}\text{L}\text{S}\right]`\) token from the final Transformer layer, and \(\left(\text{W}\in{\mathbb{R}}^{3\times\text{d}}\right)\) , \((\mathbf{b}\in{\mathbb{R}}^{3})\) are learnable parameters. The predicted sentiment category \(\left(\widehat{\text{y}}\right)\) is the one with the highest probability: $$\widehat{\text{y}}=\text{arg}\underset{\text{y}}{\text{max}}\text{P}\left(\text{y}\right|\text{x})$$ For each comment, the model outputs four metrics: (1) the predicted sentiment category (positive, negative, or neutral), (2) the probability score for the positive class \(({\text{p}}_{\text{p}\text{o}\text{s}}\in[\text{0,1}\left]\right)\) , (3) the probability score for the negative class \(({\text{p}}_{\text{n}\text{e}\text{g}}\in[\text{0,1}\left]\right)\) , and (4) a confidence score, typically derived from the maximum probability value or the entropy of the probability distribution. The positive and negative probabilities represent continuous measures of sentiment intensity, capturing the gradation of visitors༇ emotional responses rather than merely discrete categories. This transformed unstructured subjective comments into two-dimensional emotional features—affective valence (positive vs. negative) and affective intensity (probability scores)—providing a reliable quantitative foundation for the subsequent evaluation of visitors༇ cultural ecosystem service experiences. 2.2.4 Statistical Analysis To scientifically identify spatial types with similar service characteristics, this study employed hierarchical cluster analysis to objectively classify study locations. The core advantage of this method lies in its ability to incrementally generate a hierarchical classification through computational similarity analysis without the need for predefined category numbers. This approach reveals latent, natural spatial grouping patterns and demonstrates broad applicability in landscape perception and evaluation research. All clustering analyses in this study were conducted using the professional statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. First, the text data obtained through content analysis underwent quantitative processing (here, the theoretical formula for quantification should also be listed). The relative word frequency was calculated for each study site across ten predefined cultural ecosystem service categories. Subsequently, the Systematically Organized Clustering procedure in SPSS was selected. 21 classical garden study sites were used as cases, and the relative word frequencies of the aforementioned ten service categories were used as clustering variables. To determine the similarity among cases, this study employed squared Euclidean distance as the metric. This method effectively amplifies differences between cases, enhancing the distinctiveness of classification results. After preliminary comparisons of multiple linkage methods, the intra - group linkage method was selected. This method minimizes internal variation within merged clusters, producing relatively balanced - sized categories and is considered a robust choice. A dendrogram was ultimately generated. By observing coefficient changes within the dendrogram and integrating qualitative insights into the cultural context of classical gardens, the final classification scheme was established, enabling systematic identification and categorization of the 21 study sites. 3. Results 3.1 Word Frequency and Sentiment Score Among the ten CES categories examined, terms related to aesthetic appreciation had the highest frequency (0.618) and an emotional score of 0.949. This indicates that the public places the greatest emphasis on the aesthetic value of Chinese classical gardens in related discussions, showing high emotional resonance and satisfaction. Historical and cultural services had a word frequency of 0.562 and an affect score of 0.954, indicating that the historical significance and cultural value of Chinese classical gardens are also key concerns of the public, receiving positive affective evaluations. Entertainment-related terms appeared with a frequency of 0.335 and an emotional score of 0.955. Although this category received less attention than aesthetic and historical-cultural aspects, public satisfaction remained at a relatively high level. Terms related to a sense of place had a frequency of 0.426 and an emotional score of 0.953, reflecting that the public perceived and affirmed a certain degree of place identity and emotional attachment during their experiences in Chinese classical gardens. Additionally, while spiritual value services and religious CES terms had relatively low frequencies (0.217 and 0.123, respectively), their sentiment scores remained high (0.970 and 0.951). This indicates that although these topics appear less frequently in public discourse, when mentioned, they are often accompanied by strong positive emotional expressions. In contrast, terms related to social interaction (word frequency 0.226, sentiment score 0.950) and physical and mental health (word frequency 0.103, sentiment score 0.937) appeared less frequently, yet still received positive sentiment evaluations. This indicates that while these services are not mainstream topics in public discussions, their value is recognized. Educational research services and ecological regulation services exhibited the lowest word frequencies at 0.068 and 0.069 respectively, with sentiment scores of 0.962 and 0.954. This reflects limited direct public discussion regarding the educational research and ecological service functions of Chinese classical gardens, yet when mentioned, the sentiment toward these aspects is highly positive (Fig. 5 ) (Table 3 ). Table 3 CES Lexical Frequency and Sentiment Scores for Chinese Classical Gardens CES Category Word Frequency Sentiment Score Recreational Activities 0.335 0.955 Aesthetic Appreciation 0.618 0.949 Physical and Mental Health 0.103 0.937 History and Culture 0.562 0.954 Religion 0.123 0.951 Social Interaction 0.226 0.950 Sense of Place 0.426 0.953 Spiritual Value Services 0.217 0.970 Teaching and Research Services 0.068 0.962 Ecological Regulation Services 0.069 0.954 3.2 Classification of West Shu Gardens Based on CES Term Frequency Based on CES term frequency analysis, we ultimately categorized 21classical sites into five types: I. Nature and Spiritual Experience Type, II. History, Culture, and Aesthetic Dominance Type, III. Comprehensive Service Type, IV. Religious and Historical Gathering Site Type, V. Historical Architecture and Cultural Exhibition Type. Based on the frequency analysis of terms related to the conditions and service dimensions of each garden type (Figure), we examined the characteristics of these five classical garden categories. (Table 4 , Fig. 6 ) Among the 21 classical gardens, four belong to the Natural and Spiritual Experience Type (Type I) , primarily comprising ancient temples and famous mountains built amidst landscapes such as Baoguo Temple, Mount Emei, Fuhu Temple, and Mount Qingcheng. Among the service dimensions, ༂sense of place༂ exhibited the highest word frequency, likely reflecting these gardens༇ role as regional cultural and spiritual symbols. Dimensions closely tied to natural experiences—aesthetic appreciation and physical/mental well-being—also showed high frequencies, as these gardens serve as primary venues for visitors to engage with natural landscapes and relax. Thirteen sites fall under the category of History and Culture/Aesthetic-Dominant Gardens (Type II) . Among these 21 gardens, 13 are heritage sites bearing cultural legacies, including Chongzhou Confucian Temple, Yanhuachi, and Dujiangyan Irrigation System. Among service dimensions, ༂history and culture༂ and ༂aesthetic appreciation༂ appear most frequently, highlighting the significance of classical gardens༇ cultural and artistic attributes, followed by supporting functions like ༂educational and research services.༂ These gardens typically center on showcasing historical relics and presenting traditional garden artistry, facilitating cultural visits and aesthetic experiences for visitors. The region features one comprehensive service garden (Type III) , namely Du Fu Thatched Cottage, which boasts a relatively large area and well-developed functional facilities. Such gardens either embody diverse cultural values or serve as core urban cultural and recreational spaces. Among various service dimensions, ༂recreational activities,༂ ༂history and culture,༂ and ༂sense of place༂ frequently appear as core carriers of comprehensive functions. In high-frequency service experience keywords, comments related to ༂tourist check-ins,༂ ༂cultural experiences,༂ and ༂citizen leisure༂ stand out. Activity types such as cultural exhibitions, educational tours, and recreational outings also garner significant attention. Two gardens fall under the religious and historical gathering site category (Type IV) , including the Huguang Guild Hall and Qingyang Palace. These gardens vary in size but exhibit distinct functional orientations. Among service dimensions, ༂religion༂ and ༂history and culture༂ show significantly higher frequency than other categories, reflecting their core attributes as specialized venues. Such gardens typically feature dedicated spaces for religious activities and historical exhibitions, facilitating internal gatherings for specific groups. One garden falls under the historical architecture and cultural exhibition category (Type V) , namely the Xiqin Guild Hall. Unlike gardens dominated by multifunctional purposes, this type centers on ༂history and culture༂ and ༂aesthetic appreciation༂ as core services, serving as a specialized exhibition space highlighting merchant guild history and architectural artistry. Table 4 Classification of Scenic Spots and CES Word Frequency Attraction Name Category A. Recreational Activities B. Aesthetic Appreciation C. Physical and Mental Health D. History and Culture E. Religion Baoguo Temple Ⅰ 0.122 0.423 0.077 0.212 0.083 Chongzhou Confucian Temple II 0.107 0.679 0.000 0.786 0.000 Chongzhou Yanhuachi II 0.225 0.753 0.124 0.506 0.039 Daiyi Liu Family Manor II 0.198 0.473 0.021 0.455 0.016 Deyang Confucian Temple II 0.130 0.435 0.000 0.554 0.065 Dujiangyan II 0.256 0.794 0.059 0.584 0.033 Du Fu Thatched Cottage Ⅲ 0.930 0.850 0.129 0.844 0.116 Mount Emei I 0.376 0.731 0.324 0.257 0.302 Fuhu Temple Ⅰ 0.194 0.612 0.179 0.104 0.060 Huguang Guild Hall IV 0.167 0.500 0.000 0.833 0.500 Liu Bei༇s Tomb II 0.100 0.350 0.350 0.850 0.050 Erwang Temple II 0.092 0.550 0.400 0.697 0.248 Mount Qingcheng Ⅰ 0.291 0.745 0.268 0.430 0.311 Qingyang Palace IV 0.168 0.478 0.080 0.801 0.624 Three Su Shrine II 0.193 0.457 0.046 0.506 0.058 Wangjianglou Park II 0.157 0.784 0.047 0.529 0.051 Wenshu Monastery II 0.173 0.367 0.033 0.474 0.115 Wuhou Temple II 0.301 0.469 0.034 0.747 0.077 Xijia Mountain Dwellings II 0.200 0.833 0.000 0.367 0.000 West Qin Guild Hall V 0.167 1.333 0.000 1.500 0.167 Yongling Museum II 0.135 0.518 0.021 0.546 0.050 Table 4 (continued) Attraction Name F. Social Interaction G. Sense of Place H. Spiritual Value Services I. Educational and Research Services J. Ecological Regulation Services Baoguo Temple 0.115 0.718 0.064 0.045 0.032 Chongzhou Confucian Temple 0.107 0.536 0.000 0.107 0.071 Chongzhou Yanhuachi 0.039 0.466 0.180 0.017 0.034 Daiyi Liu Family Manor 0.183 0.211 0.154 0.087 0.002 Deyang Confucian Temple 0.011 0.478 0.100 0.033 0.022 Dujiangyan 0.190 0.376 0.160 0.069 0.078 Du Fu Thatched Cottage 0.384 0.907 0.446 0.135 0.066 Mount Emei 0.055 0.746 0.166 0.015 0.194 Fuhu Temple 0.015 0.328 0.194 0.000 0.030 Huguang Guild Hall 0.000 0.667 0.333 0.000 0.000 Liu Bei༇s Tomb 0.000 0.400 0.100 0.000 0.000 Erwang Temple 0.055 0.284 