Study of the effect of suspension training on the balance ability of surfers without relying on vision

Study of the effect of suspension training on the balance ability of surfers without relying on vision | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Study of the effect of suspension training on the balance ability of surfers without relying on vision Zhaoyi Wang, Yong Ma, Zhi-Hao Guo, Meng-Yao Jia, Wei-Tao Zheng This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3940529/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Surfing is an emerging Olympic sport that requires athletes to have excellent balance without relying on vision. This study introduces TRX suspension training (TRX) into the balance training of surfing programs to investigate its effectiveness on the surfers' balance ability without relying on vision. Thirty-two surfers from the National Surfing Team were randomly divided into a TRX group and a traditional balance training (TB) group, and the two groups were given intervention training for about 30 minutes three times a week for eight weeks. Eye-closed one-leg stand and linear travel deviation tests were performed at different experiment stages to examine static and dynamic balance changes without visualization. After eight weeks of intervention training, both TRX and TB were very effective in improving surfers' static balance without relying on vision ( p 0.05, p Right =0.084 > 0.05). Additionally, the eight weeks of suspension and TB effectively improved the surfers' dynamic balance without relying on vision, and highly significant improvements were seen in each monitoring phase ( p < 0.01). The effect of the two training methods on the improvement of surfers' dynamic balance without relying on vision began to show a significant difference after week five of training ( p = 0.021 < 0.05) and a very significant difference after week eight ( p = 0.000 < 0.01). The results demonstrated that TRX was more effective than TB in improving the athletes' balance ability. Therefore, both TRX and TB improved the surfers' non-vision-dependent balance ability very well. However, TRX was more effective in improving dynamic balance in that situation. TB and TRX can be used to improve the static balance ability and dynamic balance ability for the first five weeks, and TRX can be applied to the balance training of surfers after five weeks. intervention training dynamic balance static balance linear travel deviation test eye-closed one-leg stand test Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1 Introduction Competitive surfing is an international professional water sport (Coyne et al., 2017 ) and is now listed for the 2020 and 2024 Summer Olympics (Fernandez et al., 2018). Competitive surfing success depends on the surfer's ability to capture and ride the wave at its most critical part (i.e., closest to the break) while executing and completing innovative maneuvers (Mendez et al., 2005; Farley et al., 2012 ). For each surf, judges score the surf based on the difficulty, main maneuver type, speed, power, and fluidity (Liu., 2015; Ferrier et al., 2018 ; Forsyth et al., 2021 ). This requires surfers to have great muscular endurance, explosive power (Lundgren et al., 2014 ; Anthony et al., 2016; Donaldson et al., 2022 ), excellent cardiorespiratory capacity (Bruton et al., 2013 ; Coyne et al., 2017 ; Donaldson et al., 2022 ), and balance stabilization control (Farley et al., 2016 a; Forsyth et al., 2017 ). Among them, balance is the foundation for surfers to perform surfing sports in the sea (Parsonage et al., 2017 ; Ma et al., 2020), which guarantees stabilizing the athlete's body posture in the waves to perform various technical movements. The perception systems for balance include the vestibular system (Liu et al., 2004 ), the visual system (Ren et al., 2011 ), and the proprioceptors (You et al., 2014). As surfing skill improves, athletes rely less on visual information to maintain upright posture (Chapman et al., 2008 ), which indicates an increased reliance on proprioceptive and vestibular sources of information (Paillard et al., 2011 ). Once surfers begin to develop a high level of expertise and athletic experience, the inner demands of surfing may become less reliant on visual input (Paillard et al., 2011 ), and proprioceptive stimulation may dominate, thereby maintaining limb balance stability (Dowse et al., 2021 ). Long-term participation in recreational surfing leads to specific neuromuscular adaptations that control muscle force production and posture, where control of posture is more dependent on proprioception (eyes closed) (Frank et al., 2009 ). Repeated experience in elite surfers may enhance balance through neural adaptations that are less dependent on visual inputs, reducing the need for visual contributions to postural control (Hrysomallis, 2011 ). Therefore, without relying on vision, surfers must also have a strong ability to control body balance. At present, research on surfing programs worldwide has mostly focused on analyzing the scoring rate of surfing skill movements (Farley et al., 2016 b; Donaldson et al., 2022 ), competition results (Forsyth et al., 2021 ; Ma et al., 2023 ), and the surfing physical fitness training (Ma et al., 2020; Parsonage et al., 2020 ), while only few studies have explored how to better train balance in conjunction with the athletic characteristics of surfing. Total Resistance Exercise (TRX) aims to suspend a certain body part using a rope, imposing an unstable state by stimulating the proprioceptors to strengthen the control and regulation of muscle tension gradually (Li et al., 2008 ). TRX training ultimately enhances the neuro-muscular system harmonization effect (Campa et al., 2018 ; Demirarar et al., 2021 ) and thus effectively improves joint stabilization and neuromuscular control (Aguilera et al., 2019). Hence, applying it to athletic training can enhance body balance and control (Seiler et al., 2006 ), making it easier for athletes to perform difficult movements. TRX is widely applied in athletic training in various sports, such as improving the balance stabilization of athletes in track and field (Qiao et al., 2010), taekwondo (Dong et al., 2019 ), tennis (Fu et al., 2014) and physical control (Wang et al., 2016 ; Demirarar et al., 2021 ), enhancing swimmers' balance (Wang et al., 2012 ), improving balance stability and special techniques of athletes in skill-based events (Li et al., 2010 ), and enhancing the movement control of soccer players in unstable state (Chen et al., 2014). There is currently little research on TRX’s effectiveness in the surfers' balance ability without relying on vision. Since TRX stimulates proprioception in unstable environments, it in turn improves the stabilizing ability to control body balance. Therefore, it can well strengthen the proprioceptive ability after mitigating the visual input, which is suitable for the balance training of excellent surfers. This study assumes that TRX can significantly improve surfers' balance ability without relying on vision. At the same time, the differences in the effects of TRX and Traditional Balance training (TB) on surfers' balance ability were compared. A more suitable balance training method for surfers was explored with the aim of helping surfers to improve their athletic performance. 