Following in the footsteps of Virginia Lynch: The attitudes of Israeli emergency department nurses toward the role of forensic nurses: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Following in the footsteps of Virginia Lynch: The attitudes of Israeli emergency department nurses toward the role of forensic nurses: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Following in the footsteps of Virginia Lynch: The attitudes of Israeli emergency department nurses toward the role of forensic nurses: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study Sivan CUKERMAN, Orli Grinstein Cohen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9165468/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background This study aimed to examine the frequency of performing forensic tasks among the Emergency Department nursing staff and to understand the nursing staff's perceived importance of these tasks. Method A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted between November 16, 2023 and April 5, 2024. The sample included 438 nurses working in the Emergency Department in Israeli hospitals, using an online questionnaire with demographic and professional details and forensic interventions' frequency and perceived importance. The data were analyzed using various statistical models include Pearson correlations, independent-samples t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and a hierarchical linear regression model. Results The participants' ages ranged between 23–76 ( M = 39.66, SD = 8.83) and the participants' mean professional experience was 10.75 years ( SD = 39.66, Range = 0.1–43). Only a minority of participants had received training in forensic nursing during their studies (7.5%), but most (88.4%) expressed wishes to receive training in this area. The frequency of performed forensic tasks was relatively low ( M = 2.26) on a scale from 1 to 5, indicating that the ED nurses perform such tasks infrequently. The importance of performing forensic tasks was perceived as relatively high ( M = 4.01) on a scale from 1 to 5, indicating that the ED nurses recognize the importance of these tasks. Older nurses, those with a master's degree, those with greater professional experience, and those wishing to receive training in forensic nursing were positively connected with the perceived importance. Conclusions The low frequency of performing forensic tasks probably stems from lack of knowledge, training, protocols, and appropriate equipment. Despite this, the perceived importance is high. This reflects the increasing incidence of trauma and violence in Israeli society, particularly after 7 October 2023. The study suggests that Israel should apply a policy change and introduce forensic nursing to the nursing curriculum. Nursing forensic frequency importance ED Israel Figures Figure 1 Introduction Violence is a public health issue that affects people of all ages worldwide. Each year, over a million people around the world die from self-inflicted, interpersonal, or collective violence [1]. According to data from Emergency Departments (ED) in Israel in 2022, over 630,000 patients were admitted due to deliberate injuries, traffic accidents, work accidents, and unintentional injuries [2]. The consequences of violence can be seen in the ED every day. Often, this is the first place the victims and/or perpetrators of violence are brought for medical care [3]. Thus, the nursing staff are the first healthcare professionals to see the patients, talk to their families, take care of their personal possessions, and collect evidence [4]. When the nursing staff cares for victims of violence, they are actually providing forensic care [3]. Background Violence, as defined by the World Health Organization, is “Deliberate use of force or physical force, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or a group of community, which causes or is highly likely to cause injury, death, mental harm, faulty development, or shortage” [ 5 ]. Each year, about 3 million people are hospitalized and about 27 million patients are discharged from EDs in the USA due to violence and unintentional injuries [ 6 ]. Forensic nursing is a nursing specialization that cares for victims of violence, including domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse, elder abuse, human trading, and more [ 7 ]. Forensic nursing exists in various areas of care, including the ED, hospital wards, intensive care units, Obstetrics and gynecology units, and mental health facilities, where people who have suffered trauma from a violent or criminal event are treated. Patients who have experienced violence require special resources beyond the treatment of physical injuries, including psycho-social and legal care to support their recovery and prepare for a criminal court case [ 8 – 10 ]. Studies show the advantages of the role of forensic nursing in the health system: empathy, support, and strengthening the patients' sense of control and empowerment. In addition to these advantages, increasing patients' security and access to services, reducing healthcare system overcrowding, improving self-confidence, raising patient satisfaction, high professional competence, higher reliability and trust, and increasing the percentage of patients submitting court claims [ 11 ]. The legal system, the police, and legal physicians who work with forensic nurses agree that the work of forensic nursing is preferable to the care previously provided by healthcare professionals who were not legally trained. However, due to the absence of legal knowledge in traditional nursing studies, sometimes nurses do not identify legal circumstances and evidence is lost or erased. Therefore, the presence of a forensic nurse in each shift will provide an immediate legal response to trauma and emergency cases and thus prevent a long delay in treatment or harm to the patients' ability to obtain a fair trial [ 12 ]. Various types of patients visit the ED, including patients with traumatic injuries, those who experience unintentional trauma caused by accidents, such as traffic accidents and falls, and those who experience deliberate trauma such as violence, sexual assault, child/elder abuse, domestic partner violence, and suicide attempts. As the number of victims of violence around the world increases, so does the number of patients with deliberate trauma reaching medical institutions [ 13 ]. Many victims survive violent and criminal events with light to serious injuries, and most of them seek medical care in the ED. These victims come into the ED with legal evidence on their bodies, clothes, and possessions that could help in criminal investigations. Despite this, the ED staff and healthcare services tend to focus on saving lives, resuscitation, or intensive care rather than on collecting and preserving evidence. As a result, the handling of legal evidence in the ED may be impaired, thus also violating the victims' right to justice [ 14 ]. Several studies among ED nurses have found that between 84% and 97% of participants considered forensic nursing to be very important, including legal knowledge, the need for expert trained forensic nurses, adding forensic nursing to the generic curricula, training in forensic identification, and the introduction of legal protocols for handling [ 15 – 18 ]. Training is important for increasing the efficiency of nurses in collecting and preserving the chain of evidence, providing tools for behavior when encountering perpetrators or victims, and avoiding missing the identification of forensic cases due to a lack of knowledge and education related to the process of testimony and court procedures [ 8 , 9 , 19 ]. Training in forensic nursing will produce positive outcomes, including improved patient care, security care, reducing the load on the healthcare system, improving the confidence and skills of nurses providing care, and higher patient satisfaction [ 20 ]. When examining the perceived importance of representative forensic cases, several studies found that the cases ranked highest in importance were documenting child abuse versus accident injury, collecting evidence from forensic patients including sexual assault victims, skills in giving bad news, informing medical bodies about receiving a patient who was dead on arrival without receiving treatment, and providing evidence in court [ 15 , 18 , 21 , 22 ]. Previous studies investigating the association between the frequency of forensic cases and the perception of the importance of such cases found that the average grades of importance were significantly higher the more frequently such tasks were required [ 15 , 21 , 22 ]. Regarding the correlation between the performance frequency and the perception of importance, Emami et al. [ 21 ] found a positive correlation between the frequency grades and the importance grades only for twenty-four representative cases ( p < .05) out of 39. Also, there was no significant correlation between the overall frequency of performance grades and the importance grades [ 21 ]. This is in contrast with Lynch [ 22 ], who found a positive Pearson correlation of 0.452 at a significance level of p = .022 regarding the association between frequency of performance and importance [ 22 ]. The nurses' competence is based on their knowledge and skills [ 23 ], and insufficient knowledge and skills regarding forensic matters may impair their ability to provide quality care in such cases [ 15 ]. According to the theory of direct experience in attitudes, the frequency of performing tasks increases the accessibility and strength of the attitude towards the tasks, and is therefore expected to change the strength of the relationship between demographic or professional characteristics and the importance of performance [ 24 , 25 ]. There is limited information describing the state of forensic training in healthcare, and more importantly, how much training the ED staff receive [ 26 ]. The forensic training of ED nurses should include, among other things: legal photography; interpreting and analyzing bite marks; elder abuse and neglect; the interpretation of blunt, sharp, or rapid (gunshot) trauma; sexual assault and rape; child abuse and neglect; and drug abuse [ 22 ]. The insufficient research on the training needs of ED staff regarding forensic science as part of their work is one of the largest barriers to providing quality, tailored care for this weak population. Training and practice in forensic issues and legal aspects within the ED should no longer be subject to the decisions of the institution's leadership but should be a regular work standard within the care setting. The nursing staff can become an effective communicating factor between the worlds of medicine and law, promoting dialogue, and representing the patients. In this bridge between the medical and legal arenas, forensic nursing becomes an essential asset [ 26 ]. It is necessary to expand forensic training to promote knowledge and skills within the ED, including additional resources supporting holistic trauma and patient care. Training ED nurses has many advantages, such as treating sexual assault victims. It not only reduces waiting times but also shows greater compliance with several important indices of quality of care, such as completing legal kits, providing advice, and preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections [ 10 , 15 , 22 ]. Without legal education and training, ED nurses lack the experience to predict and/or fulfil the needs of forensic patients. It is possible that such ED nurses would ignore, misinterpret, or discard valuable evidence [ 27 ]. These mistakes or omissions can have implications for the hospital staff, the patients, their families, and any future legal proceedings [ 4 ]. Studies around the world recognize the significant value of including forensic nursing classes in B.N. studies [ 10 ]. Many organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN) have determined that forensic contents and concepts should be taught to B.N. students and to nursing graduates in various programs [ 11 ]. The Study Aims To examine the frequency of performing forensic tasks among the ED nursing staff and to understand the nursing staff's perceived importance of these tasks. Objectives The results of the study will help understand the frequency of encounters with forensic patients in the ED and the importance the nursing staff attributes to handling such cases. The non-identification of these patients and nursing care lacking in forensic aspects may later harm the patients' legal rights. Based on the findings of this study, when forensic nursing is introduced to Israel, follow-up studies can be conducted in the ED and other departments to evaluate the effectiveness of educational training and the perceptions of the topic's importance. Research Questions What is the frequency of ED nurses performing forensic tasks? What is their perceived importance of performing these tasks? Is there a association between the performance frequency and the perception of importance? Is there a association between various socio-demographic and professional variables and the perception of importance of forensic tasks? Does the frequency of performing forensic tasks moderate the association between the socio-demographic and professional variables and the perceived importance? Hypotheses : A high frequency of performing forensic tasks was found among the ED nursing staff. High perceived importance of performing forensic tasks was found among the ED nursing staff. Associations were found between socio-demographic and professional variables and the perceived importance of performing forensic tasks. A positive association was found between the frequency of performing forensic tasks and their perceived importance. The associations between the socio-demographic and professional variables and the perceived importance were moderated by the performance frequency. Methods Research design A cross-sectional study conducted between November 16, 2023 and April 5, 2024. A convenience sample filled in an online questionnaire distributed over forums on social networks to examine the frequency of performing forensic tasks by ED nursing staff and the importance they attributed to these tasks. Inclusion criteria Registered nurses working in the ED in any Israeli hospital (adult ED, pediatric ED, Obstetrics and gynecology ED, and mental health ED). Research tools : The study's data were collected using an anonymous online questionnaire through Google Forms, distributed over social networks. The original questionnaire, Emergency Department Forensic Nursing Survey Questionnaire, was developed by the researcher Virginia Lynch in 1990 in the USA [ 22 ]. The questionnaire used in the present study was therefore not developed specifically for this study. It has previously been used in published studies [ 15 , 21 , 22 ]. High internal consistency was reported for both frequency of performance (α = .90) and perceived importance (α = .92) [ 22 ]. The questionnaire was translated through the standard methods from English to Hebrew and back from Hebrew to English and adapted for nursing in Israel. The research was conducted in Hebrew. In order to adapt the