0.101 0.037 0.009 Mount Qingcheng 0.035 0.302 0.191 0.019 0.189 Qingyang Palace 0.084 0.562 0.173 0.053 0.004 Three Su Shrine 0.218 0.280 0.194 0.088 0.000 Wangjianglou Park 0.043 0.310 0.180 0.024 0.055 Wenshu Monastery 0.206 0.384 0.300 0.052 0.009 Wuhou Temple 0.354 0.382 0.226 0.086 0.024 Xijia Mountain Village 0.000 0.433 0.000 0.033 0.067 West Qin Guild Hall 0.167 0.167 0.000 0.000 0.000 Yongling Museum 0.071 0.511 0.064 0.113 0.000 4. Discussion 4.1 Analysis of CES Characteristics in Classical Gardens Based on Social Media Text Through mining social media text data, this study reveals that the public's cultural ecosystem services (CES) perception of Chinese classical gardens exhibits characteristics of "aesthetic and historical-cultural dominance coupled with strong emotional identification." This differs markedly from the findings in related studies on general urban green spaces and parks. This study found that in the CES perception of Chinese classical gardens, aesthetic appreciation and historical culture both had significantly higher frequencies and emotional scores than other categories. This indicates that public attention toward Chinese classical gardens is more concentrated on the artistic conception they embody and their profound historical and cultural heritage. This contrasts with the findings from Shanghai and other locations where leisure and social interaction terms had the highest frequency, highlighting the unique attributes of Chinese classical gardens as green cultural heritage rather than ordinary recreational green spaces[ 46 ]. Furthermore, public comments frequently link specific landscape elements (such as architecture, couplets, and ancient trees) to historical figures and literary allusions, reflecting the gardens' cultural service value as "living historical carriers." Further analysis indicates that the perceived cultural ecosystem services (CES) of Chinese classical gardens have profound emotional and spiritual dimensions. Although the word frequencies of "spiritual value" and "religion" were relatively low, their emotional scores (e.g., 0.970 for spiritual value) ranked the highest. This reveals that while such experiences are not commonly articulated themes, they readily evoke resonance and positive emotional responses among visitors. Simultaneously, "sense of place" achieved a considerable word frequency (0.426) and positive evaluations. Descriptions such as "unique," "profound," and "authentically Chinese" frequently appeared in the comments. This indicates that against the backdrop of rapid urbanization, Chinese classical gardens provide the public with a spiritually significant refuge and a space for emotional identification. In contrast, "recreational activities" (word frequency 0.335) are often described along with phrases like "rich historical atmosphere" and "cultural ambiance." This indicates that their function is typically integrated into cultural and aesthetic experiences rather than serving as standalone attractions. While services such as "educational research" and "ecological regulation" had the lowest word frequencies, they elicited extremely positive sentiments when mentioned, suggesting their potential as widely accepted "implicit values." 4.2 Implications for Sustainable Cultural Heritage Management The perceived characteristics and typological differences of Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) in Chinese classical gardens revealed by this study provide evidence-based decision-making support for the sustainable management of green cultural heritage. Overall, planners and managers should holistically consider both "public perception needs" and "service value characteristics" as reflected in the attention shown by word frequency distributions and sentiment scores. They should incorporate the satisfaction indicated by CES into an optimized framework for resource allocation and conservation strategies. Specifically, while low-frequency, high-emotional categories (e.g., educational services, ecological regulation, spiritual value) exhibit "hidden value" characteristics, these possess significant potential to be activated and transformed into differentiated experiential offerings, which are closely linked to the deep psychological benefits of green cultural heritage in stress reduction and attention restoration[ 47 ].Based on this, this study further proposes the following classification management strategies according to the CES clustering results of 21 classical gardens: Type I: Nature and Spiritual Experience Gardens — Represented by Baoguo Temple, Mount Emei, Fuhu Temple, and Mount Qingcheng. The CES word - frequency structure for this category centers on ༂sense of place,༂ ༂aesthetic appreciation,༂ and ༂physical and mental health,༂ with emotional scores consistently above 0.93. This indicates strong public recognition of their regional spiritual symbolism and natural healing value. Management should prioritize preserving the authenticity of landscape configurations and the integrity of ecological processes. It should strictly control the addition of hard infrastructure to maintain spatial tranquility that aligns with spiritual experience needs. Simultaneously, green infrastructure such as ecological wellness trails and nature interpretation signage may be moderately introduced to transform ༂physical and mental health༂ services from implicit experiences into accessible functions, fulfilling the public༇s dual demands for natural healing and spiritual refuge [ 48 ]. Type II · History, Culture, and Aesthetics-Dominated Gardens — Encompassing 13 heritage spaces including Chongzhou Confucian Temple, Yanhuachi, and Dujiangyan. In these gardens, the frequency of terms like ༂history and culture༂ and ༂aesthetic appreciation༂ significantly exceeds other dimensions, making them core carriers of classical garden cultural heritage value While ༂educational and research services༂ extremely low frequency, their emotional score reaches 0.962, revealing a striking contrast of ༂high recognition, low perception.༂Future conservation and revitalization designs should integrate the gardens༇ historical contexts to excavate, preserve, and transmit distinctive cultural connotations. Innovative educational experience spaces should be designed to further enrich the gardens༇ CES offerings. Type III · Comprehensive Service Garden — Represented solely by Du Fu༇s Thatched Cottage, this garden exhibits with ༂high frequency and high sentiment comprehensive CES characteristics.༂ Word frequencies across all dimensions consistently exceed the sample average, particularly in ༂Recreational Activities,༂ ༂History and Culture,༂ ༂Sense of Place,༂ and ༂Spiritual Value,༂ reflecting the public༇s significant demand for ༂integrated multi-faceted experiences༂ within cultural landscapes. As a flagship for regional cultural services, future operations should optimize spatial zoning and visitor flow organization while ensuring heritage preservation enhance cultural performances, public engagement, and recreational activities, capabilities in to meet increasingly diverse public expectations. Type IV · Religious and Historical Assembly Site Gardens—Includes Huguang Guild Hall and Qingyang Palace. CES word frequencies for this category are dominated by ༂religion༂ and ༂history and culture,༂ reflecting their functional orientation as ritual spaces for specific groups and carriers of historical memory. The integration of religious symbols with garden culture, along with the spatial logic of religious architecture within the garden, endows these gardens with unique cultural characteristics [ 49 ]. Management should respect the irreplaceable nature of their religious functions and historical context, while moderately opening non-core areas for public access adding cultural and facilities to enhance public awareness and acceptance of marginalized or unfamiliar heritage types. Type V: Historical Buildings and Cultural Exhibition Gardens—Represented by the Xiqin Guild Hall. These gardens intensely focus on merchant guild history and architectural artistry, with ༂history and culture༂ and ༂aesthetic appreciation༂ far outpacing other dimensions in frequency, presenting a specialized, highly symbolic service model. Managers should deepen the exploration and dissemination of thematic cultural resources, reinforce the visual narrative logic of “changing views with every step” in garden circulation design [ 9 ],and reconstruct the historical context of merchant guild culture through spatial storytelling strategies [ 8 ].This approach enhances visitors༇ understanding of thematic cultural value and emotional engagement, solidifying the gardens༇ unique heritage positioning as “thematic cultural exhibition spaces.” 4.3 Limitations and Future Research Directions This study still has certain limitations. First, the selection of 21 classical gardens in Sichuan Province as research sites exhibits distinct regional characteristics. While this approach can reveal the perceived features of cultural ecosystem services (CES) in classical gardens to some extent, the conclusions may not be generalizable to other classical garden systems, such as Jiangnan gardens, Northern imperial gardens, or Lingnan gardens. Whether these findings can be generalized to other classical garden systems across regions, demographics, garden - building philosophies, or cultural environments remains to be verified by future research. Differences may necessitate further research for validation. Second, the data source primarily relies on reviews from Ctrip. While such data effectively captures visitors༇ immediate experiences, it fundamentally reflects the ༂visitor༂ perspective rather than that of ༂residents.༂ Classical gardens serve not only as tourist destinations but also as vital green heritage spaces for daily recreation, cultural identity, and social interaction within surrounding communities. Relying solely on tourism review data risks overlooking local residents༇ distinct CES needs and perceptions. We should also note that different software tools extract distinct types of social media data, each offering unique advantages for CES research. For instance, Flickr data is better suited for assessing spatial changes and conducting image content analysis, whereas Reddit and Twitter are more effective for evaluating textual data. These strengths and limitations should be considered throughout the research process [ 50 , 51 ].This study demonstrates that by mining comment information from online platforms and constructing a lexicon, a substantial amount of CES data regarding classical gardens can be obtained. However, similar to most social media data, the collected comments may lack broad representativeness. This is because the primary users of current travel review applications are mainly young and middle - aged individuals, while experiential data from children and the elderly remains relatively scarce [ 52 ].Regarding comment content, individuals with strong expressive desires are more inclined to post on review platforms, leading to a skewed emotional bias towards positive or negative sentiments, while neutral comments remain underrepresented. Future research should expand to include multiple regions of China༇s representative classical gardens, enhancing the framework through cross - regional comparisons. Simultaneously, integrating the applicability, data sources—combining online reviews with offline surveys, resident interviews, participatory mapping, and diverse local user service demands—will establish a CES evaluation system encompassing both ༂visitors and residents,༂ thereby promoting equitable governance of green cultural heritage. Furthermore, while the CES evaluation framework developed in this study is grounded in internationally recognized classifications and refined through multiple rounds of multidisciplinary expert review, the precise mapping of certain indicators to the unique local characteristics of Chinese classical gardens—such as memorial shrines, poetic bamboo imagery, and hydraulic wisdom—remains to be further explored. Simultaneously, the pre-trained language model employed for sentiment analysis in this study exhibits limitations in recognizing complex linguistic contexts such as irony, metaphor, and cultural allusions, which may lead to potential misjudgments of deeper emotional values. Future research could incorporate participatory validation mechanisms involving local communities, combining oral history and local documentation to contextually calibrate the sentiment lexicon. Employing more refined analytical techniques or integrating multimodal analysis with video and image data would enable a more nuanced exploration of deeper CES dimensions, such as the aesthetic ambience and spiritual resonance of classical gardens. 