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Participants The predicted sample size was calculated using G Power software version 3.1.9.2. (Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany). Correlation analyses using a medium effect size value of 0.5 required a minimum of 26 subjects at α = 0.05 and a statistical power of 0.80. Therefore, thirty-six outstanding surfers from the current National Surfing Team were selected as the study participants. Four athletes were absent from a part of the training process during the eight-weeks intervention for their reasons. Thus, the final participants were 32, with 19 masters of sports and 13 first-grade sportsman. Inclusion criteria were as follows: before the experiment, all athletes were physically examined to determine the absence of sports injuries, diseases, and normal motor function; athletic achievements: individuals ranked in the top 12 nationally, teams ranked in the top 8 nationally (including National Games, National Championships, etc.); Participants are at the same stage of the sports season, which can avoid training variables that may influence the results when participants are in different phases of the season. The exclusion criteria were as follows: knee and ankle arthrodesis, fractures, history of previous surgery elsewhere in the knee, and other forms of muscular or skeletal injuries to the lower extremity; prior injury to the lower extremity of at least three months and the presence of pathology that may impair balance. All subjects were informed and agreed to participate in all experiments of this study by signing an informed consent form. Meanwhile, the participants provided informed consent to publish the images in the study. This study confirmed that all methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wuhan Sports University (No: 2021030). 2.2 Study procedure 2.2.1 Intervention design This study was conducted during the 2022 National Surfing Team training period, where all athletes' training, diet, and routine were standardized and managed uniformly. The experiment was conducted in the physical training room of the National Surfing Team in Lingshui County, Hainan Province, and the participants were divided into TRX group (n = 16) and TB group (n = 16) based on a randomized division. Table 1 reports the participants' basic conditions prior to the intervention. The study adopted a "1 + 8" experimental period arrangement, with one week of adaptive training and eight weeks of formal experiments. The adaptive training week was designed to enable the athletes to complete the training movements in a more standardized way to provide good preparation for the accuracy and standardization of the formal experiments. The formal experiment was conducted for eight weeks of intervention training (Wei et al., 2022 ), three times a week for about 30 minutes each time. The training movements in both groups were based on balance and core training. Meanwhile, the training movements' acceptance and the athletes' training effect were monitored throughout this phase. Besides, the formal experiment's training load was formulated considering the optimal intensity (number of times or duration) of the standardized movements each individual could achieve during the training. The training intensity was adjusted according to the actual state of the athletes, ensuring that the training loads of the two groups were the same and that the loads as a whole obeyed the principle of gradual progression (Wang et al., 2007). A national team fitness coach supported each group in arranging training. Table 1 Basic information of subjects (sex, number, age, weight, height and years of training). Gender & Numbers Age/y Height/cm Weight/kg Training years/y TRX 8M & 8F 15.38 ± 2.15 164.69 ± 7.78 52.81 ± 7.64 2.88 ± 0.48 TB 8M & 8F 15.44 ± 2.09 164.69 ± 7.24 52.31 ± 8.08 2.88 ± 0.70 p -- 0.936 1.000 0.863 1.000 Notes: Height and weight collection equipment for height and weight tester (Kefun Group, Model: KF-1328, Zhejiang, China). Measuring range: 0.1-180KG, 70-190CM. TRX: TRX suspension training group. TB: Traditional Balance training group. M: Males. F: Females. 2.2.2 Intervention content The eight weeks training was divided into 3 phases: one - two weeks of basic adaptation phase (E1), three - five weeks of quality enhancement phase (E2), and six - eight weeks of consolidation and strengthening phase (E3), with the intensity and difficulty of the training gradually increasing (Fu et al., 2014). During the entire intervention training, the athletes were only allowed to perform the movements required, with no other balance movement training. The two groups in the E1 phase were mainly based on static training movements to allow the athletes to adapt to the initial training rhythm (Meng, 2020 ). In the E2 phase, the two groups combined static and dynamic training, and the load and difficulty of the training increased. Dynamic training movements were executed in both groups in the E3 phase, and the difficulty and load were again increased. The details of the training program are shown in Table 2 . Table 2 Training content during the eight weeks of intervention in both groups of athletes. Training phase Groups Training movement Number of groups Time/Reps Group interval E1 TRX Suspended prone planks, Suspended legs supine hip bridge, Suspended lateral one-handed brace, Suspended plank balance 4 20-40s (each side) 60s TB Supine leg raises, Plank support, Hip bridge, Lateral bridge 4 20-40s (each side) 60s E2 TRX Suspended prone legs supported open and close, Forward and backward movement of the suspension plate support, Suspended single leg V-support, Suspended prone support group, Suspended straight leg flexion 4 30-50s/12-16reps (each side) 60s TB Plate support movement, Knee rolls, Straight legged foot rolls, Lateral rolls, Air cycling 4 30-50s/12-16reps (each side) 60s E3 TRX Suspended single-legged double-armed support prone leg tucks, Suspended single-legged one-handed lateral support leg suction, Suspended single-legged prone support lateral knee lifts, Suspended prone support knee lift runs, Suspended prone one-handed rotations 4 40-60s/16-50reps (each side) 60s TB Supine chin ups, Single arm support turn, One-handed prone knee lifts, Group body movements, Prone mountain running 4 40-60s/16-50reps (each side) 60s 2.2.3 Test indicators All tests were conducted in the same location (Lingshui County, Hainan Province, National Surfing Team Physical Training Room), in the same environment (temperature 20–27°, humidity 68%-78%, quiet indoors), and during the same period of time (7:00–10:00 pm). The tests were divided into four sessions according to training time (Table 3 ). Table 3 Organization of the four tests Organization of the training phase Testing time E0 Before the experiment starts E1 Test after completion of the Basic Adaptation Phase (one - two weeks) E2 Test after completion of the Quality Enhancement Phase (three - five weeks) E3 Test after completion of the Consolidation and Strengthening Phase (six - eight weeks) Eye-closed one-leg stand test: The test relies on the balance receptors in the vestibular organs of the brain and the coordinated movement of muscles from the whole body when the participant closes his or her eyes (Li, 2022 ; Yuan et al., 2013 ). Static balance was evaluated by the amount of time the participant maintained at his body’s center of gravity on a one-legged support surface, keeping standing on one leg for as long as possible (Fig. 1 ). Each participant’s leg was tested twice at 2-minute intervals during the test, and the final result was taken as the best score for each leg. Linear travel deviation test: tests the participants' dynamic balance, vestibular perception, and sense of spatial orientation without relying on vision (Cao, 2021 ). The test was performed with the participant's eyes closed, and after clarifying the starting and stopping points, the participant moved forward and backward for 10m, respectively (Fig. 2 ). We measured the deviation distance of the final landing point from the start and stop points, and the test takes the average of the two deviation distances as the result. The smaller the deviation distance, the better the participant's dynamic balance. Each participant was tested twice, and the final result was the best of the two tests. 