questionnaire for nursing in Israel, 2 statements were removed that describe practices of ED nurses that do not exist in Israel: “ED nurse determines the sex of skeletal remains brought to the ED” ; and “ED nurse reads dental charts and is aware of forensic dentistry techniques” . In addition, 8 statements were removed that described the practice of specialist forensic nurses, a role that does not exist in Israel. The third section, with open questions, was also removed. The questionnaire was first pilot-tested with five ED nurses to assess clarity and functionality of the online form. The pilot data were not included in the final analysis. The final adapted quantitative research tool included a two-part questionnaire: First part: A general questionnaire including socio-demographic and professional details of each participant, such as gender, year of birth, religion, education, professional experience, and workplace. In addition, the questionnaire included questions about background and training in forensic nursing. Second part: The questionnaire included 29 statements describing the practice of ED nurses (e.g.: “ED nurses help the police investigators in performing their work” ). The participants were asked to grade for each statement the frequency of performing the task described on a 5-level Likert scale (1 = “never” up to 5 = “always”). Similarly, the participants were asked to grade the perceived importance of each task described in the statements on a 5-level Likert scale (1 = “not important at all” up to 5 = “very important”) (Appendix 1). The frequency and importance grades were calculated by a ranking average for all items, so that high grades represent high frequency and high perceived importance, respectively. The internal consistency found in the current study was similar to the original study. The internal consistency was α = .91 for frequency and α = .95 for perceived importance. Statistical analysis Before performing the statistical analyses, the study variables were examined for their normal distribution [ 28 ]. Additionally, the means, standard deviations, and ranges of the study variables were presented. Then, the associations between socio-demographic and professional variables and perceived importance were examined using Pearson correlations, independent-samples t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance for continuous, dichotomous, and categorical socio-demographic and professional variables, respectively. The association between task frequency and importance was tested using a Pearson correlation. A hierarchical linear regression model was conducted in three steps to predict the importance. In the first step, the socio-demographic and professional variables found to be significant in the preliminary tests. In the second step, the frequency variable was introduced. In the third, final step, all the two-way interaction terms between the socio-demographic and professional variables and the frequency of tasks were added. The interaction was probed using simple slopes analysis. Note, that the enter method was employed for Steps 1 and 2, whereas the stepwise method was utilized for Step 3. Continuous variables were mean-centered prior to analysis [ 29 , 30 ], and categorical variables were coded using effect coding (i.e. -0.5 and 0.5) [ 30 , 31 ]. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software version 29, with the PROCESS macro (model 1) [ 30 ] employed for probing the interaction. The research hypotheses were examined at a significance level of 5%, two-tailed. Ethical considerations This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ben-Gurion University Institutional Ethics Committee, approval no. 43-2023, on 15 November 2023. The questionnaire was distributed via social media networks (Facebook, WhatsApp). Informed consent to participate was obtained electronically from all participants before completion of the questionnaire. At the start of the questionnaire, the participants received information about the study's purpose, its risks, privacy, and confidentiality, and their right to participate voluntarily, to refuse to answer any question, and to withdraw at any time without possible consequences. This study might cause psychological discomfort for the participants due to personal memories of treating forensic patients. This issue was mentioned at the start of the questionnaire, stressing the availability of free mental health assistance, with a telephone number provided. Results Characteristics of the sample The study first included 451 participants. Seven did not agree to participate in the study and 6 did not meet the inclusion criteria (actively working in a hospital ED). After filtering, 438 registered nurses working in hospital EDs were included in the study. The participants' ages ranged between 23–76 ( M = 39.66, SD = 8.83). The participants' mean professional experience was 10.75 years ( SD = 39.66, Range = 0.1–43). Table 1 shows the study participants' socio-demographic characteristics. Most of the participants were women (81.7%), Jewish (83.1%), and had a bachelor's or master's degree (37% and 40.6%, respectively). Table 1 Participants' socio-demographic characteristics Variable N % Gender Male 80 18.3 Female 358 81.7 Mother tongue Hebrew 322 73.5 Other 116 26.5 Religion Jewish 364 83.1 Other 74 16.9 Level of religiosity Secular 257 58.7 Other 181 41.3 Education Registered nurse 98 22.4 Registered nurse with bachelor's degree 162 37.0 Registered nurse with master's degree 178 40.6 Graduate of retraining No 306 69.9 Yes 132 30.1 Note. N = 438. [Insert Table 1 here] Table 2 describes the participants' professional characteristics. Most of the participants have taken an advanced course in emergency medicine (57.3%), and most work in an adult only ED (65.8%). Only a minority of participants received training in forensic nursing during their studies (7.5%), but most (88.4%) expressed wishes to receive training in this area. Table 2 Participants' professional characteristics Variable N % Advanced course 335 76.5 Type of advanced course Emergency medicine 251 57.3 Clinical training 98 22.4 Integrated intensive care 22 5.0 Pediatric intensive care 35 8.0 Clinical specialization course 7 1.6 Employment type Part-time 236 53.9 Full-time 202 46.1 Main shift type Morning/evening/night 114 26.0 All shift types 324 74.0 Role Regular nurse 382 87.2 Other 56 12.8 Shift responsibility 281 64.2 Sexual assault victim room exists in hospital 158 36.1 Trauma center 189 43.2 Geographical distribution Center 187 42.7 Jerusalem and south 127 29.0 North 124 28.3 ED type Adults only 288 65.8 Pediatric only 70 16.0 Other 80 18.3 Received training in forensic nursing during studies 33 7.5 Received training in forensic nursing outside studies 38 8.7 Wishes to receive training in forensic nursing 387 88.4 Note. N = 438. Bold values represent the category “yes”. [Insert Table 2 here] Table 3 shows the descriptive statistics of frequency and importance based on the details of the forensic nursing in the ED questionnaire. The statement with the highest frequency of performance was “Appropriately reports to the person responsible according to institutional procedures cases where patients arrive dead and their death was not observed by anyone” ( M = 4.01, SD = 1.17). The statement with the lowest frequency of performance was “Serves as a mediator in forensic matters between the hospital/victims and the police/the National Institute of Forensic Medicine” ( M = 1.48, SD = 0.79). The statement with the highest perceived importance was “Identifies signs of physical abuse of children (such as strangulation vs. signs of SID, accidental vs. deliberate burns or scrapes, accidental broken bones vs. bones broken in abuse)” ( M = 4.60, SD = 0.66). The statement with the lowest perceived importance was “Serves as a mediator in forensic matters between the hospital/victims and the police/the National Institute of Forensic Medicine” ( M = 3.24, SD = 1.14). Table 3 Descriptive statistics of frequency and importance of performance according to forensic nursing in the ED questionnaire An ED nurse… Frequency Importance M SD M SD 1. Appropriately reports to the person responsible according to institutional procedures cases where patients arrive dead and their death was not observed by anyone 4.01 1.17 4.49 0.76 2. Distinguishes between an animal bite and a human bite and can interpret medical and legal consequences 2.90 1.15 4.09 0.86 3. Reconstructs and preserves physical evidence (e.g., hairs, fibers, nail samples) from victims of sexual assault 1.67 1.01 4.26 0.93 4. Reconstructs and preserves physical evidence (e.g., hairs, fibers, nail samples) from suspects of sexual assault 1.49 0.98 4.08 1.01 5. Has specific knowledge regarding appropriate testimony in law courts in forensic cases 1.54 0.75 3.91 1.03 6. Distinguishes between the entry wound of a short-range shooting and a wound of longer-range shooting 2.38 1.01 3.85 1.03 7. Determines the most appropriate forms of preserving physical evidence related to trauma (such as clothes and other evidence) 1.57 0.98 3.57 1.15 8. Knows the appropriate documentation related to death or injury and can prepare legal reports and investigations 1.68 0.93 3.77 1.15 9. Identifies signs of physical abuse of children (such as strangulation vs. signs of SID, accidental vs. deliberate burns or scrapes, accidental broken bones vs. bones broken in abuse) 3.06 1.09 4.60 0.66 10. Identifies signs of emotional abuse/exploitation 3.16 0.81 4.56 0.63 11. Possesses practical knowledge regarding the duties and responsibility of police investigators 2.39 1.04 3.94 0.98 12. Possesses practical knowledge regarding the duties and responsibility of the National Institute of Forensic Medicine 1.77 0.85 3.32 1.11 13. Identifies self-caused trauma vs. trauma caused by others 3.17 0.84 4.45 0.77 14. Is skilled in sharing information and evidence, in investigating cases of sexual assault, with the police, the National Institute of Forensic Medicine, and other bodies 1.84 0.95 3.88 1.04 15. Assists police investigators with their work 3.00 1.28 4.16 1.01 16. Assists the medical staff in cases of suspicious deaths 3.14 1.33 4.25 0.97 17. Performs appropriate collection of forensic evidence when treating trauma victims 1.88 0.96 4.02 1.06 18. Ensures accurate documentation for purposes of legal investigation and defense both of themselves and of patients 3.08 1.26 4.41 0.87 19. Uses structured protocols to treat forensic patients 1.87 1.12 3.87 1.03 20. Receives appropriate training regarding the reporting of deaths to survivors of the same incident 1.90 0.98 4.12 0.92 21. Receives appropriate training for handling grief, loss, and bad news 2.41 0.98 4.54 0.70 22. Receives appropriate training for crisis management 2.07 0.94 4.09 1.02 23. Observes and documents the circumstances surrounding the victim, the trauma, and the interaction between the patient, family, witnesses, and/or others in the ED 2.58 0.99 4.23 0.93 24. Serves as a mediator in forensic matters between the hospital/victims and the police/the National Institute of Forensic Medicine 1.48 0.79 3.24 1.14 25. Collects and preserves bodily tissues and liquids as evidence 1.49 0.74 3.92 1.08 26. Provides counseling about loss, grief, and bad news to trauma victims and those close to them 2.42 1.14 4.16 0.99 27. Provides advice about crisis management to trauma victims and those close to them 2.06 1.01 3.79 1.10 28. Interviews witnesses when there is suspicion of trauma cases 1.83 0.96 3.55 1.30 29. Uses scientific knowledge from legal medicine 1.68 0.86 3.29 1.14 Note. N = 438. All statements were between 1 and 5, except for statement 10 on importance, when was between 2 and 5. [Insert Table 3 here] Table 4 describes the means, standard deviations, and ranges of the frequency of tasks and their perceived importance. The frequency of performed forensic tasks was relatively low ( M = 2.26) on a scale from 1 to 5, indicating that the ED nurses perform such tasks infrequently. The importance of performing forensic tasks was perceived as relatively high ( M = 4.01) on a scale from 1 to 5, indicating that the ED nurses recognize the importance of these tasks. Table 4 Means, standard deviations, and ranges of frequency of tasks and their perceived importance Variable M SD Range *Skewness **Kurtosis Frequency 2.26 0.54 1.03–4.86 0.83 1.43 Importance 4.01 0.64 1.41–5.00 -0.81 0.84 Note. N = 438. [Insert Table 4 here] Relationships between the socio-demographic and professional variables and the importance of performing forensic tasks Table 5 describes the relationships between the socio-demographic variables and the importance of performing forensic tasks. Associations were found between socio-demographic characteristics and the perceived importance of performing forensic tasks. Nurses with a master's degree perceived the importance of performance as higher compared with nurses with a bachelor's degree or a registered nurse diploma. Older nurses perceived the importance of performance as higher than younger nurses did. Table 5 Relationships between the socio-demographic variables and the importance of performing forensic tasks Variable N M SD r / t / F Effect size Gender 0.63 0.08 Male 80 4.06 0.70 Female 358 4.01 0.63 Age 438 ─ ─ .11 * ─ Mother tongue -1.95 -0.21 Hebrew 322 4.05 0.62 Other 116 3.91 0.70 Religion -1.48 -0.19 Jewish 364 4.04 0.63 Other 74 3.91 0.70 Level of religiosity -0.78 -0.08 Secular 257 4.03 0.63 Other 181 3.99 0.66 Education 6.93 *** .03 Registered nurse 98 3.85 a 0.73 Academic nurse with bachelor's degree 162 3.97 a 0.64 Academic nurse with master's degree 178 4.14 b 0.58 Note. Means with different subscript letters differ significantly from each other ( p < .05). * p < .05. *** p < .001 [Insert Table 5 here] Table 6 describes the relationships between professional characteristics and the importance of performing forensic tasks. Associations were found between professional characteristics and the importance of performing forensic tasks. Nurses wishing to receive forensic nursing training perceived the importance as higher compared with nurses not wishing to receive training. More experienced nurses perceived the importance as higher than those with less experience did. Table 6 Relationships between professional characteristics and the importance of performing forensic tasks Variable N M SD r / t / F Effect size Advanced course -1.50 -0.17 No 103 3.93 0.62 Yes 335 4.04 0.65 Advanced course – emergency medicine 0.53 0.05 No 187 4.03 0.63 Yes 251 4.00 0.66 Advanced course – clinical training -1.32 -0.15 No 340 3.99 0.64 Yes 98 4.09 0.66 Advanced course – Integrated intensive care -1.75 -0.38 No 416 4.00 0.65 Yes 22 4.25 0.52 Advanced course – Pediatric intensive care -0.64 -0.11 No 403 4.01 0.64 Yes 35 4.08 0.71 Years of experience 438 ─ ─ .13 ** ─ Position type -0.85 -0.08 Part-time 236 3.99 0.65 Full-time 202 4.04 0.64 Main shift type -1.33 -0.14 Morning/evening/night 114 3.95 0.61 All shift types 324 4.04 0.66 Role at work -0.08 -0.01 Regular nurse 382 4.02 0.65 Other 56 4.01 0.58 Performing shift responsibility -1.57 -0.16 No 157 3.95 0.64 Yes 281 4.05 0.65 Hospital has room for sexual assault victims 0.92 0.09 No 