5. Conclusion Social media data reflects public experiences and emotions, serving as an effective method for studying visitor perceptions. This study analyzes social media data to identify types of CES (Cultural Ecosystem Services) perceived by the public.We selected Ctrip, China༇s leading comprehensive travel service platform, and 21 representative Chinese classical garden attractions in Sichuan province as research subjects. Ultimately, ten types of CES were identified: aesthetic appreciation and historical/cultural perception were the most frequently reported, while educational research services were perceived least frequently. Based on the CES types, we categorized the 21 sites into five groups: natural and spiritual experience - oriented, history/culture and aesthetics - dominant, comprehensive service - oriented, religious and historical gathering place - oriented, and historical architecture and cultural display - oriented. Additionally, we observed that although services like educational research and ecological regulation were mentioned less frequently in discussions, they often elicited exceptionally high positive emotional evaluations when referenced. This indicates that these ༂hidden services༂ possess significant potential for public acceptance and recognition. Future research could integrate data from multiple social media platforms (e.g., Weibo, Xiaohongshu) with image content analysis and spatio - temporal behavioral trajectories to deepen the understanding of cultural service perceptions. Simultaneously, comparative studies could be expanded to contrast cultural service perceptions between Western Sichuan gardens and those of the Jiangnan or Northern regions, thereby comprehensively revealing the cultural service characteristics and heritage value of classical Chinese gardens. These findings can motivate relevant planners, landscape designers, and policymakers to refine garden allocation decisions and green space planning. Declarations Competing Interests All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. Fundings This research was supported by Engineering Research Center of Chuanxibei Rural Human Settlements Construction in Sichuan Provincial College, No. RSH2025YB07; Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (No. 202511552035; No. S202511552053) Author Contribution Conceptualization, M.Y. and M.L.; methodology, M.L., M.Y and S.Z; software, M.L. and S.Z.; validation, M.Y., J.X., D.S., and J.L.; formal analysis, M.L. and S.Z.; investigation, M.L., Y.M. Z.L. and M.Y.; resources, M.Y., and J.L.; data curation, M.L. and S.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, M.L. and S.Z.; writing—review and editing, M.L., M.Y., J.X., D.S., and Z.L.; visualization, M.L., M.Y. and S.Z.; supervision, M.Y. and J.L.; project administration, M.Y.; funding acquisition, M.Y. and J.L..All authors reviewed the manuscript. References Xu JC, et al. Integrating sacred knowledge for conservation: Cultures and landscapes in southwest China. Ecol Soc. 2005;10(2):25. Xie J, et al. 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A cloud model-based quantitative assessment system for surface deterioration of Taihu rockery in Jiangnan gardens. J Asian Archit Building Eng, 2025: p. 19. Zhang CZ, et al. A Case Study Based on Space Syntax Theory: West Shu Garden of Qingxi, Dujiangyan Scenic Area. Sustainability. 2024;16(21):17. Dan. and Wu. Research on the Xishu Garden Based on Landscape Identity . 2018. Guo L et al. Digital preservation of classical gardens at the San Su Shrine. Herit Sci, 2024. 12. Dingying et al. History of Xindu Guihu Garden through Vernacular Landscape Symbol Analysis . 2018. Jiang M. Empirical Study on Emotional Perception and Restorative Effects of Suzhou Garden Landscapes: Text Mining and Statistical Analysis. Land, 2025. 14. Xu M, Wang Y, Yu H. Realms of aesthetic experience of classical Chinese gardens based on semantic analysis of online tourism reviews. Volume 12. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications; 2025. 1. Yin X, Han X, Jung T. 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SKEP: Sentiment Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Sentiment Analysis. 2020. Vaswani A et al. Attention Is All You Need. arXiv, 2017. Li J, et al. Insights into citizens༇ experiences of cultural ecosystem services in urban green spaces based on social media analytics. Landsc Urban Plann. 2024;244:9. Xie J, et al. The Restorative Potential of Green Cultural Heritage: Exploring Cultural Ecosystem Services༇ Impact on Stress Reduction and Attention Restoration. Forests. 2023;14(11):21. Loiselle BA et al. Assessing the impact of deforestation and climate change on the range size and environmental niche of bird species in the Atlantic forests, Brazil. J Biogeogr, 2010. 37(7). Zhang K. The Expression of Religion in Chinese Classical Garden Art and its Cultural Connotation. Cultura-International J Philos Cult Axiology. 2025;22(3):200–11. Huang JH, et al. Exploring public values through Twitter data associated with urban parks pre- and post- COVID-19. Landsc Urban Plann. 2022;227:26. NathanFox, et al. geodiversity supports cu1tura1 ecosystem services an assessment using socia1 media. Geoheritage. 2022;14(1):1–16. Gao Z, et al. Reinvestigating repurchase intentions for travel apps: a comparison of China༇s various tiers of cities. Asia Pac J Tourism Res. 2024;29(9):31. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9050282","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":603919692,"identity":"66f027ac-ddd5-4f58-b10b-cdb62da0bb90","order_by":0,"name":"Menglin LIU","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan Tourism University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Menglin","middleName":"","lastName":"LIU","suffix":""},{"id":603919695,"identity":"fa9701e6-980f-481b-a6e3-6e783f3a00c1","order_by":1,"name":"Shenghai ZHANG","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan Tourism 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15:51:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11005242,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWord Frequency Maps and Schematic Diagrams for Various Tourist Attractions\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig6WordFrequencyMapsandSchematicDiagramsforVariousTouristAttractions.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9050282/v1/564de8603e4213fd47b5be6a.jpg"},{"id":105904973,"identity":"e35f8081-71af-4809-8d1c-6111ba75dd45","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-01 10:11:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":17042497,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9050282/v1/d6cdc211-6bcb-48d5-9cd9-f86c69e08e8c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A Cultural Ecosystem Services Assessment Framework for Classical Gardens: Integrating Social Media Data and Public Perception in Chinese Classical Gardens","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCultural heritage refers to tangible and intangible heritage assets passed down through generations by a community or society, embodying historical memory, cultural identity, and collective wisdom [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].In today༇s era of accelerated urbanization, cultural heritage conservation has expanded from the preservation of individual structures to the living transmission of holistic landscapes and humanistic ecosystems. It is now recognized as a critical issue for promoting global sustainable urban development (SDG 11.4) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].In recent years, as the concept of ༂cultural landscapes༂ has been integrated into heritage conservation frameworks, academic understanding of heritage types has undergone a profound shift. Green cultural heritage has gradually emerged as a new focus within the international heritage community [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].Unlike traditional cultural heritage that emphasizes physical structures, green cultural heritage highlights the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. Its value lies not only in bearing historical witness and artistic achievement but also in providing ecosystem services\u0026mdash;particularly in regulating the physical and mental health of contemporary urban residents and offering spiritual solace [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a quintessential example of green cultural heritage, classical gardens integrate architecture, landscapes, flora, and cultural significance, carrying profound historical memory and cultural value [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. They serve as vital conduits for understanding ancient human-environmental wisdom and contemporary heritage value [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].Currently, international scholarship on classical gardens has expanded beyond singular discussions of landscaping techniques to encompass diverse dimensions such as cultural identity construction, heritage revitalization, and social service functions. This shift emphasizes their value in dynamic preservation and spiritual continuity within contemporary urban life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].Among these, classical gardens serve as crucial repositories of China༇s outstanding traditional culture, and multiple sites have been designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. They represent the remarkable achievements of ancient China in philosophical thought, artistic aesthetics, engineering techniques, and ecological wisdom [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].Its design emphasizes a dynamic spatial narrative where \u0026ldquo;the scenery changes with every step,\u0026rdquo; showcasing a distinctive garden - making philosophy that integrates humanistic values with nature. It stands as a green heritage that encourages both exploration and habitation[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. In today༇s era of rapid globalization and urbanization, how to effectively protect and sustainably manage these precious cultural heritage sites so that they can continue to fulfill their ecological, cultural, and spiritual functions in contemporary life has become a significant research topic in the field of heritage conservation[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural Ecosystem Services (CES), as a significant category of ecosystem services, encompass recreation, ecotourism, aesthetics, culture, history, education, and multiple dimensions including spiritual/religious values [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Such services are relatively easy for visitors to perceive and appreciate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].CES holds significant theoretical and practical reference value in landscape heritage conservation due to its complex interplay with other ecosystem services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].In-depth research on the CES of classical gardens not only reveals their multifaceted value as green heritage but also provides scientific basis for the living transmission and sustainable management of such heritage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, academia has increasingly focused on the cultural ecosystem service value of classical gardens. Particularly from a multisensory experience perspective, research shows that these gardens not only provide visual aesthetic pleasure but also bring intangible benefits through auditory, olfactory, tactile, and gustatory aspects, offering visitors spiritual comfort, cultural identification, recreational enjoyment, and environmental education [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. These cultural ecosystem services further emphasize the lasting ecological and cultural functions, as well as the humanistic significance, of classical gardens in contemporary society. They provide new theoretical foundations and practical insights for garden conservation, sustainable management, and landscape design [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, despite existing research efforts to construct CES evaluation frameworks for modern infrastructure, which emphasize the importance of localized classification criteria in accurately capturing cultural value, there is still a lack of specialized evaluation frameworks tailored to the cultural characteristics of traditional green cultural heritage sites, such as classical gardens. This deficiency makes it difficult to systematically assess visitors༇ perceptions of their CES [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].Over the years, through the sustained efforts of scholars in various fields, significant progress has been made in classifying and evaluating ecosystem services. However, due to the intangible, subjective, and ambiguous nature of Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) themselves, assessing their value remains highly challenging. When visiting and appreciating the Chinese classical gardens, tourists develop perceptions and form emotional attachments and preferences [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].These experiences and cognitions of cultural services belong to the psychological spatial dimension, yet there is currently no definitive evaluation framework to capture such cognitive aspects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].Regarding research topics, current studies on CES both domestically and internationally primarily focus on: Perceptual differences among stakeholders regarding urban green spaces ; The influence of biophysical, sociodemographic, and institutional factors on perceptions ;Utilizing perceptions as a means to evaluate, map, and conduct quantitative research on CES - Exploring stakeholders༇ sociocultural preferences ;The relationship between CES and landscape characteristics [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24 CR25 CR26 CR27 CR28\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].However, studies on the Perceived Environmental Satisfaction (PES) of classical gardens remain relatively scarce[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].Existing evaluation frameworks for classical gardens primarily rely on qualitative descriptions based on expert experience and multi-criteria decision-making models (such as AHP and cloud models). These studies have significantly enhanced the scientific rigor of heritage condition monitoring and conservation decision-making, particularly in deterioration diagnosis, risk classification, and restoration priority determination. Nevertheless, current evaluation systems remain overly focused on the physical attributes of classical gardens, lacking a systematic understanding of cultural ecosystem services grounded in visitor experience and perception[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, this study focuses on 21 representative classical gardens in western Sichuan, China, selecting social media texts as the primary data source to construct a CES evaluation framework based on visitor perceptions. The study aims to: (1) establish a CES classification system and evaluation methodology applicable to classical garden heritage; (2) identify public perception characteristics and emotional tendencies toward classical garden CES through sentiment analysis and clustering; (3) classify study sites based on CES perception differences, providing empirical evidence and strategic references for the conservation management, value interpretation, and sustainable development of classical gardens.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a significant branch of Chinese classical gardens, the classical gardens in Western Sichuan which is called West Shu gardens hold an indispensable position in both the Chinese classical garden tradition and global garden art, complete panorama of Chinese classical gardens through their cultural expressions and heritage value [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. This is because of their landscape - adaptive, subtly profound layout techniques and profound historical and cultural heritage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a significant regional school within China༇s classical garden system, West Shu gardens were shaped by the unique natural landscape, profound historical and cultural heritage, and the fusion of Taoist and Confucian philosophies of the West Shu region. This led to the aesthetic characteristics of ༂literary refinement and serene seclusion༂ and the artistic style of ༂graceful and ethereal༂ [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].Among these, memorial gardens honoring historical figures\u0026mdash;such as Du Fu༇s Thatched Cottage and the Shrine of the Martial Sage\u0026mdash;are particularly representative, standing as iconic spiritual landmarks in Chinese cultural history [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].As ༂living historical carriers,༂ West Shu gardens not only preserve architectural relics from successive dynasties but also carry the historical memories of figures ranging from Tang - Song literati to Three Kingdoms heroes, holding an irreplaceable position in the material transmission of China༇s outstanding traditional culture[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].Based on this, this study selects Sichuan Province as its research area. Located between 97\u0026deg;21\u0026prime; and 108\u0026deg;31\u0026prime; east longitude and 26\u0026deg;01\u0026prime; and 34\u0026deg;21\u0026prime; north latitude, this inland region in southwest China is both the birthplace and primary distribution area of West Shu gardens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Shu gardens deeply integrate the natural landscape patterns, indigenous cultural heritage, and daily - life aesthetics of the Sichuan region, exhibiting distinct regional identity. They are typically categorized into eight types: ancestral hall gardens, guild hall gardens, mausoleum gardens, scenic gardens, temple gardens, Confucian temple gardens, government office gardens, and residential gardens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccordingly, this study selected 21 representative West Shu garden sites within Sichuan Province\u0026mdash;including Du Fu Thatched Cottage, Wuhou Temple, Wangjiang Pavilion, Three Su Shrine, and Yanhuachi\u0026mdash;as research subjects (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) to construct a cultural ecosystem services evaluation framework applicable to classical gardens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Data Source and Preprocessing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study comprises four steps: data collection and processing, dictionary construction, sentiment analysis. and statistical analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1 Data Collection and Processing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCtrip.com is China༇s leading comprehensive tourism service platform. Users can freely publish reviews and multimedia content based on their personal experiences after completing hotel bookings, attraction visits, or itinerary experiences. As a platform aggregating large-scale, real-time user-generated content, its review data effectively reflects tourists༇ authentic perceptions and satisfaction with destinations [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR37 CR38 CR39\" citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].In this study, publicly available review data for 21 representative classical gardens located within Sichuan Province were systematically collected from Ctrip.com via the platform's application programming interface (API). The structured data fields obtained included: username, rating (typically 1\u0026ndash;5 stars), review publication date, and review text content.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2 Dictionary Construction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eWord segmentation processing and high-frequency term extraction.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnlike English, Chinese and other similar languages require word segmentation before analysis. ROST CM6 is a public - benefit social computing and text mining platform developed by Professor Shenyang༇s team at Wuhan University, specifically designed for humanities and social science research. Its core word - segmentation function automatically divides Chinese text into space - separated words or phrases, which serves as the foundational prerequisite for all subsequent text mining tasks, such as word frequency analysis and sentiment analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study employed this tool to segment each comment into words. It removed terms that were irrelevant to the research topic or lacked clear preference and then extracted high - frequency words. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEvaluation Framework and Indicator Development\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn interdisciplinary panel of 11 experts from ecology, landscape architecture, cultural tourism, and environmental science developed the classical garden cultural service evaluation framework and indicators through expert assessment methods. Based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB), the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES V5.1), and relevant research on UGS [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR42\" citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e].These were evaluated and screened for applicability, representativeness, and feasibility, ultimately identifying ten classical garden cultural ecosystem service types as first-level indicators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThen, high-frequency words identified through text analysis were screened and categorized until expert consensus was reached. This process ultimately formed the foundational classification for the secondary indicators of classical garden CES thematic keyword matching. Together with the 10 primary indicators and 151 secondary indicators, these elements collectively constitute the framework for classical garden CES evaluation. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch on Cultural Ecosystem Services in Chinese Classical Gardens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCES Categories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of Terms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecreational Activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefers to the various recreational and cultural activities experienced in Chinese Classical gardens, which aim to provide visitors with pleasure, relaxation, and a sense of respite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAesthetic Appreciation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefers to the aesthetic experiences and artistic enjoyment derived from the landscapes, spatial compositions, and artistic conception of Chinese classical gardens, perceived through visual and other sensory modalities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and Mental Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefers to various recreational and cultural activities conducted within Chinese classical gardens, aimed at achieving pleasure, relaxation, and rest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory and Culture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefers to the historical heritage, traditional culture, and collective memory embodied, inherited, and presented by Chinese classical gardens as material carriers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefers to the specific spaces and spiritual atmosphere provided by Chinese classical gardens for religious rituals, spiritual practice, or contemplative activities related to faith.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefers to the social function of Chinese classical gardens as public spaces for fostering communication, gatherings, and collaboration among people.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSense of Place\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefers to the sense of identity, belonging, and emotional attachment to a place that people develop within Chinese classical gardens, representing the emotional bond between people and the land.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpiritual Value Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefers to the profound spiritual experiences\u0026mdash;such as philosophical contemplation, sudden enlightenment, or a sense of the sublime concerning life and the cosmos\u0026mdash;that transcend the ordinary and are evoked by Chinese classical gardens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational and Research Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefers to the support provided by Chinese classical gardens as a living physical teaching resource and research subject for scientific education, academic research, and knowledge dissemination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcological Regulation Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefers to the climate regulation, environmental purification, and biological support functions achieved by the Chinese classical gardens ecosystem through their structure and processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceptual Vocabulary List for Chinese Classical Garden Culture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVocabulary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA. Recreational Activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRest, Experience, Interest, Games, Tourism, Enjoyment, Sightseeing, Du Fu, Recreation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB. Aesthetic Appreciation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandscape, Garden, Scenic Spot, Striking, Distinctive, Elegant, Holistic, Sculpture, Park, Design, Gate, Rural, Fresh, Color, Beautiful, Natural, Art, Architectural Complex, Scenic Area, Music, View, Climate, Landscape, Arts, Ancient Architecture, Architecture, Rich, Value, Theme, Plaza, Collection, Rustic, Garden, Landscape, Bamboo Grove, Awe-inspiring, Magnificent, Grand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC. Physical and Mental Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerene, mountain climbing, exercise, ascending, elderly, health, sun, mood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE. Religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue, Variety, Atmosphere, Taoism, Ambience, Taoist Temple, Worship, Religion, Sacred Site, Bodhisattva, Pure Sound, Holy Place\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD. History and Culture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiterature, ancient architecture, architecture, city, stories, culture, tradition, customs, cultural relics, novels, legends, endeavors, literature, Northern Song Dynasty, era, research, knowledge, East, AD, commemoration, calligraphy, articles, depth, writing, ancient, ruins, red, era, materials, ancient, history, Southwest, language, Chengdu City, period, atmosphere,Taoism, ambiance, Taoist temple, education, preservation, protection, tea, creation, poet, poetry, former residence, humanities, ruins, poetic history, red walls, cultural relics, story, Three Kingdoms, ancient people, heritage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF. Social Interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation, Activities, Life, Interaction, Commentary, Forecast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG. Sense of Place\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnique, Beijing, locality, residence, Guangzhou, local, representative, Henan, Xi༇an, local, Sichuan, land, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, strong, Grass Hut, Meishan, Mount Emei\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH. Spiritual Value Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerene, Spiritual, Ideal, Freedom, Brilliant, Symbolic, Creative, Brilliant, Strong, Feeling, Poetic, Depth, Tranquil, Vivid, Interesting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI. Educational Research Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisits, Learning, Science, Guidance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJ. Ecological Regulation Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeather, air, freshness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.3 Sentiment Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo quantitatively assess the emotional tendencies embedded in visitors༇ textual reviews of Chinese Classical gardens, we conducted sentiment analysis using a deep learning-based probabilistic classification framework. The core of this computational workflow is a pre-trained language model specifically optimized for sentiment analysis tasks. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe employed SKEP (Sentiment Knowledge Enhanced Pre - training), a Transformer - based pre - trained model that incorporates sentiment knowledge during pre - training [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].Unlike general-purpose language models that focus solely on linguistic coherence, SKEP is pre-trained with a sentiment masking objective: it automatically mines sentiment knowledge (including sentiment words, word polarity, and opinion pairs) from large-scale unlabeled corpora and then learns to recover this masked sentiment information. This architecture enables the model to develop a deeper understanding of emotional expressions in text.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor each visitor comment, the text is first tokenized into sub word units and converted into input embeddings. These embeddings pass through multiple layers of Transformer encoders, which compute contextualized representations through self-attention mechanisms. The final hidden state corresponding to the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(`\\left[\\text{C}\\text{L}\\text{S}\\right]`\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e token is then fed into a softmax classification layer, which maps the semantic vector into the sentiment category space. Formally, given an input text \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\left(\\text{x}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, the model computes the probability distribution over sentiment categories \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((\\text{y}\\in\\{\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{s}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\text{n}\\text{e}\\text{g}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\text{n}\\text{e}\\text{u}\\text{t}\\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\left\\}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e as:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{P}\\left(\\text{y}\\right|\\text{x})=\\text{s}\\text{o}\\text{f}\\text{t}\\text{m}\\text{a}\\text{x}(\\text{W}{\\text{h}}_{\\left[\\text{C}\\text{L}\\text{S}\\right]}+\\text{b})$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(({\\text{h}}_{\\left[\\text{C}\\text{L}\\text{S}\\right]}\\in{\\mathbb{R}}^{\\text{d}})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the contextualized representation of the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(`\\left[\\text{C}\\text{L}\\text{S}\\right]`\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e token from the final Transformer layer, and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\left(\\text{W}\\in{\\mathbb{R}}^{3\\times\\text{d}}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((\\mathbf{b}\\in{\\mathbb{R}}^{3})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e are learnable parameters. The predicted sentiment category \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\left(\\widehat{\\text{y}}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the one with the highest probability:\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\widehat{\\text{y}}=\\text{arg}\\underset{\\text{y}}{\\text{max}}\\text{P}\\left(\\text{y}\\right|\\text{x})$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor each comment, the model outputs four metrics: (1) the predicted sentiment category (positive, negative, or neutral), (2) the probability score for the positive class \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(({\\text{p}}_{\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{s}}\\in[\\text{0,1}\\left]\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, (3) the probability score for the negative class \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(({\\text{p}}_{\\text{n}\\text{e}\\text{g}}\\in[\\text{0,1}\\left]\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and (4) a confidence score, typically derived from the maximum probability value or the entropy of the probability distribution. The positive and negative probabilities represent continuous measures of sentiment intensity, capturing the gradation of visitors༇ emotional responses rather than merely discrete categories.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis transformed unstructured subjective comments into two-dimensional emotional features\u0026mdash;affective valence (positive vs. negative) and affective intensity (probability scores)\u0026mdash;providing a reliable quantitative foundation for the subsequent evaluation of visitors༇ cultural ecosystem service experiences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.4 Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo scientifically identify spatial types with similar service characteristics, this study employed hierarchical cluster analysis to objectively classify study locations. The core advantage of this method lies in its ability to incrementally generate a hierarchical classification through computational similarity analysis without the need for predefined category numbers. This approach reveals latent, natural spatial grouping patterns and demonstrates broad applicability in landscape perception and evaluation research. All clustering analyses in this study were conducted using the professional statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, the text data obtained through content analysis underwent quantitative processing (here, the theoretical formula for quantification should also be listed). The relative word frequency was calculated for each study site across ten predefined cultural ecosystem service categories.