Partial safety factors determination to model uncertainty on Persian historic masonry elements

Partial safety factors determination to model uncertainty on Persian historic masonry elements | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Partial safety factors determination to model uncertainty on Persian historic masonry elements Mehrdad Ghamari, MohammadSaeed Karimi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5729745/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 May, 2025 Read the published version in Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This research explores the determination of partial safety factors for Persian historical masonry walls, following Eurocode-6 principles, which account for material and geometric uncertainties. The study explores the impact of lateral constraints or boundary conditions ( B.C. ), Height-Length Proportion ( α ), the thickness of wall ( t ), and pre-compression levels as a gravity loading ( P ) on the structural behavior of these walls when subjected to uncertain conditions. Nonlinear pushover analyses were carried out on 200 masonry wall specimens, considering four α , ten variations in B.C. (including the impact of vertical (lateral walls) and horizontal (upper slabs) components), and three standard t (0.20, 0.35, and 0.50 m), all subjected to three different P (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 MPa). The research also evaluates how variations in the modulus of elasticity and t affect the results under nonlinear analysis. Findings show that the Maximum Shear Capacity ( F u ), maximum drift limit ( δ u /H ), and effective stiffness ( 𝐾 𝑒ff ) are highly responsive to these variables. Higher F u and 𝐾 𝑒ff were observed with increased t , P , and B.C. , while reducing α had the opposite effect. As B.C. , t , and P increased, δ u /H showed a reduction, while a decrease in α led to an increase. The estimated F u ranged 114.8–1476.5 kN, δu/H varied 1.56–3.43, and 𝐾eff spanned 7.72–250.80 kN/mm. The proposed partial safety factors are 1.17–1.96 for material strength ( γ M ), 1.16–1.77 for displacement capacity ( γ du ), and 1.15–1.96 for effective stiffness ( γ k ). The results emphasize that increasing B.C. , t , and reducing α result in higher γ M and γ k values, while γ du values decrease. Additionally, all safety factors rise with increased P . These findings offer important insights for enhancing the preservation of Persian historical masonry structures. Partial Safety Factors Masonry Walls Structural Behavior Eurocode-6 Nonlinear Analysis Persian Historical Structures Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 May, 2025 Read the published version in Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 21 Feb, 2025 Reviews received at journal 10 Feb, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Feb, 2025 Reviews received at journal 28 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jan, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Jan, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 30 Dec, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Dec, 2024 First submitted to journal 29 Dec, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5729745","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":396076139,"identity":"4b905e92-2819-4774-b884-16b9c24c6537","order_by":0,"name":"Mehrdad Ghamari","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Edinburgh Napier University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mehrdad","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghamari","suffix":""},{"id":396076144,"identity":"e704b7b4-4ba7-4986-a9da-63d14d372f1b","order_by":1,"name":"MohammadSaeed Karimi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Semnan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"MohammadSaeed","middleName":"","lastName":"Karimi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-29 11:53:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5729745/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5729745/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-025-01847-w","type":"published","date":"2025-05-09T15:57:28+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82537677,"identity":"ec8dea5d-4be1-428e-9480-160e873e4b8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-12 16:10:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2279935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PartialsafetyfactorsonPersianhistoricmasonry.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5729745/v1_covered_bef8f0dd-18d7-4773-b5ef-f10a8ce91029.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Partial safety factors determination to model uncertainty on Persian historic masonry elements","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"iranian-journal-of-science-and-technology-transactions-of-civil-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"istc","sideBox":"Learn more about [Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering](http://link.springer.com/journal/40996)","snPcode":"40996","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40996/3","title":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Partial Safety Factors, Masonry Walls, Structural Behavior, Eurocode-6, Nonlinear Analysis, Persian Historical Structures","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5729745/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5729745/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis research explores the determination of partial safety factors for Persian historical masonry walls, following Eurocode-6 principles, which account for material and geometric uncertainties. The study explores the impact of lateral constraints or boundary conditions (\u003cem\u003eB.C.\u003c/em\u003e), Height-Length Proportion (\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e), the thickness of wall (\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e), and pre-compression levels as a gravity loading (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e) on the structural behavior of these walls when subjected to uncertain conditions. Nonlinear pushover analyses were carried out on 200 masonry wall specimens, considering four \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e, ten variations in \u003cem\u003eB.C.\u003c/em\u003e (including the impact of vertical (lateral walls) and horizontal (upper slabs) components), and three standard \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e (0.20, 0.35, and 0.50 m), all subjected to three different \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 MPa). The research also evaluates how variations in the modulus of elasticity and \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e affect the results under nonlinear analysis. Findings show that the Maximum Shear Capacity (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), maximum drift limit (\u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e/H\u003c/em\u003e), and effective stiffness (\u003cem\u003e\u0026#119870;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026#119890;ff\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) are highly responsive to these variables. Higher \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003e\u0026#119870;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026#119890;ff\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e were observed with increased \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eB.C.\u003c/em\u003e, while reducing \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e had the opposite effect. As \u003cem\u003eB.C.\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e increased, \u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e/H\u003c/em\u003e showed a reduction, while a decrease in \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e led to an increase. The estimated \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e ranged 114.8\u0026ndash;1476.5 kN, δu/H varied 1.56\u0026ndash;3.43, and \u0026#119870;eff spanned 7.72\u0026ndash;250.80 kN/mm. The proposed partial safety factors are 1.17\u0026ndash;1.96 for material strength (\u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), 1.16\u0026ndash;1.77 for displacement capacity (\u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003edu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), and 1.15\u0026ndash;1.96 for effective stiffness (\u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e). The results emphasize that increasing \u003cem\u003eB.C.\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e, and reducing α result in higher \u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e values, while \u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003edu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e values decrease. Additionally, all safety factors rise with increased \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e. These findings offer important insights for enhancing the preservation of Persian historical masonry structures.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Partial safety factors determination to model uncertainty on Persian historic masonry elements","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-01 14:29:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5729745/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-02-21T22:48:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-02-10T21:00:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-02-03T20:16:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-01-28T08:25:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"250443842805788060040913099107588415345","date":"2025-01-16T14:54:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"71644425889371585405832928672624460655","date":"2025-01-13T09:15:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"215382066029832295189524463829588325192","date":"2025-01-13T06:41:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"41197456700271529052756593021191692322","date":"2025-01-13T06:40:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-01-12T14:08:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-12-30T17:01:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-12-30T16:59:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering","date":"2024-12-29T11:36:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"iranian-journal-of-science-and-technology-transactions-of-civil-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"istc","sideBox":"Learn more about [Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering](http://link.springer.com/journal/40996)","snPcode":"40996","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40996/3","title":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ae1a691e-9dde-45d9-b433-37f38604ff18","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-12T16:07:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5729745","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-025-01847-w","journal":{"identity":"iranian-journal-of-science-and-technology-transactions-of-civil-engineering","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering"},"publishedOn":"2025-05-09 15:57:28","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 9th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-01 14:29:49","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s40996-025-01847-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-025-01847-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5729745","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5729745","identity":"rs-5729745","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}