280 4.04 0.66 Yes 158 3.98 0.61 Trauma center -0.52 -0.05 No 249 4.00 0.65 Yes 189 4.03 0.64 Geographical distribution 1.48 .01 Center 187 4.04 0.63 Jerusalem and south 127 3.93 0.71 North 124 4.06 0.60 Type of ED 0.02 < .001 Adult only 288 4.02 0.62 Pediatric only 70 4.02 0.65 Other 80 4.00 0.72 Received forensic nursing training during studies 0.79 0.14 No 405 4.02 0.63 Yes 33 3.93 0.81 Received forensic nursing training outside studies 0.89 0.15 No 400 4.02 0.63 Yes 38 3.93 0.82 Wishes to receive forensic nursing training -3.53 *** -0.53 No 51 3.72 0.77 Yes 387 4.05 0.62 ** p < .01. *** p < .001 [Insert Table 6 here] Correlation between frequency of performance and importance of performance A positive correlation between the variables was found, r (436) = .27, p < .001, so that higher performance frequency was related to higher perceived importance. Frequency of performing forensic tasks as a moderator Table 7 presents the results of the hierarchical regression analysis predicting the perceived importance of performing forensic tasks. In the first step, perceived importance was higher among academic nurses holding a master’s degree, who wished to receive forensic nursing training, compared to registered nurses or academic nurses with a bachelor’s degree who did not wish to receive such training. The second step revealed a positive association between the frequency of task performance and perceived importance. The third step demonstrated a significant interaction between the desire for forensic nursing training and performance frequency. Table 7 Results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis predicting importance of performing forensic tasks Variable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 B SE B β B SE B β B SE B β Age 0.002 0.01 0.02 0.003 0.01 0.05 0.003 0.01 0.04 Years of experience 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.002 0.01 0.03 0.002 0.01 0.03 Registered nurse a -0.24 0.09 -0.16 ** -0.26 0.08 -0.17 ** -0.26 0.08 -0.17 ** Academic nurse with bachelor's degree a -0.14 0.07 -0.11 * -0.15 0.07 -0.12 * -0.16 0.07 -0.12 * Wish to receive forensic nursing training 0.35 0.09 0.17 *** 0.33 0.09 0.16 *** 0.31 0.09 0.16 *** Performance frequency ─ ─ ─ 0.31 0.05 0.26 *** 0.47 0.08 0.39 *** Wish to receive forensic nursing training b × Performance frequency ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ -0.43 0.15 -0.18 ** R 2 .07 *** .13 *** .15 *** Δ R 2 .07 *** .06 *** .02 ** Note. N = 438. a The reference group is academic nurse with master's degree (coded − 0.5). b -0.5 = No, 0.5 = Yes. * p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001 [Insert Table 7 here] Figure 1 illustrates the findings of the simple slope analysis to investigate the interaction between the wish to receive forensic nursing. The simple slopes indicated that, at low and average levels of performance frequency, nurses wishing to receive forensic nursing training had higher perceived performance scores compared to nurses not wishing to receive the training, while at high levels of performance frequency, these differences were not significant (see Fig. 1). [Insert Fig. 1 here] Additional findings Differences between ED types: Differences were found between ED types in the frequency and perceived importance of performing forensic tasks. Mental health EDs showed the highest frequency of performance and, Obstetrics and gynecology EDs showed the lowest frequency, while integrated EDs (adults and pediatric) showed the lowest perceived importance. Importance of training: This was examined using a 5-level Likert scale (1 = “not important at all” up to 5 = “very important”). Very high importance ( M = 4.38, SD = 0.87) was found for including educational contents on forensic nursing in the generic nursing curriculum. Around the world, there is advanced training in forensic nursing and specific training on the subject. But in Israel there is none. In Israel, there are classes as part of undergraduate studies on violence against women, children, and the elderly, but not as a complete course. In addition, there is still no advanced training on the subject of forensic nursing. Discussion This study examined the frequency of performance and the importance that ED nurses attributed to performing forensic tasks, the associations between them, and their associations with socio-demographic and professional characteristics. In examining the hypotheses, the first hypothesis that there would be a high frequency of forensic activities among the nursing staff in the emergency department was refuted. Regarding the second hypothesis that there would be a high importance of performing forensic activities among the nursing staff in the emergency department, the hypothesis was confirmed. The third hypothesis, which assumed that there would be relationships between socio-demographic and professional characteristics and the importance of performing forensic activities, was partially confirmed. The fourth hypothesis, which claimed that there would be a positive relationship between the frequency of performing forensic activities and the importance of performing them, was confirmed. While the fifth hypothesis, that the relationships between socio-demographic and professional variables and the importance of performing them would be moderated by the frequency of performance, was partially confirmed. The current study indicates a significant gap between the low frequency of performing forensic tasks and their high perceived importance among ED nurses. The study's findings show that ED nurses encounter forensic patients daily, and that they wish to receive training in order to handle these patients, but only a minority of them has received any training during their nursing studies or in further training after they entered their roles. Previous studies have also found a low performance frequency [ 15 , 21 , 22 ]. This may be explained by several factors. The first is a lack of knowledge and insufficiency of training, which aligns with studies stressing the need for focused forensic nursing training for ED staff [ 8 , 21 , 32 – 34 ]. The second is the nature of ED work. The ED work setting, culture, and policies have been mentioned in the literature as possible obstacles to the staff's awareness and trained treatment of patients suffering from violence and domestic abuse. Specific factors include time restrictions, staff turnover, limited opportunities for training and acquiring skills, inefficient reporting and referral mechanisms, and the absence of resources to support the staff and patients [ 10 ]. Finally, there are few directives and work procedures in Israel related to forensic patients. Indeed, our study shows that the tasks performed most frequently are those that have a directive or procedure. The most frequent task is “ ED nurses appropriately report to the person responsible according to institutional procedures cases where patients arrive dead and their death was not observed by anyone ”. Other tasks with higher-than-average performance frequency are: “ ED nurses identify signs of physical abuse of children ” and “ ED nurses assist the medical staff in cases of suspicious deaths ”. In contrast, the tasks with the lowest performance frequency are actually those about which there are no directives or work procedures: “ ED nurses serve as a mediator in forensic matters between the hospital/victims and the police/the National Institute of Forensic Medicine ” and “ ED nurses collect and preserve bodily tissues and liquids as evidence ”. Regarding the latter, appropriate equipment for collecting and preserving the chain of evidence does not exist in Israeli EDs. The literature also shows that ED nurses report a low percentage of work places where there are written procedures and directives regarding nursing protocols for victims of sexual assault, child abuse, elder abuse, and domestic violence [ 9 , 13 , 32 ]. In contrast with the low performance frequency, relatively high perceived importance was found. This finding accords with the literature, since similar studies also found a significant mismatch between the performance frequency and the perceived importance by the ED staff, and the importance means were significantly higher than the frequency means. The highest importance can be attributed first to having many encounters with forensic patients, which most of the study's participants reported. Also, the studies show that the more ED nurses performed a certain task, the more they viewed it as important [ 15 , 21 , 22 ]. Therefore, where there are work procedures and the nursing staff knows and is capable of providing appropriate patient care, the importance also rises. The tasks with the highest perceived importance are: “ED nurses identify signs of physical abuse of children (such as strangulation vs. signs of SID, accidental vs. deliberate burns or scrapes, accidental broken bones vs. bones broken in abuse)” and “ED nurses identify signs of emotional abuse/exploitation”. These exist in the training programs and are learned during nursing studies under subjects other than forensic nursing. These findings are supported by two similar studies [ 21 , 22 ]. Another possible explanation was found in a similar study, showing that participating female nurses perceived the performance of nursing tasks as more important than male nurses did, which may be related to gender differences in communication styles and interpersonal skills [ 21 ]. Indeed, in our study, most of the participants were women. However, our study found no association between gender and performance importance. It is worth noting that these gender differences are not universal and may vary according to individual background, experiences, and cultural norms [ 21 ]. The statements with the lowest perceived importance were: “ED nurses serve as a mediator in forensic matters between the hospital/victims and the police/the National Institute of Forensic Medicine” and “ED nurses use scientific knowledge from legal medicine”. What is common is the lack of knowledge and training on the topic. Another possible explanation is that the nurses view this behavior as exceeding the boundaries of the nursing profession and believe they should be performed by other medical professionals [ 21 , 35 ]. A significant positive association was found between the performance frequency and the perceived importance of forensic tasks. The higher the performance frequency, the greater the importance. This finding is partially supported in the literature. A study by Emami et al. [ 21 ] found a positive correlation only for twenty-four out of thirty-nine representative tasks. But there was no significant correlation between the total frequency grades and the importance grades [ 21 ]. This is in contrast to a study by Lynch [ 22 ], which found a positive correlation for the total grades for a association between frequency and importance [ 22 ]. Regarding the association between socio-demographic and professional characteristics and the importance of performance, a relationship was found between age and education level and the importance of performance, with older nurses and those with a master's degree having higher importance grades compared with younger nurses and those with a registered nurse diploma or a bachelor's degree. In professional characteristics, a association was found between years of experience and a wish to receive forensic nursing training and importance of performance, with more experienced nurses and those wishing to receive forensic nursing training having higher importance grades compared with less experienced nurses and those who did not wish to receive forensic nursing training. Regarding the association between importance of performance and nurses' demographic details, the two similar studies [ 15 , 22 ] did not provide information. The only study that did examine the relationship between demographic characteristics and frequency of performance and importance found that participants who worked night shifts had a higher frequency of performance. Also, participants who had personal experience with legal claims reported a higher frequency of performance. In terms of importance, they found that women perceived the importance as higher than men [ 21 ]. None of the findings in the literature aligns with the findings of our study. We can speculate that there are differences between Israel and the other countries where these studies were conducted, both in terms of formal forensic nursing training, which does not exist in Israel, but does exist elsewhere, and also a different mix of exposure to trauma cases in terms of shifts. In Israel, only a small percentage of ED visits occur during the night shift [ 2 ]. In addition, the population mix and the cultural features in Israel are probably different. Our study found an association between advanced age and level of education, and the importance of performance. In Israel, the characteristics are different because the majority of the population serves in the army and is exposed to forensic cases. In addition, Israeli residents experience wars and the study was conducted after the events of October 7th, in which the Israeli population was widely exposed to the Institute of Forensic Medicine. The older and more educated you are, the greater your exposure to wars and literature, hence the intention for differences. Strengths and limitations The strength was the recruitment of ED nurses (n = 438), and the participation of staff from all types of EDs (adults, pediatric, Obstetrics and gynecology, and mental health). The limitations include a convenience sample of ED nurses only. The sample does not fully represent all the nurses, most of whom work in the community and in other departments in the healthcare system. In addition, the percentage of non-Jewish participants was low, which does not represent the true mix in the population of nurses in Israel. The study examined forensic nursing. Israel does not have organized training on this topic in the generic programs and retraining for accrediting nurses, and therefore some of the participants who have never encountered forensic nursing might have interpreted the questions differently from each other. Cross-sectional studies have a limitation. The questionnaire was structured so that participants had to mark the frequency of performance and the importance of performance of each statement. Perhaps because there were not two separate questionnaires, one for frequency and the other for importance, participants might have marked each statement similarly in both frequency and importance. The original questionnaire contains statements about topics that do not exist in Israel, so two statements were removed from the questionnaire in the study. In addition, there are open-ended questions about advanced training that does not exist in Israel, so they were also removed. The questionnaire was read by five nurses before publication. Data collection was carried out using an anonymous electronic questionnaire in Google Forms. The questionnaire was distributed via social networks and was completely voluntary. Future directions for research include examining this topic in a larger sample