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubsequently, the Systematically Organized Clustering procedure in SPSS was selected. 21 classical garden study sites were used as cases, and the relative word frequencies of the aforementioned ten service categories were used as clustering variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the similarity among cases, this study employed squared Euclidean distance as the metric. This method effectively amplifies differences between cases, enhancing the distinctiveness of classification results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter preliminary comparisons of multiple linkage methods, the intra - group linkage method was selected. This method minimizes internal variation within merged clusters, producing relatively balanced - sized categories and is considered a robust choice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA dendrogram was ultimately generated. By observing coefficient changes within the dendrogram and integrating qualitative insights into the cultural context of classical gardens, the final classification scheme was established, enabling systematic identification and categorization of the 21 study sites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Word Frequency and Sentiment Score\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the ten CES categories examined, terms related to aesthetic appreciation had the highest frequency (0.618) and an emotional score of 0.949. This indicates that the public places the greatest emphasis on the aesthetic value of Chinese classical gardens in related discussions, showing high emotional resonance and satisfaction. Historical and cultural services had a word frequency of 0.562 and an affect score of 0.954, indicating that the historical significance and cultural value of Chinese classical gardens are also key concerns of the public, receiving positive affective evaluations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntertainment-related terms appeared with a frequency of 0.335 and an emotional score of 0.955. Although this category received less attention than aesthetic and historical-cultural aspects, public satisfaction remained at a relatively high level. Terms related to a sense of place had a frequency of 0.426 and an emotional score of 0.953, reflecting that the public perceived and affirmed a certain degree of place identity and emotional attachment during their experiences in Chinese classical gardens. Additionally, while spiritual value services and religious CES terms had relatively low frequencies (0.217 and 0.123, respectively), their sentiment scores remained high (0.970 and 0.951). This indicates that although these topics appear less frequently in public discourse, when mentioned, they are often accompanied by strong positive emotional expressions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, terms related to social interaction (word frequency 0.226, sentiment score 0.950) and physical and mental health (word frequency 0.103, sentiment score 0.937) appeared less frequently, yet still received positive sentiment evaluations. This indicates that while these services are not mainstream topics in public discussions, their value is recognized. Educational research services and ecological regulation services exhibited the lowest word frequencies at 0.068 and 0.069 respectively, with sentiment scores of 0.962 and 0.954. This reflects limited direct public discussion regarding the educational research and ecological service functions of Chinese classical gardens, yet when mentioned, the sentiment toward these aspects is highly positive (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCES Lexical Frequency and Sentiment Scores for Chinese Classical Gardens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCES Category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWord Frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSentiment Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecreational Activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAesthetic Appreciation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.949\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and Mental Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory and Culture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.954\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.951\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSense of Place\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.953\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpiritual Value Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeaching and Research Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.962\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcological Regulation Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.954\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Classification of West Shu Gardens Based on CES Term Frequency\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on CES term frequency analysis, we ultimately categorized 21classical sites into five types: \u003cb\u003eI.\u003c/b\u003e Nature and Spiritual Experience Type, \u003cb\u003eII.\u003c/b\u003e History, Culture, and Aesthetic Dominance Type, \u003cb\u003eIII.\u003c/b\u003e Comprehensive Service Type, \u003cb\u003eIV.\u003c/b\u003e Religious and Historical Gathering Site Type, \u003cb\u003eV.\u003c/b\u003e Historical Architecture and Cultural Exhibition Type. Based on the frequency analysis of terms related to the conditions and service dimensions of each garden type (Figure), we examined the characteristics of these five classical garden categories. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAmong the 21 classical gardens, four belong to the Natural and Spiritual Experience Type (Type I)\u003c/b\u003e, primarily comprising ancient temples and famous mountains built amidst landscapes such as Baoguo Temple, Mount Emei, Fuhu Temple, and Mount Qingcheng. Among the service dimensions, ༂sense of place༂ exhibited the highest word frequency, likely reflecting these gardens༇ role as regional cultural and spiritual symbols. Dimensions closely tied to natural experiences\u0026mdash;aesthetic appreciation and physical/mental well-being\u0026mdash;also showed high frequencies, as these gardens serve as primary venues for visitors to engage with natural landscapes and relax.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThirteen sites fall under the category of History and Culture/Aesthetic-Dominant Gardens (Type II)\u003c/b\u003e. Among these 21 gardens, 13 are heritage sites bearing cultural legacies, including Chongzhou Confucian Temple, Yanhuachi, and Dujiangyan Irrigation System. Among service dimensions, ༂history and culture༂ and ༂aesthetic appreciation༂ appear most frequently, highlighting the significance of classical gardens༇ cultural and artistic attributes, followed by supporting functions like ༂educational and research services.༂ These gardens typically center on showcasing historical relics and presenting traditional garden artistry, facilitating cultural visits and aesthetic experiences for visitors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe region features one comprehensive service garden (Type III)\u003c/b\u003e, namely Du Fu Thatched Cottage, which boasts a relatively large area and well-developed functional facilities. Such gardens either embody diverse cultural values or serve as core urban cultural and recreational spaces. Among various service dimensions, ༂recreational activities,༂ ༂history and culture,༂ and ༂sense of place༂ frequently appear as core carriers of comprehensive functions. In high-frequency service experience keywords, comments related to ༂tourist check-ins,༂ ༂cultural experiences,༂ and ༂citizen leisure༂ stand out. Activity types such as cultural exhibitions, educational tours, and recreational outings also garner significant attention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTwo gardens fall under the religious and historical gathering site category (Type IV)\u003c/b\u003e, including the Huguang Guild Hall and Qingyang Palace. These gardens vary in size but exhibit distinct functional orientations. Among service dimensions, ༂religion༂ and ༂history and culture༂ show significantly higher frequency than other categories, reflecting their core attributes as specialized venues. Such gardens typically feature dedicated spaces for religious activities and historical exhibitions, facilitating internal gatherings for specific groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eOne garden falls under the historical architecture and cultural exhibition category (Type V)\u003c/b\u003e, namely the Xiqin Guild Hall. Unlike gardens dominated by multifunctional purposes, this type centers on ༂history and culture༂ and ༂aesthetic appreciation༂ as core services, serving as a specialized exhibition space highlighting merchant guild history and architectural artistry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of Scenic Spots and CES Word Frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttraction Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA. Recreational Activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB. Aesthetic Appreciation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC. Physical and Mental Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD. History and Culture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE. Religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaoguo Temple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eⅠ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChongzhou Confucian Temple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.679\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.786\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChongzhou Yanhuachi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaiyi Liu Family Manor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.473\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeyang Confucian Temple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDujiangyan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.584\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDu Fu Thatched Cottage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eⅢ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.844\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMount Emei\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.731\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuhu Temple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eⅠ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.612\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuguang Guild Hall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiu Bei༇s Tomb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErwang Temple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.550\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.697\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMount Qingcheng\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eⅠ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQingyang Palace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.624\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree Su Shrine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWangjianglou Park\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.784\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWenshu Monastery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWuhou Temple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXijia Mountain Dwellings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Qin Guild Hall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYongling Museum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(continued)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttraction Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF. Social Interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG. Sense of Place\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH. Spiritual Value Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI. Educational and Research Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJ. Ecological Regulation Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaoguo Temple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChongzhou Confucian Temple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChongzhou Yanhuachi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaiyi Liu Family Manor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeyang Confucian Temple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDujiangyan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDu Fu Thatched Cottage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.446\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMount Emei\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuhu Temple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuguang Guild Hall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiu Bei༇s Tomb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErwang Temple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMount Qingcheng\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQingyang Palace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree Su Shrine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWangjianglou Park\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWenshu Monastery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWuhou Temple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXijia Mountain Village\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Qin Guild Hall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYongling Museum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.511\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Analysis of CES Characteristics in Classical Gardens Based on Social Media Text\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrough mining social media text data, this study reveals that the public's cultural ecosystem services (CES) perception of Chinese classical gardens exhibits characteristics of \"aesthetic and historical-cultural dominance coupled with strong emotional identification.\" This differs markedly from the findings in related studies on general urban green spaces and parks. This study found that in the CES perception of Chinese classical gardens, aesthetic appreciation and historical culture both had significantly higher frequencies and emotional scores than other categories. This indicates that public attention toward Chinese classical gardens is more concentrated on the artistic conception they embody and their profound historical and cultural heritage. This contrasts with the findings from Shanghai and other locations where leisure and social interaction terms had the highest frequency, highlighting the unique attributes of Chinese classical gardens as green cultural heritage rather than ordinary recreational green spaces[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, public comments frequently link specific landscape elements (such as architecture, couplets, and ancient trees) to historical figures and literary allusions, reflecting the gardens' cultural service value as \"living historical carriers.\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther analysis indicates that the perceived cultural ecosystem services (CES) of Chinese classical gardens have profound emotional and spiritual dimensions. Although the word frequencies of \"spiritual value\" and \"religion\" were relatively low, their emotional scores (e.g., 0.970 for spiritual value) ranked the highest. This reveals that while such experiences are not commonly articulated themes, they readily evoke resonance and positive emotional responses among visitors. Simultaneously, \"sense of place\" achieved a considerable word frequency (0.426) and positive evaluations. Descriptions such as \"unique,\" \"profound,\" and \"authentically Chinese\" frequently appeared in the comments. This indicates that against the backdrop of rapid urbanization, Chinese classical gardens provide the public with a spiritually significant refuge and a space for emotional identification. In contrast, \"recreational activities\" (word frequency 0.335) are often described along with phrases like \"rich historical atmosphere\" and \"cultural ambiance.\" This indicates that their function is typically integrated into cultural and aesthetic experiences rather than serving as standalone attractions. While services such as \"educational research\" and \"ecological regulation\" had the lowest word frequencies, they elicited extremely positive sentiments when mentioned, suggesting their potential as widely accepted \"implicit values.\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Implications for Sustainable Cultural Heritage Management\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe perceived characteristics and typological differences of Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) in Chinese classical gardens revealed by this study provide evidence-based decision-making support for the sustainable management of green cultural heritage. Overall, planners and managers should holistically consider both \"public perception needs\" and \"service value characteristics\" as reflected in the attention shown by word frequency distributions and sentiment scores. They should incorporate the satisfaction indicated by CES into an optimized framework for resource allocation and conservation strategies. Specifically, while low-frequency, high-emotional categories (e.g., educational services, ecological regulation, spiritual value) exhibit \"hidden value\" characteristics, these possess significant potential to be activated and transformed into differentiated experiential offerings, which are closely linked to the deep psychological benefits of green cultural heritage in stress reduction and attention restoration[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e].Based on this, this study further proposes the following classification management strategies according to the CES clustering results of 21 classical gardens:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType I: Nature and Spiritual Experience Gardens \u0026mdash; Represented by Baoguo Temple, Mount Emei, Fuhu Temple, and Mount Qingcheng. The CES word - frequency structure for this category centers on ༂sense of place,༂ ༂aesthetic appreciation,༂ and ༂physical and mental health,༂ with emotional scores consistently above 0.93. This indicates strong public recognition of their regional spiritual symbolism and natural healing value. Management should prioritize preserving the authenticity of landscape configurations and the integrity of ecological processes. It should strictly control the addition of hard infrastructure to maintain spatial tranquility that aligns with spiritual experience needs. Simultaneously, green infrastructure such as ecological wellness trails and nature interpretation signage may be moderately introduced to transform ༂physical and mental health༂ services from implicit experiences into accessible functions, fulfilling the public༇s dual demands for natural healing and spiritual refuge [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType II \u0026middot; History, Culture, and Aesthetics-Dominated Gardens \u0026mdash; Encompassing 13 heritage spaces including Chongzhou Confucian Temple, Yanhuachi, and Dujiangyan. In these gardens, the frequency of terms like ༂history and culture༂ and ༂aesthetic appreciation༂ significantly exceeds other dimensions, making them core carriers of classical garden cultural heritage value While ༂educational and research services༂ extremely low frequency, their emotional score reaches 0.962, revealing a striking contrast of ༂high recognition, low perception.༂Future conservation and revitalization designs should integrate the gardens༇ historical contexts to excavate, preserve, and transmit distinctive cultural connotations. Innovative educational experience spaces should be designed to further enrich the gardens༇ CES offerings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType III \u0026middot; Comprehensive Service Garden \u0026mdash; Represented solely by Du Fu༇s Thatched Cottage, this garden exhibits with ༂high frequency and high sentiment comprehensive CES characteristics.༂ Word frequencies across all dimensions consistently exceed the sample average, particularly in ༂Recreational Activities,༂ ༂History and Culture,༂ ༂Sense of Place,༂ and ༂Spiritual Value,༂ reflecting the public༇s significant demand for ༂integrated multi-faceted experiences༂ within cultural landscapes. As a flagship for regional cultural services, future operations should optimize spatial zoning and visitor flow organization while ensuring heritage preservation enhance cultural performances, public engagement, and recreational activities, capabilities in to meet increasingly diverse public expectations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType IV \u0026middot; Religious and Historical Assembly Site Gardens\u0026mdash;Includes Huguang Guild Hall and Qingyang Palace. CES word frequencies for this category are dominated by ༂religion༂ and ༂history and culture,༂ reflecting their functional orientation as ritual spaces for specific groups and carriers of historical memory. The integration of religious symbols with garden culture, along with the spatial logic of religious architecture within the garden, endows these gardens with unique cultural characteristics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. Management should respect the irreplaceable nature of their religious functions and historical context, while moderately opening non-core areas for public access adding cultural and facilities to enhance public awareness and acceptance of marginalized or unfamiliar heritage types.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType V: Historical Buildings and Cultural Exhibition Gardens\u0026mdash;Represented by the Xiqin Guild Hall. These gardens intensely focus on merchant guild history and architectural artistry, with ༂history and culture༂ and ༂aesthetic appreciation༂ far outpacing other dimensions in frequency, presenting a specialized, highly symbolic service model. Managers should deepen the exploration and dissemination of thematic cultural resources, reinforce the visual narrative logic of \u0026ldquo;changing views with every step\u0026rdquo; in garden circulation design [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e],and reconstruct the historical context of merchant guild culture through spatial storytelling strategies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].This approach enhances visitors༇ understanding of thematic cultural value and emotional engagement, solidifying the gardens༇ unique heritage positioning as \u0026ldquo;thematic cultural exhibition spaces.