Generation of cross-polarized light and the effect of magnetic moments on plasmonic metasurfaces

Generation of cross-polarized light and the effect of magnetic moments on plasmonic metasurfaces | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Generation of cross-polarized light and the effect of magnetic moments on plasmonic metasurfaces Atsushi Motogaito, Natsuki Egawa, Kazumasa Hiramatsu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5734366/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract There have been many reports on the generation of cross-polarized light in the infrared-to-radio-wave regions, but few reports on the generation of cross-polarized light in the visible region because this would require fabricating metasurfaces that consist of structures smaller than the wavelength in the visible region. In this study, we aimed to realize a circular polarization conversion element using a reflective plasmonic metasurface that generates cross-polarized light across a wide band of short visible wavelengths. To achieve this, we designed an aluminum (Al)-based reflective plasmonic metasurface and investigated a cross-polarization conversion mechanism by analyzing the role of the magnetic moment in the electromagnetic field distribution. The metasurface, which is composed of Al rectangular structures, demonstrated a reflectance of 62% for circularly cross-polarized light within the range of 450–600 nm on the visible spectrum, and co-polarized light was notably absent in this wavelength region. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of the magnetic moment in the generation of cross-polarized light. Specifically, a magnetic moment is induced on the surface of the Al rectangular structures, where the electric field is concentrated at the ends of their longer sides. This concentration extends the distance over which the current flowing through the rectangle is propagated, thereby enhancing the magnetic moment generated along the shorter sides. As a result, a significant phase delay is introduced, which enables an efficient cross-polarization conversion. In conclusion, we clarified the method and mechanism for generating cross-polarized light over a wide band in the short visible wavelengths of light. Metasurface Circular polarization Co-polarized light Cross-polarized light Localized surface plasmon Magnetic moment Short visible wavelengths of light Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementFig.4a.mp4 SupplementFig.4b.mp4 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5734366","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":400049130,"identity":"52c0cdd7-c9b6-410d-acd8-0db2b6e0ed10","order_by":0,"name":"Atsushi Motogaito","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFElEQVRIie2QwUrDQBCGZ1nYXFZznaDYJxBSAqUH6Yt4iQR6svgCocRLein1Gqngq2xYiJeC14iXBl8ggoRcWty0iJdsSm+C+11mGObj31kAg+HvggBWRETTsp8ZiXTbdKcgcAFHKSoG/b1ykMvZQ1p8hcOp7XwIUYZwfWpFDCEcAV22xwxWknrnGaKzHPtpksEk5kIpWQDkqT11kAfsDBmi+37rypNIKXhXITABJPE7lK1S3l5LuWmU3lqlbLsV5zNWSs5Bkl0KMCRxh7KSnkcW6DzOx246z1Dd4tPhzSLg2lte7ouirqa2bcliXYdXk+eZIHlZjS76mh9roPy3x31RT+L9RGsAqVvHPdQrBoPB8K/4Bn1hWaA+Bc7DAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Mie University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Atsushi","middleName":"","lastName":"Motogaito","suffix":""},{"id":400049131,"identity":"d59821cc-11c1-4a20-a0b3-bbb86d14d2d4","order_by":1,"name":"Natsuki Egawa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mie University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Natsuki","middleName":"","lastName":"Egawa","suffix":""},{"id":400049132,"identity":"9947a9ec-a2e1-44b9-9ae7-211c7677ee75","order_by":2,"name":"Kazumasa Hiramatsu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mie University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kazumasa","middleName":"","lastName":"Hiramatsu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-30 09:23:31","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5734366/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5734366/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73431622,"identity":"83dc6023-2379-498c-880e-fa2f4da82f86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 00:37:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":73324,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic diagram of the plasmonic metasurface. (a) Top view of the structure of the circular polarization conversion plasmonic metasurface, (b) details of the meta-atom\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5734366/v1/d96caa2b91a1f7af5d5fc585.png"},{"id":73431625,"identity":"250823ef-8660-4dd8-a000-d6ca0d262577","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 00:37:04","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46387,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWavelength dependence of the reflectance of co-polarized and cross-polarized light\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5734366/v1/b350f4c25999cd988ff45817.png"},{"id":73431626,"identity":"4dbd55b2-2afe-4914-859f-dbac6e72c655","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 00:37:04","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1156057,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5734366/v1/fa2336be0852126d74e0ae8b.png"},{"id":73431951,"identity":"fc493621-fdd9-4ac5-bcf1-c6a1b3e3d7bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 00:45:04","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1563799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5734366/v1/42ab320644401b8c18d930c3.png"},{"id":73431620,"identity":"f25b94a3-f1ec-48e9-98b8-a59da4333c29","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 