and in additional departments beyond the ED. Also, in departments with a small attending staff, it might be worth including a qualitative study to examine the delaying and advancing factors in the introduction of forensic nursing. Providing forensic nursing knowledge, tools, and training to nurses will improve patient care and help patients in their encounter with the legal system, if necessary. In addition to training, there is a need to write directives and procedures that set out the treatment of forensic patients and to provide appropriate, dedicated equipment to the various departments in the healthcare system. Conclusions This is a preliminary study in the field of forensic nursing in Israel. There is a significant gap between the low frequency of performing forensic tasks and the high perception of their importance among ED nurses. The study's results indicate a need to include forensic contents in the education of nurses, and later for the training and specialization of experienced staff. Nurses should be provided with the knowledge and essential skills to identify, manage, and handle representative forensic cases. Declarations Ethical approval Ethical approval was received from the Ben Gurion University of the Negev Faculty of Health Sciences Institutional Ethics Committee, approval no. 43-2023, on 15 November 2023. Consent to participate Informed consent to participate was obtained electronically from all participants before completion of the questionnaire. Consent to publish Not applicable. Data availability Data are available upon request from the corresponding author. Competing interests No competing interests have been declared by the authors. Funding statement This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author contributions Data curation: SC Formal analysis: SC, OGC Writing – original draft: SC Conceptualization: OGC Supervision: OGC Investigation: SC, OGC Writing – review and editing: OGC, SC Acknowledgments The statistics were checked prior to submission by an expert statistician, Eran Druckman, [email protected] References Bush K. Forensic evidence collection in the emergency care setting. J Emerg Nurs. 2018;44(3):286–9. Haklai Z, Lifshitz A, Schlichkov G, Appleboim Y, Mostovoi D, Gordon S. Visits to emergency department, task features 2022. [Hebrew] 2023. files_publications_units_info_emergency_2022.pdf (www.gov.il). Donaldson AE. Forensic professional’s thoughts on New Zealand emergency nurses’ forensic science knowledge and practice. Int Emerg Nurs. 2022;62:101151. Michel CM. Implementing a forensic educational package for registered nurses in two emergency departments in Western Australia. Univ Notre Dame Australia. 2008. https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses/28 World Health Organization. Definition and typology of violence. 2019. https://www.who.int/violenceprevention/approach/definition/en/ Berishaj K, Boyland CM, Reinink K, Lynch V. Forensic nurse hospitalist: The comprehensive role of the forensic nurse in a hospital setting. J Emerg Nurs. 2020;46(3):286–93. Solans PE. Evaluating Forensic Nursing Content Within Maine's Undergraduate Curricula. 2022. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/753 Eldredge K. Assessment of trauma nurse knowledge related to forensic practice. J Nurs. 2008;4(4):157–65. Erkan I, Yesilyurt A, Kayserili A. Analysis of awareness for healthcare professionals in forensic nursing. Forensic Res Criminal Int J. 2017;5(3):00153. Wolf LA, Perhats C, Delao A. Educational needs of US emergency nurses related to forensic nursing processes. J Trauma Nurs. 2022;29(1):12–20. Kelishami FG, Manoochehri H, Mohtashami J, Kiani M. Consequences of presence of forensic nurses in health care system: a qualitative study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2020;25(3):195. Lynch VA. Forensic nursing science: Global strategies in health and justice. Egypt J Sci. 2011;1(2):69–76. Han M, Lee NJ. Forensic nursing in South Korea: Assessing emergency nurses’ awareness, experience, and education needs. Int Emerg Nurs. 2022;65:101217. Filmalter CJ, Heyns T, Ferreira R. Forensic patients in the emergency department: Who are they and how should we care for them? Int Emerg Nurs. 2018;40:33–6. Abdool NN, Brysiewicz P. A description of the forensic nursing role in emergency departments in Durban, South Africa. J Emer Nurs. 2009;35(1):16–21. Alsaif DM, Alfaraidy M, Alsowayigh K, Alhusain A, Almadani OM. Forensic experience of Saudi nurses; an emerging need for forensic qualifications. J Legal Med. 2014;27:13–6. Donaldson AE. New Zealand emergency nurses' knowledge about forensic science and its application to practice. Int Emerg Nurs. 2020;53:100854. Eisert PJ, Eldredge K, Hartlaub T, Huggins E, Keirn G, O'Brien P. March KS. CSI: New York: development of forensic evidence collection guidelines for the emergency department. Crit Care Nurs Quart. 2010;33(2):190–9. Cerit B, Evler ES, Çalişkan MA. The effect of training on the knowledge level of emergency nurses on collecting, keeping and transferring biological evidence in forensic cases. Sağlik bilimleri dergisi. 2021;30(1):63–7. Simmons B, Grandfield K. Focus on forensic nursing education. J Emerg Nurs. 2013;39(6):633–4. Emami SZ, Lynch VA, Banazadeh M. Forensic nursing in the emergency department: the distance between nurses’ performed role behaviors and their perception of behaviors’ importance. BMC Nurs. 2024;23(1):23. Lynch VA. Clinical forensic nursing: A descriptive study in role development. Arlington: The University of Texas; 1990. Çalışkan N, Özden D. The knowledge levels of health personnel in Turkey regarding forensic evidence. J Forensic Sci. 2012;57(5):1217–21. Fazio RH, Zanna MP. Direct experience and attitude-behavior consistency. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Volume 14. Academic; 1981. pp. 161–202. Howe LC, Krosnick JA. Attitude strength. Ann Rev Psych. 2017;68(1):327–51. Henderson E, Harada N, Amar A. Caring for the forensic population: Recognizing the educational needs of emergency department nurses and physicians. J Nurs. 2012;8(4):170–7. Duffin C. A&E nurses could help convict rapists by collecting vital evidence. Nurs Stand. 2006;20(17):6–7. Kline RB. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 4th ed. Guilford Press; 2016. Aiken LS, West SG. Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Sage publications, Inc.; 1991. Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach (3rd edition). New York: The Guilford Press. 2022. Darlington RB, Hayes AF. Regression analysis and linear models: concepts, applications, and implementation. New York: The Guilford Press; 2017. Feizi Nazarloo L, Sedghi Sabet M, Jafaraghaee F, Kazemnezhad Leyli E, Rahbar Taromsari M, Jolly A. Emergency department nurses’ knowledge about forensic nursing. J Holist Nurs Midwifery. 2017;27(3):27–36. Kent-Wilkinson A. Forensic nursing educational development: An integrated review of the literature. J Psych Men Health Nurs. 2011;18(3):236–46. Sakalli D, Aslan M. Levels of knowledge of emergency nurses regarding forensic cases and approaches to evidence. Signa Vitae. 2020;16(1):65–72. Rahmqvist J, Benzein E, Erlingsson C. Challenges of caring for victims of violence and their family members in the emergency department. Int Emerg Nurs. 2019;42:2–6. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 09 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 09 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 02 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 15 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 31 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 30 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9165468","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":627671093,"identity":"eb7168ff-2740-49d7-a9e6-8be31d68f8ce","order_by":0,"name":"Sivan CUKERMAN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sivan","middleName":"","lastName":"CUKERMAN","suffix":""},{"id":627671094,"identity":"8e1c4460-e5d6-462a-a167-b46e2ceffb3e","order_by":1,"name":"Orli Grinstein Cohen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA00lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgYgIcHALwHls7ETpSVBgkFyBkwLM1E2JTAwGNyAcQhpkY8+3Pbw5w8LOePb7dckGGrsGPgIaTE8l9huzJMgYWx250yZBMOxZMIOM+xhbJMG+iVx242cNAkGtgPEaZH8kSBRv3kGSMs/IrTI8zC2SQAdlmAgkX5MgrGNCC0GQC3SPGkShjPunGG2SOxL5iFsSw/7M8kfNnXy/LPbH9748M1OTr69gYAtB+BMHgNQ/PAQsANoC8JI9gcEVY+CUTAKRsHIBADlEzZTgvWTzwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Orli","middleName":"Grinstein","lastName":"Cohen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-19 06:08:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9165468/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9165468/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107675909,"identity":"90d5ba21-1af7-4d2e-a568-381cee49d88c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-24 00:48:08","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59207,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSimple slope analysis to investigate the interaction between the wish to receive forensic nursing training and the frequency of performing forensic tasks in predicting their importance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote. N \u003c/em\u003e= 438\u003cem\u003e. \u003c/em\u003eNon-standardized regression coefficients are presented. In parentheses: Standard deviations. Solid lines indicate significant slopes and dashed lines represent non-significant slopes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e***\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003e p \u0026lt; \u003c/em\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9165468/v1/37770c2a803b3f240b44cd0e.png"},{"id":107869077,"identity":"56994a52-7a6c-448c-a214-c230564da9bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 07:35:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":851839,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9165468/v1/053ff029-6b66-4b7b-b8e8-f5abc2e4eaa7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Following in the footsteps of Virginia Lynch: The attitudes of Israeli emergency department nurses toward the role of forensic nurses: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eViolence is a public health issue that affects people of all ages worldwide. Each year, over a million people around the world die from self-inflicted, interpersonal, or collective violence [1]. According to data from Emergency Departments (ED) in Israel in 2022, over 630,000 patients were admitted due to deliberate injuries, traffic accidents, work accidents, and unintentional injuries [2]. The consequences of violence can be seen in the ED every day. Often, this is the first place the victims and/or perpetrators of violence are brought for medical care [3]. Thus, the nursing staff are the first healthcare professionals to see the patients, talk to their families, take care of their personal possessions, and collect evidence [4]. When the nursing staff cares for victims of violence, they are actually providing forensic care [3].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eViolence, as defined by the World Health Organization, is \u0026ldquo;Deliberate use of force or physical force, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or a group of community, which causes or is highly likely to cause injury, death, mental harm, faulty development, or shortage\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Each year, about 3\u0026nbsp;million people are hospitalized and about 27\u0026nbsp;million patients are discharged from EDs in the USA due to violence and unintentional injuries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForensic nursing is a nursing specialization that cares for victims of violence, including domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse, elder abuse, human trading, and more [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Forensic nursing exists in various areas of care, including the ED, hospital wards, intensive care units, Obstetrics and gynecology units, and mental health facilities, where people who have suffered trauma from a violent or criminal event are treated. Patients who have experienced violence require special resources beyond the treatment of physical injuries, including psycho-social and legal care to support their recovery and prepare for a criminal court case [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies show the advantages of the role of forensic nursing in the health system: empathy, support, and strengthening the patients' sense of control and empowerment. In addition to these advantages, increasing patients' security and access to services, reducing healthcare system overcrowding, improving self-confidence, raising patient satisfaction, high professional competence, higher reliability and trust, and increasing the percentage of patients submitting court claims [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The legal system, the police, and legal physicians who work with forensic nurses agree that the work of forensic nursing is preferable to the care previously provided by healthcare professionals who were not legally trained. However, due to the absence of legal knowledge in traditional nursing studies, sometimes nurses do not identify legal circumstances and evidence is lost or erased. Therefore, the presence of a forensic nurse in each shift will provide an immediate legal response to trauma and emergency cases and thus prevent a long delay in treatment or harm to the patients' ability to obtain a fair trial [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious types of patients visit the ED, including patients with traumatic injuries, those who experience unintentional trauma caused by accidents, such as traffic accidents and falls, and those who experience deliberate trauma such as violence, sexual assault, child/elder abuse, domestic partner violence, and suicide attempts. As the number of victims of violence around the world increases, so does the number of patients with deliberate trauma reaching medical institutions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Many victims survive violent and criminal events with light to serious injuries, and most of them seek medical care in the ED. These victims come into the ED with legal evidence on their bodies, clothes, and possessions that could help in criminal investigations. Despite this, the ED staff and healthcare services tend to focus on saving lives, resuscitation, or intensive care rather than on collecting and preserving evidence. As a result, the handling of legal evidence in the ED may be impaired, thus also violating the victims' right to justice [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies among ED nurses have found that between 84% and 97% of participants considered forensic nursing to be very important, including legal knowledge, the need for expert trained forensic nurses, adding forensic nursing to the generic curricula, training in forensic identification, and the introduction of legal protocols for handling [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Training is important for increasing the efficiency of nurses