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Limitations and Future Research Directions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study still has certain limitations. First, the selection of 21 classical gardens in Sichuan Province as research sites exhibits distinct regional characteristics. While this approach can reveal the perceived features of cultural ecosystem services (CES) in classical gardens to some extent, the conclusions may not be generalizable to other classical garden systems, such as Jiangnan gardens, Northern imperial gardens, or Lingnan gardens. Whether these findings can be generalized to other classical garden systems across regions, demographics, garden - building philosophies, or cultural environments remains to be verified by future research. Differences may necessitate further research for validation. Second, the data source primarily relies on reviews from Ctrip. While such data effectively captures visitors༇ immediate experiences, it fundamentally reflects the ༂visitor༂ perspective rather than that of ༂residents.༂ Classical gardens serve not only as tourist destinations but also as vital green heritage spaces for daily recreation, cultural identity, and social interaction within surrounding communities. Relying solely on tourism review data risks overlooking local residents༇ distinct CES needs and perceptions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe should also note that different software tools extract distinct types of social media data, each offering unique advantages for CES research. For instance, Flickr data is better suited for assessing spatial changes and conducting image content analysis, whereas Reddit and Twitter are more effective for evaluating textual data. These strengths and limitations should be considered throughout the research process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e].This study demonstrates that by mining comment information from online platforms and constructing a lexicon, a substantial amount of CES data regarding classical gardens can be obtained. However, similar to most social media data, the collected comments may lack broad representativeness. This is because the primary users of current travel review applications are mainly young and middle - aged individuals, while experiential data from children and the elderly remains relatively scarce [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e].Regarding comment content, individuals with strong expressive desires are more inclined to post on review platforms, leading to a skewed emotional bias towards positive or negative sentiments, while neutral comments remain underrepresented. Future research should expand to include multiple regions of China༇s representative classical gardens, enhancing the framework through cross - regional comparisons. Simultaneously, integrating the applicability, data sources\u0026mdash;combining online reviews with offline surveys, resident interviews, participatory mapping, and diverse local user service demands\u0026mdash;will establish a CES evaluation system encompassing both ༂visitors and residents,༂ thereby promoting equitable governance of green cultural heritage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, while the CES evaluation framework developed in this study is grounded in internationally recognized classifications and refined through multiple rounds of multidisciplinary expert review, the precise mapping of certain indicators to the unique local characteristics of Chinese classical gardens\u0026mdash;such as memorial shrines, poetic bamboo imagery, and hydraulic wisdom\u0026mdash;remains to be further explored. Simultaneously, the pre-trained language model employed for sentiment analysis in this study exhibits limitations in recognizing complex linguistic contexts such as irony, metaphor, and cultural allusions, which may lead to potential misjudgments of deeper emotional values. Future research could incorporate participatory validation mechanisms involving local communities, combining oral history and local documentation to contextually calibrate the sentiment lexicon. Employing more refined analytical techniques or integrating multimodal analysis with video and image data would enable a more nuanced exploration of deeper CES dimensions, such as the aesthetic ambience and spiritual resonance of classical gardens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSocial media data reflects public experiences and emotions, serving as an effective method for studying visitor perceptions. This study analyzes social media data to identify types of CES (Cultural Ecosystem Services) perceived by the public.We selected Ctrip, China༇s leading comprehensive travel service platform, and 21 representative Chinese classical garden attractions in Sichuan province as research subjects. Ultimately, ten types of CES were identified: aesthetic appreciation and historical/cultural perception were the most frequently reported, while educational research services were perceived least frequently. Based on the CES types, we categorized the 21 sites into five groups: natural and spiritual experience - oriented, history/culture and aesthetics - dominant, comprehensive service - oriented, religious and historical gathering place - oriented, and historical architecture and cultural display - oriented. Additionally, we observed that although services like educational research and ecological regulation were mentioned less frequently in discussions, they often elicited exceptionally high positive emotional evaluations when referenced. This indicates that these ༂hidden services༂ possess significant potential for public acceptance and recognition. Future research could integrate data from multiple social media platforms (e.g., Weibo, Xiaohongshu) with image content analysis and spatio - temporal behavioral trajectories to deepen the understanding of cultural service perceptions. Simultaneously, comparative studies could be expanded to contrast cultural service perceptions between Western Sichuan gardens and those of the Jiangnan or Northern regions, thereby comprehensively revealing the cultural service characteristics and heritage value of classical Chinese gardens. These findings can motivate relevant planners, landscape designers, and policymakers to refine garden allocation decisions and green space planning.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFundings\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by Engineering Research Center of Chuanxibei Rural Human Settlements Construction in Sichuan Provincial College, No. RSH2025YB07; Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (No. 202511552035; No. S202511552053)\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, M.Y. and M.L.; methodology, M.L., M.Y and S.Z; software, M.L. and S.Z.; validation, M.Y., J.X., D.S., and J.L.; formal analysis, M.L. and S.Z.; investigation, M.L., Y.M. Z.L. and M.Y.; resources, M.Y., and J.L.; data curation, M.L. and S.Z.; writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation, M.L. and S.Z.; writing\u0026mdash;review and editing, M.L., M.Y., J.X., D.S., and Z.L.; visualization, M.L., M.Y. and S.Z.; supervision, M.Y. and J.L.; project administration, M.Y.; funding acquisition, M.Y. and J.L..All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXu JC, et al. Integrating sacred knowledge for conservation: Cultures and landscapes in southwest China. Ecol Soc. 2005;10(2):25.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXie J, et al. Participatory intention and behavior in green cultural heritage conservation: an application of the extended theory of planned behavior. Herit Sci. 2024;12(1):1\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRollo MF. 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Asia Pac J Tourism Res. 2024;29(9):31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Classical Gardens, Cultural Ecosystem Services, CES Evaluation Framework, Green Heritage Conservation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9050282/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9050282/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eChinese classical gardens, as green cultural heritage that integrates natural aesthetic creation with humanistic expression, possess irreplaceable cultural, artistic, and ecological value. They offer crucial references for contemporary cultural heritage conservation, sustainable landscape design, and the harmonization of human - land relationships. The cultural ecosystem services (CES) they embody serve as a key dimension for understanding the relationship between traditional garden - building wisdom and contemporary public experiences. In the era of big data, public experiences and perceptions of CES are increasingly expressed through evolving social media platforms, providing a rich data source for revealing the cultural service value of heritage sites. This study examines 21 representative Chinese classical gardens in Sichuan Province, China. Based on online user review data, it constructs an evaluation framework for classical garden CES based on visitor perception to identify and quantify the primary service types and their perceived intensity at cultural heritage sites. Combining sentiment analysis and clustering methods, it explores the perceptual characteristics and emotional tendencies of the public towards CES in Chinese classical gardens. Results indicate that aesthetic appreciation and historical/cultural value are the most frequently discussed CES categories, with generally positive sentiment evaluations. Services like educational research and ecological regulation, though less frequently mentioned, are often accompanied by highly positive emotions when referenced, exhibiting distinct \u0026ldquo;hidden value\u0026rdquo; characteristics. Cluster analysis based on CES word frequency further categorizes the 21 gardens into five types: natural and spiritual experience - oriented, history - culture and aesthetics - dominant, comprehensive service - oriented, religious and historical gathering place - oriented, and historical architecture and cultural display - oriented. This reveals the differentiated characteristics of cultural service provision in Chinese classical gardens. This study expands the evaluation methodology for the CES of green cultural heritage from the visitor perception perspective, providing methodological support and practical references for interpreting the value of classical gardens, formulating differentiated conservation strategies, and optimizing visitor experiences.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Cultural Ecosystem Services Assessment Framework for Classical Gardens: Integrating Social Media Data and Public Perception in Chinese Classical Gardens","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-12 15:51:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9050282/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1250b444-311f-4854-9992-b5e00b076b55","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 12th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-31T22:09:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-12 15:51:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9050282","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9050282","identity":"rs-9050282","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}