00:37:04","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59385,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDispersion relationship of the propagating surface plasmons between wavelength of light and wavenumber of surface plasmon at the Al/air interface in the rectangular structure\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5734366/v1/afbd6c35dbf725b1faf47d61.png"},{"id":73432025,"identity":"c4e059c8-5acf-405f-a7ec-364ab8171e75","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 00:53:04","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":132983,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWavelength dependence of the absolute value and phase of the amplitude reflectance of linearly polarized light on a rectangular structure having an electric field oscillating along its long and short sides: (a) the absolute value of the amplitude reflectance, (b) the phase of the amplitude reflectance\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5734366/v1/ea2e47906dbed01e86d58189.png"},{"id":73431955,"identity":"5d0a1d24-292a-4b03-9322-916eb0e7c6a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 00:45:04","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1053221,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMagnetic field distribution for linearly polarized light having electric fields oscillating along its long and short axes at a wavelength of 450 nm: (a) the electric field oscillating in the long-axis direction; (b) the electric field oscillating in the short-axis direction. The black arrow in these figures indicates the direction of the magnetic moment\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5734366/v1/83b1b17a6eb975370e04c6e9.png"},{"id":73431962,"identity":"8321616d-a80d-48b4-b0b0-bdf1822aeb30","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 00:45:05","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":183722,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5734366/v1/00d49741290683ca0fd24a65.png"},{"id":73431961,"identity":"43faefe2-9ad2-4cbb-b700-1675b633619f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 00:45:05","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1536288,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5734366/v1/4320c95e97f96ead08f2bb4f.png"},{"id":73703928,"identity":"fc423e73-ff21-475d-8c40-3f38734640ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 17:47:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3841911,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscriptMotogaito.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5734366/v1_covered_3a13179e-a81d-4a4b-9136-c1e5f78f6bc8.pdf"},{"id":73431623,"identity":"92b919aa-79ea-4f6b-a6ea-31358edcbfc9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 00:37:04","extension":"mp4","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":4085555,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementFig.4a.mp4","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5734366/v1/d81b2e3872d8bab7eddfa708.mp4"},{"id":73431627,"identity":"a7bc392f-32e6-4b48-b817-39af9e3c2fa1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 00:37:04","extension":"mp4","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":4561307,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementFig.4b.mp4","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5734366/v1/e446d5e93089aa902e1ae72f.mp4"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Generation of cross-polarized light and the effect of magnetic moments on plasmonic metasurfaces","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Metasurface, Circular polarization, Co-polarized light, Cross-polarized light, Localized surface plasmon, Magnetic moment, Short visible wavelengths of light","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5734366/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5734366/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThere have been many reports on the generation of cross-polarized light in the infrared-to-radio-wave regions, but few reports on the generation of cross-polarized light in the visible region because this would require fabricating metasurfaces that consist of structures smaller than the wavelength in the visible region. In this study, we aimed to realize a circular polarization conversion element using a reflective plasmonic metasurface that generates cross-polarized light across a wide band of short visible wavelengths. To achieve this, we designed an aluminum (Al)-based reflective plasmonic metasurface and investigated a cross-polarization conversion mechanism by analyzing the role of the magnetic moment in the electromagnetic field distribution. The metasurface, which is composed of Al rectangular structures, demonstrated a reflectance of 62% for circularly cross-polarized light within the range of 450\u0026ndash;600 nm on the visible spectrum, and co-polarized light was notably absent in this wavelength region. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of the magnetic moment in the generation of cross-polarized light. Specifically, a magnetic moment is induced on the surface of the Al rectangular structures, where the electric field is concentrated at the ends of their longer sides. This concentration extends the distance over which the current flowing through the rectangle is propagated, thereby enhancing the magnetic moment generated along the shorter sides. As a result, a significant phase delay is introduced, which enables an efficient cross-polarization conversion. 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