in collecting and preserving the chain of evidence, providing tools for behavior when encountering perpetrators or victims, and avoiding missing the identification of forensic cases due to a lack of knowledge and education related to the process of testimony and court procedures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Training in forensic nursing will produce positive outcomes, including improved patient care, security care, reducing the load on the healthcare system, improving the confidence and skills of nurses providing care, and higher patient satisfaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen examining the perceived importance of representative forensic cases, several studies found that the cases ranked highest in importance were documenting child abuse versus accident injury, collecting evidence from forensic patients including sexual assault victims, skills in giving bad news, informing medical bodies about receiving a patient who was dead on arrival without receiving treatment, and providing evidence in court [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies investigating the association between the frequency of forensic cases and the perception of the importance of such cases found that the average grades of importance were significantly higher the more frequently such tasks were required [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Regarding the correlation between the performance frequency and the perception of importance, Emami et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] found a positive correlation between the frequency grades and the importance grades only for twenty-four representative cases (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05) out of 39. Also, there was no significant correlation between the overall frequency of performance grades and the importance grades [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. This is in contrast with Lynch [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], who found a positive Pearson correlation of 0.452 at a significance level of \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .022 regarding the association between frequency of performance and importance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The nurses' competence is based on their knowledge and skills [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], and insufficient knowledge and skills regarding forensic matters may impair their ability to provide quality care in such cases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the theory of direct experience in attitudes, the frequency of performing tasks increases the accessibility and strength of the attitude towards the tasks, and is therefore expected to change the strength of the relationship between demographic or professional characteristics and the importance of performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is limited information describing the state of forensic training in healthcare, and more importantly, how much training the ED staff receive [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The forensic training of ED nurses should include, among other things: legal photography; interpreting and analyzing bite marks; elder abuse and neglect; the interpretation of blunt, sharp, or rapid (gunshot) trauma; sexual assault and rape; child abuse and neglect; and drug abuse [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe insufficient research on the training needs of ED staff regarding forensic science as part of their work is one of the largest barriers to providing quality, tailored care for this weak population. Training and practice in forensic issues and legal aspects within the ED should no longer be subject to the decisions of the institution's leadership but should be a regular work standard within the care setting. The nursing staff can become an effective communicating factor between the worlds of medicine and law, promoting dialogue, and representing the patients. In this bridge between the medical and legal arenas, forensic nursing becomes an essential asset [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. It is necessary to expand forensic training to promote knowledge and skills within the ED, including additional resources supporting holistic trauma and patient care. Training ED nurses has many advantages, such as treating sexual assault victims. It not only reduces waiting times but also shows greater compliance with several important indices of quality of care, such as completing legal kits, providing advice, and preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout legal education and training, ED nurses lack the experience to predict and/or fulfil the needs of forensic patients. It is possible that such ED nurses would ignore, misinterpret, or discard valuable evidence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. These mistakes or omissions can have implications for the hospital staff, the patients, their families, and any future legal proceedings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies around the world recognize the significant value of including forensic nursing classes in B.N. studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Many organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN) have determined that forensic contents and concepts should be taught to B.N. students and to nursing graduates in various programs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eAims\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the frequency of performing forensic tasks among the ED nursing staff and to understand the nursing staff's perceived importance of these tasks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eObjectives\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the study will help understand the frequency of encounters with forensic patients in the ED and the importance the nursing staff attributes to handling such cases. The non-identification of these patients and nursing care lacking in forensic aspects may later harm the patients' legal rights. Based on the findings of this study, when forensic nursing is introduced to Israel, follow-up studies can be conducted in the ED and other departments to evaluate the effectiveness of educational training and the perceptions of the topic's importance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eResearch Questions\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is the frequency of ED nurses performing forensic tasks? What is their perceived importance of performing these tasks? Is there a association between the performance frequency and the perception of importance? Is there a association between various socio-demographic and professional variables and the perception of importance of forensic tasks? Does the frequency of performing forensic tasks moderate the association between the socio-demographic and professional variables and the perceived importance?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eHypotheses\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eA high frequency of performing forensic tasks was found among the ED nursing staff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh perceived importance of performing forensic tasks was found among the ED nursing staff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociations were found between socio-demographic and professional variables and the perceived importance of performing forensic tasks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eA positive association was found between the frequency of performing forensic tasks and their perceived importance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe associations between the socio-demographic and professional variables and the perceived importance were moderated by the performance frequency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eResearch design\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study conducted between November 16, 2023 and April 5, 2024. A convenience sample filled in an online questionnaire distributed over forums on social networks to examine the frequency of performing forensic tasks by ED nursing staff and the importance they attributed to these tasks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegistered nurses working in the ED in any Israeli hospital (adult ED, pediatric ED, Obstetrics and gynecology ED, and mental health ED).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eResearch tools\u003c/em\u003e: The study's data were collected using an anonymous online questionnaire through Google Forms, distributed over social networks. The original questionnaire, Emergency Department Forensic Nursing Survey Questionnaire, was developed by the researcher Virginia Lynch in 1990 in the USA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The questionnaire used in the present study was therefore not developed specifically for this study. It has previously been used in published studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. High internal consistency was reported for both frequency of performance (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.90) and perceived importance (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.92) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The questionnaire was translated through the standard methods from English to Hebrew and back from Hebrew to English and adapted for nursing in Israel. The research was conducted in Hebrew. In order to adapt the questionnaire for nursing in Israel, 2 statements were removed that describe practices of ED nurses that do not exist in Israel: \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;ED nurse determines the sex of skeletal remains brought to the ED\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e; and \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;ED nurse reads dental charts and is aware of forensic dentistry techniques\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e. In addition, 8 statements were removed that described the practice of specialist forensic nurses, a role that does not exist in Israel. The third section, with open questions, was also removed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire was first pilot-tested with five ED nurses to assess clarity and functionality of the online form. The pilot data were not included in the final analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe final adapted quantitative research tool included a two-part questionnaire:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst part: A general questionnaire including socio-demographic and professional details of each participant, such as gender, year of birth, religion, education, professional experience, and workplace. In addition, the questionnaire included questions about background and training in forensic nursing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond part: The questionnaire included 29 statements describing the practice of ED nurses (e.g.: \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;ED nurses help the police investigators in performing their work\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e). The participants were asked to grade for each statement the frequency of performing the task described on a 5-level Likert scale (1 = \u0026ldquo;never\u0026rdquo; up to 5 = \u0026ldquo;always\u0026rdquo;). Similarly, the participants were asked to grade the perceived importance of each task described in the statements on a 5-level Likert scale (1 = \u0026ldquo;not important at all\u0026rdquo; up to 5 = \u0026ldquo;very important\u0026rdquo;) (Appendix 1). The frequency and importance grades were calculated by a ranking average for all items, so that high grades represent high frequency and high perceived importance, respectively. The internal consistency found in the current study was similar to the original study. The internal consistency was α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.91 for frequency and α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.95 for perceived importance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore performing the statistical analyses, the study variables were examined for their normal distribution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the means, standard deviations, and ranges of the study variables were presented. Then, the associations between socio-demographic and professional variables and perceived importance were examined using Pearson correlations, independent-samples t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance for continuous, dichotomous, and categorical socio-demographic and professional variables, respectively. The association between task frequency and importance was tested using a Pearson correlation. A hierarchical linear regression model was conducted in three steps to predict the importance. In the first step, the socio-demographic and professional variables found to be significant in the preliminary tests. In the second step, the frequency variable was introduced. In the third, final step, all the two-way interaction terms between the socio-demographic and professional variables and the frequency of tasks were added. The interaction was probed using simple slopes analysis. Note, that the enter method was employed for Steps 1 and 2, whereas the stepwise method was utilized for Step 3. Continuous variables were mean-centered prior to analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], and categorical variables were coded using effect coding (i.e. -0.5 and 0.5) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software version 29, with the PROCESS macro (model 1) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] employed for probing the interaction. The research hypotheses were examined at a significance level of 5%, two-tailed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ben-Gurion University Institutional Ethics Committee, approval no. 43-2023, on 15 November 2023. The questionnaire was distributed via social media networks (Facebook, WhatsApp). Informed consent to participate was obtained electronically from all participants before completion of the questionnaire. At the start of the questionnaire, the participants received information about the study's purpose, its risks, privacy, and confidentiality, and their right to participate voluntarily, to refuse to answer any question, and to withdraw at any time without possible consequences. This study might cause psychological discomfort for the participants due to personal memories of treating forensic patients. This issue was mentioned at the start of the questionnaire, stressing the availability of free mental health assistance, with a telephone number provided.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCharacteristics of the sample\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study first included 451 participants. Seven did not agree to participate in the study and 6 did not meet the inclusion criteria (actively working in a hospital ED). After filtering, 438 registered nurses working in hospital EDs were included in the study. The participants' ages ranged between 23\u0026ndash;76 (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.66, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.83). The participants' mean professional experience was 10.75 years (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.66, Range\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1\u0026ndash;43).