2.3 Statistical analyses Data were analyzed using SPSS Statisticel 26 software (Version 26.0, IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York, USA) and expressed as mean ± standard deviation (X ± SD). The participants' basic information and balance ability in the first two groups were tested for homogeneity to ensure that the randomized grouping was reasonable and that the participants' balance ability was at the same level. The indicators were compared before and after the intervention using the paired samples t-test for within-group comparisons and the independent samples t-test for between-group comparisons. The absence of significant differences was defined as p > 0.05, the significance level was defined as p < 0.05, and the level of great significance was defined as p < 0.01. 3 Results 3.1 Homogeneity test In order to be capable of knowing whether the athletes were at the same level of basic information and balance before the experiment, the relevant indexes of the two groups of athletes were tested. The results showed there was no significant difference ( p > 0.05) between the two groups of participants in terms of physical characteristics (Table 1 ) and static and dynamic balance ability without relying on vision (Table 4 ), which were comparable. Table 4 Comparison of balance ability between the two groups of athletes before the experiment. Balance ability Test Indicator TRX TB t p Static balance Eyes closed left foot stand (s) 57.75 ± 38.61 58.01 ± 32.38 -0.190 0.985 Eyes closed right foot stand (s) 47.50 ± 34.21 47.94 ± 27.23 0.039 0.969 Dynamic balance Linear travel deviation test (cm) 69.27 ± 22.77 68.67 ± 23.94 0.070 0.945 3.2 Changes in static balance before and after the intervention Table 5 reports the test results, The results reveal that both groups were able to show a highly significant improvement when tested at any phase of the post-intervention period ( p E0→E1 = < 0.01, p E0→E2 <0.01, p E0→E3 <0.01). Table 5 Results of the eye closed one leg stand test in both groups. Test Indicator Groups E0 E1 E2 E3 Eyes closed left foot stand (s) TRX 57.75 ± 38.61 105.19 ± 77.47 111.25 ± 60.34 157.38 ± 112.99 TB 58.01 ± 32.38 96.03 ± 47.08 95.88 ± 27.84 109.81 ± 40.59 Eyes closed right foot stand (s) TRX 47.50 ± 34.21 109.81 ± 74.87 117.63 ± 62.57 158.06 ± 101.69 TB 47.94 ± 27.23 77.19 ± 40.76 87.13 ± 36.92 107.69 ± 39.38 The differential changes and comparisons between the two groups are illustrated in Fig. 3. Both groups showed the greatest improvement in performance at the end of the first intervention phase, and there was no significant difference in the test results of the E2 phase compared to the E1 phase ( p > 0.05). The results of the E3 phase of the test showed a significant difference in the TRX group compared to the E2 phase ( p < 0.05), whereas the TB group showed a significant difference only in the right foot support ( p 0.05). Compared to the two groups' test scores, there was no significant difference in the training effects produced by the two training methods ( p > 0.05). Figure 3 Histogram of changes in performance on the eye closed one leg stand test a: left-footed support, b: right-footed support (* indicates a significant difference from the previous test result within the group, p < 0.05; ** indicates a highly significant difference from the previous test result within the group, p < 0.01. ##indicates a highly significant difference within the group compared to pre-intervention (E0), p < 0.01). 3.3 Changes in dynamic balance before and after the intervention As shown in Table 6 , both groups showed highly significant ( p < 0.01) improvements at each phase after the start of the intervention, both compared to the pre-intervention period and the previous phase. A performance comparison of the TRX and TB groups reveals that the difference in the training effect between the two groups appeared at the E2 phase ( p < 0.05), and the difference became more and more significant as the intervention progressed ( p E3 <0.01) (Fig. 4 ). Table 6 Comparison of the results of two groups of linear travel deviation tests at different phases. E0 E1 E2 E3 TRX (cm) 69.27 ± 22.77 48.63 ± 16.24 21.13 ± 9.19 12.03 ± 6.07 TB (cm) 68.67 ± 23.94 51.36 ± 17.10 28.19 ± 6.53 20.08 ± 4.96 t 0.070 -0.449 -2.427 -3.978 p 0.945 0.657 0.021* 0.000** Notes: E0-E3 indicate four tests and data are expressed as mean and standard deviation. The symbol *indicates a significant difference at p < 0.05; ** indicates a highly significant difference at p < 0.01. 4 Discussion 4.1 Analysis of changes in static balance The results of the TRX group showed that TRX was able to improve the athlete's ability to stand on one foot with eyes closed, i.e., static balance without relying on vision. This is because TRX trains the body to perform movements in an unstable state, and the method exercises the athlete's ability to control the body in this state (Wei et al., 2009 ). The body is constantly moving from imbalance to balance to imbalance during training (Zheng et al., 2011), and this pattern of movement can adequately stimulate one's vestibular system (Wang et al., 2016 ) to achieve the optimal evoked effect on the proprioceptive organs (Qiao et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2016 ), improving the neuromuscular control of the surfers. While in the test, the body is unstable because of the reduction of the body support area. At this time, the central nervous system must send commands to the lower limb muscles to ensure body balance (Zhang et al., 2012 ). Therefore, by exercising the ability to control the body in unstable conditions, the results of closed-eye single-leg standing are also significantly improved, suggesting that TRX can be a good way to improve the static balance of surfers when they do not rely on vision. In contrast, the traditional means of lumbar-abdominal balance training give continuous stimulation to the muscles of a particular body part (Wang et al., 2012 ), aiming to improve the strength capacity of the abdomen, lower back, and lower limb joints (Seiler et al., 2006 ). For example, the side curls, aerial cycling, and prone mountaineering run in the TB group effectively worked on abdominal and lower extremity strength stabilization, so the improvements in the test results were all more obvious. Both TRX and TB groups showed significant variability in changes in static balance before and after the intervention, indicating that both methods can improve the surfers' static balance without relying on vision. Comparing the training effects achieved by the two methods, although the test scores of the TRX group were higher than those of the TB group, there was no significant difference in the results. This finding is more controversial at the current time, other researchers have compared the static balance of surfers, Chapman et al. ( 2008 ) assessed the static balance of elite and intermediate surfers on a balancing platform and found no