High-topological charge extreme-ultraviolet spatiotemporal vortices via high harmonic generation

High-topological charge extreme-ultraviolet spatiotemporal vortices via high harmonic generation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article High-topological charge extreme-ultraviolet spatiotemporal vortices via high harmonic generation Rodrigo Martin-Hernandez, Guan Gui, Luis Plaja, Henry Kapteyn, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4779794/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in Nature Photonics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Spatiotemporal optical vortices (STOV) are structured light pulses with a unique topology that couples the spatial and temporal domains. Up to now, their generation has been limited to low-order topological charges in the visible and infrared regions of the spectrum. During the last decade, it was shown that through the process of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) it is possible to up-convert spatial optical vortices from the near-infrared into the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV), thereby producing vortices with distinct femtosecond and attosecond structure. In this work we demonstrate theoretically and experimentally the generation of highly charged spatiotemporal and spatiospectral EUV vortices using near infrared STOV driving laser pulses. We use analytical expressions for focused STOVs to perform macroscopic calculations of HHG that are directly compared to the experimental results. As STOV beams are not eigenmodes of propagation, we characterize the EUV STOVs both in the near and far fields, to show that they represent conjugated spatiospectral and spatiotemporal vortex pairs. Our work provides light beams topologically coupled at the nanometer/attosecond domains, that are especially suitable to explore electronic dynamics in magnetic materials, chiral media, and nanostructures. Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical physics/High-harmonic generation Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics/Nonlinear optics Full Text Additional Declarations Yes there is potential Competing Interest. Henry C. Kapteyn has a co-affiliation as CTO of KMLabs Inc. Margaret M. Murnane and Henry C. Kapteyn have a financial interest in KMLabs. The other authors declare no other competing interests. Supplementary Files Supplementaryinformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in Nature Photonics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4779794","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":355714107,"identity":"6dc21608-9f96-4d7d-99c5-7a51a61477a2","order_by":0,"name":"Rodrigo Martin-Hernandez","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACA4YEEMneACQLSNLCcwDMJlILmJRIIFKLeXvztg8PftlEm0u+Mf7ww4BBTr6BgBaZM8eKZyT2peXunJ1jJtljwGBscICAFgmJHGOGxJ7DuRtu55gx8BgwJG4g5DCElptnjD/+MWCon0/IYWAtCT+AWm7wGEjzgEKPoMN4jhUzJDak5W44k1YmLWMgYbiBoBb25s2MP/7Y5G44fnjzxzcVNvIEQwwMGNsQRhCjHgT+EKtwFIyCUTAKRiQAAH+PP/tEJnApAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1436-4214","institution":"Universidad de Salamanca","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rodrigo","middleName":"","lastName":"Martin-Hernandez","suffix":""},{"id":355714108,"identity":"906fbd62-740c-4295-9c32-a845f10176d8","order_by":1,"name":"Guan Gui","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9992-5083","institution":"JILA, University of Colorado Boulder","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guan","middleName":"","lastName":"Gui","suffix":""},{"id":355714109,"identity":"bd773aad-9e4e-4f9c-a519-0ef36576c5e7","order_by":2,"name":"Luis Plaja","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad de Salamanca","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luis","middleName":"","lastName":"Plaja","suffix":""},{"id":355714110,"identity":"04dd706f-42dd-4344-9dff-c28d19357b05","order_by":3,"name":"Henry Kapteyn","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Colorado Boulder","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Henry","middleName":"","lastName":"Kapteyn","suffix":""},{"id":355714111,"identity":"a3baeced-96cd-4784-bd37-be0ea2536719","order_by":4,"name":"Margaret Murnane","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"JILA, University of Colorado Boulder","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Margaret","middleName":"","lastName":"Murnane","suffix":""},{"id":355714112,"identity":"c606fc30-6a98-463e-ac8f-1a2d23d91f3e","order_by":5,"name":"Chen-Ting Liao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indiana University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chen-Ting","middleName":"","lastName":"Liao","suffix":""},{"id":355714113,"identity":"603d67ff-6dae-4249-8f4c-22a4a5e08fc6","order_by":6,"name":"Miguel Porras","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Politécnica de Madrid","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Miguel","middleName":"","lastName":"Porras","suffix":""},{"id":355714114,"identity":"1ac86a42-6aa1-4381-a17d-87320f98ca23","order_by":7,"name":"Carlos Hernández-García","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6153-2647","institution":"University of Salamanca","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Carlos","middleName":"","lastName":"Hernández-García","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-22 07:05:45","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4779794/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4779794/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-025-01699-w","type":"published","date":"2025-06-11T04:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84453042,"identity":"3393c19c-0ab0-4691-bf3d-587ad50ad7e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 07:12:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":837104,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Generationofhightopologicalchargespatiotemporalvorticesintheextremeultraviolet2007.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4779794/v1_covered_698c137a-46e2-4697-8382-66a1eefba0b7.pdf"},{"id":64878214,"identity":"ceacc5c2-7195-48aa-99bd-027e112e1b3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-20 02:26:00","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":846070,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryinformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4779794/v1/f66b571b92bfb5180c9a87c3.docx"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e there is potential Competing Interest.\nHenry C. 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