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the study participants' socio-demographic characteristics. Most of the participants were women (81.7%), Jewish (83.1%), and had a bachelor's or master's degree (37% and 40.6%, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants' socio-demographic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMother tongue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHebrew\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJewish\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel of religiosity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegistered nurse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegistered nurse with bachelor's degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegistered nurse with master's degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraduate of retraining\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eNote. N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;438.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e[Insert\u003c/em\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003ehere]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e describes the participants' professional characteristics. Most of the participants have taken an advanced course in emergency medicine (57.3%), and most work in an adult only ED (65.8%). Only a minority of participants received training in forensic nursing during their studies (7.5%), but most (88.4%) expressed wishes to receive training in this area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants' professional characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvanced course\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e335\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e76.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of advanced course\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergency medicine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e251\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e57.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e98\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrated intensive care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatric intensive care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e35\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical specialization course\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployment type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart-time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull-time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain shift type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorning/evening/night\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll shift types\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegular nurse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShift responsibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e281\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e64.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual assault victim room exists in hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e158\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e36.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrauma center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e189\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e43.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographical distribution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCenter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJerusalem and south\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eED type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdults only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatric only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReceived training in forensic nursing during studies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReceived training in forensic nursing outside studies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e38\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWishes to receive training in forensic nursing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e387\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e88.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote. N\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;438. Bold values represent the category \u0026ldquo;yes\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e[Insert\u003c/em\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003ehere]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the descriptive statistics of frequency and importance based on the details of the forensic nursing in the ED questionnaire. The statement with the highest frequency of performance was \u0026ldquo;Appropriately reports to the person responsible according to institutional procedures cases where patients arrive dead and their death was not observed by anyone\u0026rdquo; (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.01, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.17). The statement with the lowest frequency of performance was \u0026ldquo;Serves as a mediator in forensic matters between the hospital/victims and the police/the National Institute of Forensic Medicine\u0026rdquo; (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.48, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.79). The statement with the highest perceived importance was \u0026ldquo;Identifies signs of physical abuse of children (such as strangulation vs. signs of SID, accidental vs. deliberate burns or scrapes, accidental broken bones vs. bones broken in abuse)\u0026rdquo; (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.60, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.66). The statement with the lowest perceived importance was \u0026ldquo;Serves as a mediator in forensic matters between the hospital/victims and the police/the National Institute of Forensic Medicine\u0026rdquo; (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.24, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.14).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of frequency and importance of performance according to forensic nursing in the ED questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn ED nurse\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u0026nbsp;Appropriately reports to the person responsible according to institutional procedures cases where patients arrive dead and their death was not observed by anyone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Distinguishes between an animal bite and a human bite and can interpret medical and legal consequences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Reconstructs and preserves physical evidence (e.g., hairs, fibers, nail samples) from victims of sexual assault\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Reconstructs and preserves physical evidence (e.g., hairs, fibers, nail samples) from suspects of sexual assault\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Has specific knowledge regarding appropriate testimony in law courts in forensic cases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Distinguishes between the entry wound of a short-range shooting and a wound of longer-range shooting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Determines the most appropriate forms of preserving physical evidence related to trauma (such as clothes and other evidence)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Knows the appropriate documentation related to death or injury and can prepare legal reports and investigations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. Identifies signs of physical abuse of children (such as strangulation vs. signs of SID, accidental vs. deliberate burns or scrapes, accidental broken bones vs. bones broken in abuse)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10. Identifies signs of emotional abuse/exploitation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11. Possesses practical knowledge regarding the duties and responsibility of police investigators\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12. Possesses practical knowledge regarding the duties and responsibility of the National Institute of Forensic Medicine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13. Identifies self-caused trauma vs. trauma caused by others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14. Is skilled in sharing information and evidence, in investigating cases of sexual assault, with the police, the National Institute of Forensic Medicine, and other bodies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15. Assists police investigators with their work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16. Assists the medical staff in cases of suspicious deaths\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17. Performs appropriate collection of forensic evidence when treating trauma victims\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18. Ensures accurate documentation for purposes of legal investigation and defense both of themselves and of patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19. Uses structured protocols to treat forensic patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20. Receives appropriate training regarding the reporting of deaths to survivors of the same incident\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21. Receives appropriate training for handling grief, loss, and bad news\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22. Receives appropriate training for crisis management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23. Observes and documents the circumstances surrounding the victim, the trauma, and the interaction between the patient, family, witnesses, and/or others in the ED\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24. Serves as a mediator in forensic matters between the hospital/victims and the police/the National Institute of Forensic Medicine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25. Collects and preserves bodily tissues and liquids as evidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26. Provides counseling about loss, grief, and bad news to trauma victims and those close to them\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27. Provides advice about crisis management to trauma victims and those close to them\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28. Interviews witnesses when there is suspicion of trauma cases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29. Uses scientific knowledge from legal medicine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote. N\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;438. All statements were between 1 and 5, except for statement 10 on importance, when was between 2 and 5.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e[Insert\u003c/em\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003ehere]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e describes the means, standard deviations, and ranges of the frequency of tasks and their perceived importance. The frequency of performed forensic tasks was relatively low (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.26) on a scale from 1 to 5, indicating that the ED nurses perform such tasks infrequently. The importance of performing forensic tasks was perceived as relatively high (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.01) on a scale from 1 to 5, indicating that the ED nurses recognize the importance of these tasks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans, standard deviations, and ranges of frequency of tasks and their perceived importance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*Skewness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**Kurtosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026ndash;4.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u0026ndash;5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote. N\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;438.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e[Insert\u003c/em\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003ehere]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRelationships between the socio-demographic and professional variables and the importance of performing forensic tasks\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e describes the relationships between the socio-demographic variables and the importance of performing forensic tasks. Associations were found between socio-demographic characteristics and the perceived importance of performing forensic tasks. Nurses with a master's degree perceived the importance of performance as higher compared with nurses with a bachelor's degree or a registered nurse diploma. Older nurses perceived the importance of performance as higher than younger nurses did.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationships between the socio-demographic variables and the importance of performing forensic tasks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e / \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e / \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMother tongue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHebrew\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJewish\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel of religiosity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.93\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegistered nurse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic nurse with bachelor's degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic nurse with master's degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e Means with different subscript letters differ significantly from each other (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05. \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e[Insert\u003c/em\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003ehere]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e describes the relationships between professional characteristics and the importance of performing forensic tasks. Associations were found between professional characteristics and the importance of performing forensic tasks. Nurses wishing to receive forensic nursing training perceived the importance as higher compared with nurses not wishing to receive training. More experienced nurses perceived the importance as higher than those with less experience did.