difference between the two groups. Furthermore, Alcantara et al. ( 2012 ) found no differences in static balance performance between recreational surfers and controls. However, as surfing takes place in an ever-changing and volatile environment, static equilibrium enhancements and needs may not be very clearly discernable (Hrysomallis, 2011 ). The above findings are consistent with the findings of the present experiment, but equally studies have shown that TRX training is superior to traditional training (Sun et al., 2012 ; Cao, 2021 ). For the current experiment, the reason for the lack of significant difference is that the TRX training in this study was more focused on developing the surfers' body control from stretching to massaging and back again, i.e., control of the trunk. This is because the foundation of any movement a surfer makes during surfing requires the athlete to go from paddling to taking off and riding before completing other technical movements. The trajectory of the human body during this phase is from a plank movement in the prone position to a supported rise to standing on the plank (Anthony et al., 2016). Regarding movement selection, this study focused on the strength and control of the core region of the upper limb, such as suspended straight leg flexion and suspended plate support for anterior and posterior movement. However, the eye-closed one-leg stand test is more biased toward the requirements of lower limb strength and knee and ankle stability in this aspect of muscle control, such as the hanging single-leg prone adductor leg exercise and the hanging single-leg reverse lunge exercise (Cao, 2021 ). Therefore, the focus of the intervention content varies, leading to differences in the outcome. Meanwhile, in the arrangement of intervention phases, this study in the first phase of training focused on controlling the trunk under static training, and improving joint stability and muscle strength was not particularly significant. The latter two training phases began to combine the training of lower limb strength and joint flexibility in the dynamic mode. Therefore, the training for lower limb joint flexibility and muscle strength under static conditions is on the low side, while the eye-closed one-leg stand test belongs to the holistic test under static conditions (Yuan et al., 2013 ). Thus, there is no significant difference between the effects of the two training methods on a closed one-leg stand. 4.2 Analysis of changes in dynamic balance This study reveals that some of the athletes in the TRX group measured excellent scores with deviation distances within 10 cm at the E2 test phase, and there were even individual athletes who measured perfect scores with deviation distances of 0 at that test phase. Thus, this study concludes that this evaluation indicator has limitations for evaluating balance ability after achieving a perfect score. Therefore, to a certain extent, this test method cannot be used to determine the athletes' dynamic balance ability without relying on vision in the long term. At the same time, for certain surfers, five weeks of TRX can improve their dynamic balance without relying on vision. In contrast, although the results showed that TB was equally effective in improving surfers' ability, the TB group athletes did not have perfect deviation scores (0 cm deviation) or close to perfect. Therefore, the test limits did not affect the TB group, which argues for the advantages of TRX over TB. Due to the ever-changing environments and high level of instability required for surfing, surfers must develop a number of neuromuscular skills (agility, balance, muscle strength and flexibility) for better performance. This involves visual deprivation (eyes opening or closing) and impairment of somatic sensation (stabilizing surfaces or using bubbles) (Alcantara et al., 2012 ). The training methods in this study created an unstable environment, trained somatosensory perception, and enhanced dynamic balance. The main influences on dynamic balance are the ability to control body posture and ankle muscle strength (Peng et al., 2020). The TRX group arranges dynamic movement training in the quality enhancement and consolidation phase, and it aims to strengthen the stabilizing ability of the trunk, the control ability, and the flexibility of the joints when the athlete is in an unstable state so that it can improve the dynamic balance ability of the surfers very well. A comparison of the differences in the effects of the two training methods reveals that the differences appeared after five weeks of training and became more and more significant as the length of training accumulated. This is because TB lacks the exercise of proprioception, the vestibular system, ankle stability, and lower extremity muscle strength. TRX strengthens the stabilizing power of the rectus abdominis, internal and external abdominal obliques, transversus abdominis, and pelvic floor muscles through movement control, stimulates the vestibular system of the body (Xiao et al., 2001 ), and activates the tension receptors and pontine reticular spinal cord pathways to improve the athlete's proprioceptive abilities (Wang et al., 2016 ). Meanwhile, TRX can effectively activate local stabilizing muscles and overall prime movers to improve intramuscular coordination (Sun et al., 2010 ; Wang et al., 2016 ). For instance, TRX can effectively improve muscle coordination between abdominal and back muscles, quadriceps and hamstrings, tibialis anterior, and calf triceps in controlling trunk stabilization (Li et al. 2010 ; Sun et al. 2010 ; Fu et al. 2014), whereas it is difficult to achieve the effect of multi-muscle group force generation with the flexion and extension exercises of the traditional training (Niu et al.; 2018). Therefore, TRX is more effective in improving athletes' motor neuron control, muscle proprioceptive abilities, and vestibular system modulation. During the experiment, the athletes in the TRX group often felt a burning sensation in the muscle groups of the core area after training for a movement and felt that they needed to apply full body force to control their bodies. In addition, some seemingly unrelated to the action of the muscle groups will also appear in different degrees of fatigue and soreness of the response. Hence, some traditional training methods cannot be practiced through this form of exercise, significantly improving the performance of the TRX group compared to the TB group. The results indicated that TRX improves surfers' dynamic balance without relying on vision compared to TB. The findings of this indicator demonstrate consistency with the research results of Cao ( 2021 ), indicating that the data of the linear travel deviation test in this study are real and valid. The limitations of this study include the surfers' balance ability was analyzed as a whole, and no comparative study was done on the differences between the left and right leg results, the lack of correlation analysis between athlete performance before and after training, the lack of the chronic effects of the group differences, and the lack of exploration of the impact of different methods on gender differences among surfers. In the future, further research can be conducted on the differences between the left and right leg, the correlation between training methods and sports performance, whether the observed results persist after the training without vision as well as the differences in the effectiveness of training methods on sports training for different genders. 