Network analysis of flowering time genes suggests regulatory changes among SOC1 orthologues in response to cold in Brassica napus

Flowering plants respond to multiple environmental and endogenous cues to determine the timing of their transition from the vegetative to floral state. Most of our knowledge of the gene regulatory network (GRN) controlling flowering time has been derived from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana . This knowledge needs to be translated to crop plants to support the development of varieties that can be grown in different and rapidly changing climatic conditions. However, due to increased genome complexity and limited prior knowledge, translation into crops is not always straightforward. Here, we present a study of the GRN controlling flowering time in Brassica napus (oilseed rape), an allotetraploid crop that is a close relative of Arabidopsis. Using a comparative transcriptomics approach, we show that the majority of the orthologous gene pairs have similar expression dynamics over development between Arabidopsis and Brassica napus . Some genes, however, have experienced regulatory changes, with flowering time genes in Brassica napus having higher than average differences in their expression profiles from their Arabidopsis orthologues. Despite these differences, the inferred GRN for flowering in Brassica napus exhibits a similar network topology to the network known in Arabidopsis. This is likely due to preferential retention of these genes in higher paralogue numbers, which allows subtle changes in the regulation of individual paralogues, while still conserving the overall regulatory structure through evolution. We discover and present a detailed analysis of one such example where orthologues of SUPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 ( SOC1 ) have similar expression patterns under normal conditions, but different dynamics under cold temperature conditions, suggesting possible subfunctionalisation among paralogues in response to temperature change.