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationships between professional characteristics and the importance of performing forensic tasks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e / \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e / \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvanced course\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvanced course \u0026ndash; emergency medicine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvanced course \u0026ndash; clinical training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvanced course \u0026ndash; Integrated intensive care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e416\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvanced course \u0026ndash; Pediatric intensive care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears of experience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.13\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosition type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart-time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull-time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain shift type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorning/evening/night\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll shift types\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRole at work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegular nurse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerforming shift responsibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospital has room for sexual assault victims\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrauma center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographical distribution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCenter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJerusalem and south\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of ED\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatric only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReceived forensic nursing training during studies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReceived forensic nursing training outside studies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWishes to receive forensic nursing training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.53\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01. \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e[Insert\u003c/em\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003ehere]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCorrelation between frequency of performance and importance of performance\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA positive correlation between the variables was found, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e(436) = .27, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001, so that higher performance frequency was related to higher perceived importance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFrequency of performing forensic tasks as a moderator\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of the hierarchical regression analysis predicting the perceived importance of performing forensic tasks. In the first step, perceived importance was higher among academic nurses holding a master\u0026rsquo;s degree, who wished to receive forensic nursing training, compared to registered nurses or academic nurses with a bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree who did not wish to receive such training. The second step revealed a positive association between the frequency of task performance and perceived importance. The third step demonstrated a significant interaction between the desire for forensic nursing training and performance frequency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of hierarchical multiple regression analysis predicting importance of performing forensic tasks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE B\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE B\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE B\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears of experience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegistered nurse \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic nurse with bachelor's degree \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWish to receive forensic nursing training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerformance frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWish to receive forensic nursing training \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026times; Performance frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e─\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eR\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.13\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.15\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΔ\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eR\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote. N\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;438.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e The reference group is academic nurse with master's degree (coded\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.5). \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e -0.5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No, 0.5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Yes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05. \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01. \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e[Insert\u003c/em\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003ehere]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 1 illustrates the findings of the simple slope analysis to investigate the interaction between the wish to receive forensic nursing. The simple slopes indicated that, at low and average levels of performance frequency, nurses wishing to receive forensic nursing training had higher perceived performance scores compared to nurses not wishing to receive the training, while at high levels of performance frequency, these differences were not significant (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e[Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;1 here]\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAdditional findings\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferences between ED types: Differences were found between ED types in the frequency and perceived importance of performing forensic tasks. Mental health EDs showed the highest frequency of performance and, Obstetrics and gynecology EDs showed the lowest frequency, while integrated EDs (adults and pediatric) showed the lowest perceived importance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportance of training: This was examined using a 5-level Likert scale (1 = \u0026ldquo;not important at all\u0026rdquo; up to 5 = \u0026ldquo;very important\u0026rdquo;). Very high importance (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.38, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87) was found for including educational contents on forensic nursing in the generic nursing curriculum.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAround the world, there is advanced training in forensic nursing and specific training on the subject. But in Israel there is none. In Israel, there are classes as part of undergraduate studies on violence against women, children, and the elderly, but not as a complete course. In addition, there is still no advanced training on the subject of forensic nursing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the frequency of performance and the importance that ED nurses attributed to performing forensic tasks, the associations between them, and their associations with socio-demographic and professional characteristics. In examining the hypotheses, the first hypothesis that there would be a high frequency of forensic activities among the nursing staff in the emergency department was refuted. Regarding the second hypothesis that there would be a high importance of performing forensic activities among the nursing staff in the emergency department, the hypothesis was confirmed. The third hypothesis, which assumed that there would be relationships between socio-demographic and professional characteristics and the importance of performing forensic activities, was partially confirmed. The fourth hypothesis, which claimed that there would be a positive relationship between the frequency of performing forensic activities and the importance of performing them, was confirmed. While the fifth hypothesis, that the relationships between socio-demographic and professional variables and the importance of performing them would be moderated by the frequency of performance, was partially confirmed. The current study indicates a significant gap between the low frequency of performing forensic tasks and their high perceived importance among ED nurses. The study's findings show that ED nurses encounter forensic patients daily, and that they wish to receive training in order to handle these patients, but only a minority of them has received any training during their nursing studies or in further training after they entered their roles. Previous studies have also found a low performance frequency [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. This may be explained by several factors. The first is a lack of knowledge and insufficiency of training, which aligns with studies stressing the need for focused forensic nursing training for ED staff [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR33\" citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The second is the nature of ED work. The ED work setting, culture, and policies have been mentioned in the literature as possible obstacles to the staff's awareness and trained treatment of patients suffering from violence and domestic abuse. Specific factors include time restrictions, staff turnover, limited opportunities for training and acquiring skills, inefficient reporting and referral mechanisms, and the absence of resources to support the staff and patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Finally, there are few directives and work procedures in Israel related to forensic patients. Indeed, our study shows that the tasks performed most frequently are those that have a directive or procedure. The most frequent task is \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eED nurses appropriately report to the person responsible according to institutional procedures cases where patients arrive dead and their death was not observed by anyone\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. Other tasks with higher-than-average performance frequency are: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eED nurses identify signs of physical abuse of children\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eED nurses assist the medical staff in cases of suspicious deaths\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. In contrast, the tasks with the lowest performance frequency are actually those about which there are no directives or work procedures: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eED nurses serve as a mediator in forensic matters between the hospital/victims and the police/the National Institute of Forensic Medicine\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eED nurses collect and preserve bodily tissues and liquids as evidence\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. Regarding the latter, appropriate equipment for collecting and preserving the chain of evidence does not exist in Israeli EDs. The literature also shows that ED nurses report a low percentage of work places where there are written procedures and directives regarding nursing protocols for victims of sexual assault, child abuse, elder abuse, and domestic violence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast with the low performance frequency, relatively high perceived importance was found. This finding accords with the literature, since similar studies also found a significant mismatch between the performance frequency and the perceived importance by the ED staff, and the importance means were significantly higher than the frequency means. The highest importance can be attributed first to having many encounters with forensic patients, which most of the study's participants reported. Also, the studies show that the more ED nurses performed a certain task, the more they viewed it as important [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, where there are work procedures and the nursing staff knows and is capable of providing appropriate patient care, the importance also rises. The tasks with the highest perceived importance are: \u0026ldquo;ED nurses identify signs of physical abuse of children (such as strangulation vs. signs of SID, accidental vs. deliberate burns or scrapes, accidental broken bones vs. bones broken in abuse)\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;ED nurses identify signs of emotional abuse/exploitation\u0026rdquo;. These exist in the training programs and are learned during nursing studies under subjects other than forensic nursing. These findings are supported by two similar studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother possible explanation was found in a similar study, showing that participating female nurses perceived the performance of nursing tasks as more important than male nurses did, which may be related to gender differences in communication styles and interpersonal skills [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Indeed, in our study, most of the participants were women. However, our study found no association between gender and performance importance. It is worth noting that these gender differences are not universal and may vary according to individual background, experiences, and cultural norms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe statements with the lowest perceived importance were: \u0026ldquo;ED nurses serve as a mediator in forensic matters between the hospital/victims and the police/the National Institute of Forensic Medicine\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;ED nurses use scientific knowledge from legal medicine\u0026rdquo;. What is common is the lack of knowledge and training on the topic. Another possible explanation is that the nurses view this behavior as exceeding the boundaries of the nursing profession and believe they should be performed by other medical professionals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA significant positive association was found between the performance frequency and the perceived importance of forensic tasks. The higher the performance frequency, the greater the importance. This finding is partially supported in the literature. A study by Emami et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] found a positive correlation only for twenty-four out of thirty-nine representative tasks. But there was no significant correlation between the total frequency grades and the importance grades [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. This is in contrast to a study by Lynch [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], which found a positive correlation for the total grades for a association between frequency and importance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the association between socio-demographic and professional characteristics and the importance of performance, a relationship was found between age and education level and the importance of performance, with older nurses and those with a master's degree having higher importance grades compared with younger nurses and those with a registered nurse diploma or a bachelor's degree. In professional characteristics, a association was found between years of experience and a wish to receive forensic nursing training and importance of performance, with more experienced nurses and those wishing to receive forensic nursing training having higher importance grades compared with less experienced nurses and those who did not wish to receive forensic nursing training.