5 Conclusion Both TRX and TB can improve surfers' balance ability without relying on vision very well. There is no difference in the improvement effect of the two methods on static balance ability, and a significant difference in the improvement effect on dynamic balance ability appeared after five weeks of training, and with the accumulation of training hours, the improvement effect of the TRX is better than that of the TB. Therefore, TB and TRX can be used to improve the static balance ability and dynamic balance ability for the first five weeks, and TRX can be applied to the balance training of surfers after five weeks. Declarations Ethical approval This work was approved by the ethical review of Wuhan Sports University (NO. 2021030). Funding The author (s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52271331), the East Lake Scholars Sponsorship Program of Wuhan Sports University in China, Science and Technology Team Foundation of Wuhan Sports University [grant number 21KT02], the 14th Five-Year-Plan Advantageous and Characteristic Disciplines (Groups) of Colleges and Universities in Hubei Province [grant number 2021-05]. Data availability statement Data included in article. Additional information No additional information is available for this paper. CRediT authorship contribution statement Zhaoyi Wang : Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing–original draft, Writing–review and editing. Yong Ma : Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Methodology, Supervision, Writing–original draft, Writing–review and editing. Zhihao Guo : Conceptualization, Data curation, Resources, Formal Analysis, Writing–original draft. Mengyao Jia : Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Writing–original draft, Writing–review and editing, Weitao Zheng : Project administration, Investigation, Writing–original draft, Writing–review and editing. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Participants consent statement Participants consented to have these images published. Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their gratitude to EditSprings (https://www.editsprings.cn ) for the expert linguistic services provided. References Aguilera-Castells J., Buscà, B., Pea J, et al. (2019). Effects of suspension training and unstable surface on the lower limb. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(5): S754-S755. DOI:10.1249/01.mss.0000563372.68373.33 Anthony, C. C., Brown, L. E. (2016). 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R., Sheppard, J. M. (2016). Testing protocols for profiling of surfers' anaerobic and aerobic fitness: A review. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 38(5), 52-65. DOI:10.1519/SSC.0000000000000252 Farley, O. R., Secomb, J. L., Parsonage, J. R., Lundgren, L. E., Abbiss, C. R., Sheppard, J. M. (2016). Five weeks of sprint and high-intensity interval training improves paddling performance in adolescent surfers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(9), 2446-2452. DOI:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001364 Farley, O., Harris, N. K., Kilding, A. E. (2012). Anaerobic and aerobic fitness profiling of competitive surfers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(8), 2243-2248. DOI:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823a3c81 FernAndez-Gamboa, I., Yanci, J., Granados, C., Freemyer, B., Cámara, J. (2018). Competition load described by objective and subjective methods during a surfing championship. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(5), 1329-1335. DOI:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001565 Ferrier, B., Sheppard, J., Farley, O. R., Secomb, J. L., Parsonage, J., Newton, R. U., Nimphius, S. (2018). Scoring analysis of the men’s 2014, 2015 and 2016 world championship tour of surfing: the importance of aerial manoeuvres in competitive surfing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(19), 2189-2195. DOI:10.1080/02640414.2018.1443747 Forsyth, J. R., De La Harpe, R., Riddiford-Harland, D. L., Whitting, J. W., Steele, J. R. (2017). Analysis of scoring of maneuvers performed in elite men’s professional surfing competitions. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(9), 1243-1248. DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0561 Forsyth, J. R., Tsai, M. C., Sheppard, J. M., Whitting, J. W., Riddiford-Harland, D. L., Steele, J. R. (2021). Can we predict the landing performance of simulated aerials in surfing?. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(22), 2567-2576. DOI:10.1080/02640414.2021.1945204 Fu, C. X., Li, P. (2014). The experimental research of set on the ability of balance control and trunk core stability for male tennis players. Journal of Beijing Sport University, 37(2): 138-141. DOI:10.19582/j.cnki.11-3785/g8.2014.02.024 Frank M , Zhou S , Bezerra P ,et al. (2009). Effects of long-term recreational surfing on control of force and posture in older surfers: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 7(1):31-38. DOI:10.1016/S1728-869X(09)60005-8. Hrysomallis, C. (2011). Balance ability and athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 41, 221-232. DOI:https://www.sci-hub.se/10.2165/11538560-000000000-00000 Li, J. C., Zhou, K. L., Shi, Y. T., Feng, G. Q., Yuan, H. (2010). Suspension training in core strength training of skill dominated performing event——In view of diving events. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, 44(2):53-57. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-520X.2010.02.011 Li, Y. M., Yu, H. J., Zi, W., Cao, C. M., Chen, X. P. (2008). Discussion on core strength and training in competitive sports——origin, problem, development. China Sport Science, 28(4):19-29. DOI:10.16469/j.css.2008.04.007 Liu, H. L., You, J. C., Huang, X. L., Han, S. H., Chen, Y., Wang, P. (2004). Reliability and validity of data obtained from normal adults by dynamic posturography. Chinese Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,(3):26-29. DOI:10.3760/j:issn:0254-1424.2004.03.007 Liu, H. Y. (2015). Surfing research. Sports Culture Guide, 2(2):52-55. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1572.2015.02.015 Lundgren, L., Newton, R. U., Tran, T. T., Dunn, M., Nimphius, S., Sheppard, J. (2014). Analysis of manoeuvres and scoring in competitive surfing. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 9(4), 663-669. DOI:10.1260/1747-9541.9.4.663 Ma, F. L., Xu, Z. J. (2020). Features and training strategies for surfing. China Sports Coaches, 28(4):69-70+73. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8732.2020.04.022 Ma, Y., Chen, H. Q., Liu, L., Lin, S. J., Jia, M. Y., Zheng, W. T. (2023). Construction and Demonstration of a Comprehensive Evaluation System of Factors Influencing the Performance for Competitive Short-Board Surfing. China Sport Science, 43(5):60-70. DOI:10.16469/j.css.202305007 Mendez-Villanueva, A., Bishop, D., Hamer, P. (2006). Activity profile of world-class professional surfers during competition: Acase study. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(3), 477-482. DOI:10.1016/S1499-2671(06)04002-0 Meng, X. (2020). Experimental study on the influence of TRX suspension training on hurdle technique. [Dissertation, Shandong Normal University]. DOI:10.27280/d.cnki.gsdsu.2020.000866 Niu, Y. J., Qiao, C. Y. (2018). A meta-analysis on the effects of core strength training. Journal of Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, 30(4):352-361. DOI:10.14036/j.cnki.cn11-4513.2018.04.014 Paillard, T., Margnes, E., Portet, M., Breucq, A. (2011). Postural ability reflects the athletic skill level of surfers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111, 1619-1623. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1782-2 Parsonage, J. R., Secomb, J. L., Tran, T. T., Farley, O. R., Nimphius, S., Lundgren, L., Sheppard, J. M. (2017). Gender differences in physical performance characteristics of elite surfers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(9), 2417-2422. DOI:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001428 Parsonage, J., Secomb, J. L., Sheppard, J. M., Ferrier, B. K., Dowse, R. A., Nimphius, S. (2020). Upper-body strength measures and pop-up performance of stronger and weaker surfers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 34(10), 2982-2989. DOI:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002377 Peng, C. Z., Li, H. Q. (2020). Effects of multimodal functional training on lower limb muscle strength,proprioception and dynamic balance ability of female college students with functional ankle instability. Journal of Shandong Sport University, 36(1):66-72. DOI:10.14104/j.cnki.1006-2076.2020.01.011 Li, H. (2022). Experimental study on the effect of functional core stability training on balance ability of young male TKD athletes. Xi'an Sports Institute. DOI:10.27401/d.cnki.gxatc.2022.000128 Qiao, Z., Yuan, W. N. (2010). Effect of S-E-T suspension training method on balance ability of track and field athletes. Journal of Shenyang Sport University, 29(5): 85-87. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-0560.2010.05.023 Ren, Y. Q., Shi, S. S., Sun, H. L. (2011). Age-related changes and relationships of core strength and balance capability of male. Journal of Tianjin University of Sport, 3:269-272+276. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-0000.2011.03.019 Seiler, S., Skaanes, P. T., Kirkesola, G., Katch, F. I. (2006). Effects of sling exercise training on maximal clubhead velocity in junior golfers: 1781: Board# 154 2: 00 PM–3: 00 PM. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38(5), S286. DOI:10.1249/00005768-200605001-01242 Sun, W., Mao, D. W., Pang, F., Wang, L. (2012). Effect of TAI CHI and brisk walking exercise on balance in elderly women. China Sport Science and Technology, 48(5): 75-80. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-9826.2012.05.011 Sun, X., Gao, F., Sun, Y. Y. (2010). The influence of the S-E-T training on the balance of volleyball players. Journal of Tianjin University of Sport, 25(1):54-56. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-0000.2010.01.014 Wang, J. S., Ding, L. P., Yin, J. (2016). Influence of the S-E-T training on the stability of national women pistol athletes. Journal of Tianjin University of Sport, 31(2):174-178. DOI:10.13297/j.cnki.issn1005-0000.2016.02.015 Wang, Z. J., Zhou, Z. R., Lu, Q. (2012). Effects of suspension training(S-E-T) on the application of physical training for swimmers aged 15~17 in Jiangsu province. Journal of Shandong Institute of Physical Education and Sports, 28(3):82-86. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2076.2012.03.019 Wei, Y. J., Zhao, H. B., Song, X. F., Sun, Y. L. (2009). The function and application of sling exercise training. Journal of Tianjin University of Sport, 24(4):358-360. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-0000.2009.04.023 Wei, Y. R., Wang, H. K., Zhao, W. Y. (2022). Effect of suspension training on body composition of male figure skaters. Journal of Shijiazhuang University, 24(6):104-107+128. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-1972.2022.06.016 Xiao, C. M., Wang, M. Z., Xiong, K. Y. (2001). Test methods of balance ability in old people. Journal of Beijing University of Physical Education, 24(4):494-496. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3612.2001.04.024 You, Y. H., Wen, A. L. (2014). Human balance measurement methods. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 29(11): 1099-1104. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-1242.2014.11.023 Yuan, J. F., Zhang, Q. X., Lu, A. M. (2013). One-legged standing with eyes closed in physical fitness testing. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 17(33):6049-6054. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.023 Zhang, J. G., Shi, X. Q., Xu, Z. F. (2012). Static balance in different age groups of children and adolescence. Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(3):202-206+211. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6710.2012.03.003 Zheng, W. T., Qu, P. (2011). Core stability and strength training of windsurfing. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, 45(2):78-84. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-520X.2011.02.015 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3940529","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":276294387,"identity":"5e62986a-054f-45f6-8706-205af293a06d","order_by":0,"name":"Zhaoyi Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhaoyi","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":276294388,"identity":"e51947e3-8bac-4a7a-9d62-0694ee6158c9","order_by":1,"name":"Yong Ma","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACCTn7443NDz4Y2NgRq8XCmOHM4WOGMwrSkonVUpHYcCMtQZrnwyHGBkJqddvPGD4u+CWR2NhzxsDYxuAAMwP74aMb8GkxO5NjbDyzT8K4mb3H4HGOwR0+Bp60tBt4tRzIMZPm7ZGQbeMB2pJj8IyZQYLHDL+W82/AWhh7JHIMpC0MDjM2ENRyA2gLzw8JxRkSQO8zEKflWbExb4OEsQEPMJB7DNKS2Qj65Xzyxsc8f+rkDNiBUfnjj40dP/vhY3i1MDBwGDAwtiHx2fArBwH2BwwMfwgrGwWjYBSMghEMAG2QTeSVoooXAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yong","middleName":"","lastName":"Ma","suffix":""},{"id":276294389,"identity":"3ae3251b-bcd7-4541-99ee-dbf1bf6aa418","order_by":2,"name":"Zhi-Hao Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhi-Hao","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":276294390,"identity":"09521ced-1dde-409c-96cf-790a17a9b59c","order_by":3,"name":"Meng-Yao Jia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meng-Yao","middleName":"","lastName":"Jia","suffix":""},{"id":276294391,"identity":"ad862578-a7bb-4fb4-be4c-058d8e2612ab","order_by":4,"name":"Wei-Tao Zheng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wei-Tao","middleName":"","lastName":"Zheng","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-08 16:17:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3940529/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3940529/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51998233,"identity":"2afa5561-8273-4990-b610-bafa9f6734ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-05 06:50:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":327525,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEye closed one leg stand testchart.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3940529/v1/639074ed496051de37d6da8b.png"},{"id":51998236,"identity":"61397fc3-8247-48b2-a134-092a65b625d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-05 06:50:50","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":209273,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLinear travel deviation test chart\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3940529/v1/02ed66c12639ad7657fc632b.png"},{"id":51998234,"identity":"093cedef-e8f1-47a2-a97e-45fa755f1661","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-05 06:50:49","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16698,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHistogram of changes in performance on the eye closed one leg stand test a: left-footed support, b: right-footed support (* indicates a significant difference from the previous test result within the group, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05; ** indicates a highly significant difference from the previous test result within the group, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.01. ##indicates a highly significant difference within the group compared to pre-intervention (E0), \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3940529/v1/24e2ca831944dfebf83dd2ae.png"},{"id":51998235,"identity":"74a484b8-9902-4048-9b43-e3609be0b4de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-05 06:50:49","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHistogram of changes in linear ravel deviation scores (where ** indicates a highly significant difference from the previous test result within the group, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.01. ## indicates a highly significant difference within the group compared to the pre-intervention (E0), \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.01. \u0026amp; indicates a significant difference in the between-group comparison, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05; \u0026amp;\u0026amp; indicates a highly significant difference in the between-group comparison, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3940529/v1/d9a9258b8ef50e6c439fad3a.png"},{"id":66238433,"identity":"e236445e-a7c2-4687-b3db-0cb82c349782","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-09 06:02:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1506019,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3940529/v1/e74e1dff-0507-4b83-a8d8-b52a6f756c9c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Study of the effect of suspension training on the balance ability of surfers without relying on vision","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCompetitive surfing is an international professional water sport (Coyne et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and is now listed for the 2020 and 2024 Summer Olympics (Fernandez et al., 2018). Competitive surfing success depends on the surfer's ability to capture and ride the wave at its most critical part (i.e., closest to the break) while executing and completing innovative maneuvers (Mendez et al., 2005; Farley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). For each surf, judges score the surf based on the difficulty, main maneuver type, speed, power, and fluidity (Liu., 2015; Ferrier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Forsyth et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This requires surfers to have great muscular endurance, explosive power (Lundgren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Anthony et al., 2016; Donaldson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), excellent cardiorespiratory capacity (Bruton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Coyne et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Donaldson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and balance stabilization control (Farley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003ea; Forsyth et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Among them, balance is the foundation for surfers to perform surfing sports in the sea (Parsonage et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ma et al., 2020), which guarantees stabilizing the athlete's body posture in the waves to perform various technical movements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe perception systems for balance include the vestibular system (Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), the visual system (Ren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), and the proprioceptors (You et al., 2014). As surfing skill improves, athletes rely less on visual information to maintain upright posture (Chapman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), which indicates an increased reliance on proprioceptive and vestibular sources of information (Paillard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Once surfers begin to develop a high level of expertise and athletic experience, the inner demands of surfing may become less reliant on visual input (Paillard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), and proprioceptive stimulation may dominate, thereby maintaining limb balance stability (Dowse et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Long-term participation in recreational surfing leads to specific neuromuscular adaptations that control muscle force production and posture, where control of posture is more dependent on proprioception (eyes closed) (Frank et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Repeated experience in elite surfers may enhance balance through neural adaptations that are less dependent on visual inputs, reducing the need for visual contributions to postural control (Hrysomallis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, without relying on vision, surfers must also have a strong ability to control body balance. At present, research on surfing programs worldwide has mostly focused on analyzing the scoring rate of surfing skill movements (Farley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003eb; Donaldson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), competition results (Forsyth et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Ma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and the surfing physical fitness training (Ma et al., 2020; Parsonage et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), while only few studies have explored how to better train balance in conjunction with the athletic characteristics of surfing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Resistance Exercise (TRX) aims to suspend a certain body part using a rope, imposing an unstable state by stimulating the proprioceptors to strengthen the control and regulation of muscle tension gradually (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). TRX training ultimately enhances the neuro-muscular system harmonization effect (Campa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Demirarar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and thus effectively improves joint stabilization and neuromuscular control (Aguilera et al., 2019). Hence, applying it to athletic training can enhance body balance and control (Seiler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), making it easier for athletes to perform difficult movements. TRX is widely applied in athletic training in various sports, such as improving the balance stabilization of athletes in track and field (Qiao et al., 2010), taekwondo (Dong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), tennis (Fu et al., 2014) and physical control (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Demirarar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), enhancing swimmers' balance (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), improving balance stability and special techniques of athletes in skill-based events (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), and enhancing the movement control of soccer players in unstable state (Chen et al., 2014). There is currently little research on TRX\u0026rsquo;s effectiveness in the surfers' balance ability without relying on vision.