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the association between importance of performance and nurses' demographic details, the two similar studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] did not provide information. The only study that did examine the relationship between demographic characteristics and frequency of performance and importance found that participants who worked night shifts had a higher frequency of performance. Also, participants who had personal experience with legal claims reported a higher frequency of performance. In terms of importance, they found that women perceived the importance as higher than men [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. None of the findings in the literature aligns with the findings of our study. We can speculate that there are differences between Israel and the other countries where these studies were conducted, both in terms of formal forensic nursing training, which does not exist in Israel, but does exist elsewhere, and also a different mix of exposure to trauma cases in terms of shifts. In Israel, only a small percentage of ED visits occur during the night shift [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the population mix and the cultural features in Israel are probably different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study found an association between advanced age and level of education, and the importance of performance. In Israel, the characteristics are different because the majority of the population serves in the army and is exposed to forensic cases. In addition, Israeli residents experience wars and the study was conducted after the events of October 7th, in which the Israeli population was widely exposed to the Institute of Forensic Medicine. The older and more educated you are, the greater your exposure to wars and literature, hence the intention for differences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrengths and limitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strength was the recruitment of ED nurses (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;438), and the participation of staff from all types of EDs (adults, pediatric, Obstetrics and gynecology, and mental health). The limitations include a convenience sample of ED nurses only. The sample does not fully represent all the nurses, most of whom work in the community and in other departments in the healthcare system. In addition, the percentage of non-Jewish participants was low, which does not represent the true mix in the population of nurses in Israel. The study examined forensic nursing. Israel does not have organized training on this topic in the generic programs and retraining for accrediting nurses, and therefore some of the participants who have never encountered forensic nursing might have interpreted the questions differently from each other. Cross-sectional studies have a limitation. The questionnaire was structured so that participants had to mark the frequency of performance and the importance of performance of each statement. Perhaps because there were not two separate questionnaires, one for frequency and the other for importance, participants might have marked each statement similarly in both frequency and importance. The original questionnaire contains statements about topics that do not exist in Israel, so two statements were removed from the questionnaire in the study. In addition, there are open-ended questions about advanced training that does not exist in Israel, so they were also removed. The questionnaire was read by five nurses before publication. Data collection was carried out using an anonymous electronic questionnaire in Google Forms. The questionnaire was distributed via social networks and was completely voluntary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture directions for research include examining this topic in a larger sample and in additional departments beyond the ED. Also, in departments with a small attending staff, it might be worth including a qualitative study to examine the delaying and advancing factors in the introduction of forensic nursing. Providing forensic nursing knowledge, tools, and training to nurses will improve patient care and help patients in their encounter with the legal system, if necessary. In addition to training, there is a need to write directives and procedures that set out the treatment of forensic patients and to provide appropriate, dedicated equipment to the various departments in the healthcare system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a preliminary study in the field of forensic nursing in Israel. There is a significant gap between the low frequency of performing forensic tasks and the high perception of their importance among ED nurses. The study's results indicate a need to include forensic contents in the education of nurses, and later for the training and specialization of experienced staff. Nurses should be provided with the knowledge and essential skills to identify, manage, and handle representative forensic cases.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was received from the Ben Gurion University of the Negev Faculty of Health Sciences Institutional Ethics Committee, approval no. 43-2023, on 15 November 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent to participate was obtained electronically from all participants before completion of the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are available upon request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo competing interests have been declared by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData curation: SC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFormal analysis: SC, OGC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWriting \u0026ndash; original draft: SC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: OGC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupervision: OGC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInvestigation: SC, OGC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWriting \u0026ndash; review and editing: OGC, SC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe statistics were checked prior to submission by an expert statistician, Eran Druckman, [email protected] \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBush K. 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Int Emerg Nurs. 2018;40:33\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdool NN, Brysiewicz P. A description of the forensic nursing role in emergency departments in Durban, South Africa. J Emer Nurs. 2009;35(1):16\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlsaif DM, Alfaraidy M, Alsowayigh K, Alhusain A, Almadani OM. Forensic experience of Saudi nurses; an emerging need for forensic qualifications. J Legal Med. 2014;27:13\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDonaldson AE. New Zealand emergency nurses' knowledge about forensic science and its application to practice. Int Emerg Nurs. 2020;53:100854.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEisert PJ, Eldredge K, Hartlaub T, Huggins E, Keirn G, O'Brien P. March KS. CSI: New York: development of forensic evidence collection guidelines for the emergency department. 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Arlington: The University of Texas; 1990.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Ccedil;alışkan N, \u0026Ouml;zden D. The knowledge levels of health personnel in Turkey regarding forensic evidence. J Forensic Sci. 2012;57(5):1217\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFazio RH, Zanna MP. Direct experience and attitude-behavior consistency. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Volume 14. Academic; 1981. pp. 161\u0026ndash;202.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHowe LC, Krosnick JA. Attitude strength. Ann Rev Psych. 2017;68(1):327\u0026ndash;51.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHenderson E, Harada N, Amar A. Caring for the forensic population: Recognizing the educational needs of emergency department nurses and physicians. J Nurs. 2012;8(4):170\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDuffin C. A\u0026amp;E nurses could help convict rapists by collecting vital evidence. Nurs Stand. 2006;20(17):6\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKline RB. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 4th ed. Guilford Press; 2016.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAiken LS, West SG. Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Sage publications, Inc.; 1991.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach (3rd edition). New York: The Guilford Press. 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDarlington RB, Hayes AF. Regression analysis and linear models: concepts, applications, and implementation. New York: The Guilford Press; 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFeizi Nazarloo L, Sedghi Sabet M, Jafaraghaee F, Kazemnezhad Leyli E, Rahbar Taromsari M, Jolly A. Emergency department nurses\u0026rsquo; knowledge about forensic nursing. J Holist Nurs Midwifery. 2017;27(3):27\u0026ndash;36.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKent-Wilkinson A. Forensic nursing educational development: An integrated review of the literature. J Psych Men Health Nurs. 2011;18(3):236\u0026ndash;46.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSakalli D, Aslan M. Levels of knowledge of emergency nurses regarding forensic cases and approaches to evidence. Signa Vitae. 2020;16(1):65\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRahmqvist J, Benzein E, Erlingsson C. Challenges of caring for victims of violence and their family members in the emergency department. Int Emerg Nurs. 2019;42:2\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nursing, forensic, frequency, importance, ED, Israel","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9165468/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9165468/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to examine the frequency of performing forensic tasks among the Emergency Department nursing staff and to understand the nursing staff's perceived importance of these tasks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA descriptive cross-sectional study conducted between November 16, 2023 and April 5, 2024. The sample included 438 nurses working in the Emergency Department in Israeli hospitals, using an online questionnaire with demographic and professional details and forensic interventions' frequency and perceived importance. The data were analyzed using various statistical models include Pearson correlations, independent-samples t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and a hierarchical linear regression model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe participants' ages ranged between 23\u0026ndash;76 (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.66, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.83) and the participants' mean professional experience was 10.75 years (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.66, Range\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1\u0026ndash;43). Only a minority of participants had received training in forensic nursing during their studies (7.5%), but most (88.4%) expressed wishes to receive training in this area. The frequency of performed forensic tasks was relatively low (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.26) on a scale from 1 to 5, indicating that the ED nurses perform such tasks infrequently. The importance of performing forensic tasks was perceived as relatively high (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.01) on a scale from 1 to 5, indicating that the ED nurses recognize the importance of these tasks. Older nurses, those with a master's degree, those with greater professional experience, and those wishing to receive training in forensic nursing were positively connected with the perceived importance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe low frequency of performing forensic tasks probably stems from lack of knowledge, training, protocols, and appropriate equipment. Despite this, the perceived importance is high. This reflects the increasing incidence of trauma and violence in Israeli society, particularly after 7 October 2023. The study suggests that Israel should apply a policy change and introduce forensic nursing to the nursing curriculum.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Following in the footsteps of Virginia Lynch: The attitudes of Israeli emergency department nurses toward the role of forensic nurses: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-24 00:48:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9165468/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-09T19:19:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-09T19:06:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-02T10:25:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"168230723416048382055580646813705533560","date":"2026-04-26T13:13:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"202867547793084238995444706599892698024","date":"2026-04-23T14:15:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-16T01:26:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-16T01:20:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-31T07:06:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-30T08:20:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Nursing","date":"2026-03-30T08:07:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8bcedfb9-358f-42d7-a405-dd36ab10b5db","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 24th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-09T19:19:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-09T19:06:33+00:00","index":102,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-02T10:25:05+00:00","index":84,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-09T19:24:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-24 00:48:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9165468","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9165468","identity":"rs-9165468","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}