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince TRX stimulates proprioception in unstable environments, it in turn improves the stabilizing ability to control body balance. Therefore, it can well strengthen the proprioceptive ability after mitigating the visual input, which is suitable for the balance training of excellent surfers. This study assumes that TRX can significantly improve surfers' balance ability without relying on vision. At the same time, the differences in the effects of TRX and Traditional Balance training (TB) on surfers' balance ability were compared. A more suitable balance training method for surfers was explored with the aim of helping surfers to improve their athletic performance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Participants\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe predicted sample size was calculated using G Power software version 3.1.9.2. (Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u0026auml;t D\u0026uuml;sseldorf, D\u0026uuml;sseldorf, Germany). Correlation analyses using a medium effect size value of 0.5 required a minimum of 26 subjects at \u0026alpha;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05 and a statistical power of 0.80. Therefore, thirty-six outstanding surfers from the current National Surfing Team were selected as the study participants. Four athletes were absent from a part of the training process during the eight-weeks intervention for their reasons. Thus, the final participants were 32, with 19 masters of sports and 13 first-grade sportsman. Inclusion criteria were as follows: before the experiment, all athletes were physically examined to determine the absence of sports injuries, diseases, and normal motor function; athletic achievements: individuals ranked in the top 12 nationally, teams ranked in the top 8 nationally (including National Games, National Championships, etc.); Participants are at the same stage of the sports season, which can avoid training variables that may influence the results when participants are in different phases of the season. The exclusion criteria were as follows: knee and ankle arthrodesis, fractures, history of previous surgery elsewhere in the knee, and other forms of muscular or skeletal injuries to the lower extremity; prior injury to the lower extremity of at least three months and the presence of pathology that may impair balance. All subjects were informed and agreed to participate in all experiments of this study by signing an informed consent form. Meanwhile, the participants provided informed consent to publish the images in the study. This study confirmed that all methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wuhan Sports University (No: 2021030).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Study procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1 Intervention design\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted during the 2022 National Surfing Team training period, where all athletes\u0026apos; training, diet, and routine were standardized and managed uniformly. The experiment was conducted in the physical training room of the National Surfing Team in Lingshui County, Hainan Province, and the participants were divided into TRX group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16) and TB group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16) based on a randomized division. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e reports the participants\u0026apos; basic conditions prior to the intervention. The study adopted a \u0026quot;1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;8\u0026quot; experimental period arrangement, with one week of adaptive training and eight weeks of formal experiments. The adaptive training week was designed to enable the athletes to complete the training movements in a more standardized way to provide good preparation for the accuracy and standardization of the formal experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe formal experiment was conducted for eight weeks of intervention training (Wei et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), three times a week for about 30 minutes each time. The training movements in both groups were based on balance and core training. Meanwhile, the training movements\u0026apos; acceptance and the athletes\u0026apos; training effect were monitored throughout this phase. Besides, the formal experiment\u0026apos;s training load was formulated considering the optimal intensity (number of times or duration) of the standardized movements each individual could achieve during the training. The training intensity was adjusted according to the actual state of the athletes, ensuring that the training loads of the two groups were the same and that the loads as a whole obeyed the principle of gradual progression (Wang et al., 2007). A national team fitness coach supported each group in arranging training.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasic information of subjects (sex, number, age, weight, height and years of training).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eGender \u0026amp; Numbers\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eAge/y\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eHeight/cm\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eWeight/kg\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eTraining years/y\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eTRX\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e8M \u0026amp; 8F\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e15.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.15\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e164.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.78\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e52.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.64\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e2.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eTB\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e8M \u0026amp; 8F\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e15.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.09\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e164.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.24\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e52.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.08\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e2.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e--\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e0.936\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e1.000\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e0.863\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e1.000\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNotes: Height and weight collection equipment for height and weight tester (Kefun Group, Model: KF-1328, Zhejiang, China). Measuring range: 0.1-180KG, 70-190CM. TRX: TRX suspension training group. TB: Traditional Balance training group. M: Males. F: Females.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2 Intervention content\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe eight weeks training was divided into 3 phases: one - two weeks of basic adaptation phase (E1), three - five weeks of quality enhancement phase (E2), and six - eight weeks of consolidation and strengthening phase (E3), with the intensity and difficulty of the training gradually increasing (Fu et al., 2014). During the entire intervention training, the athletes were only allowed to perform the movements required, with no other balance movement training.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe two groups in the E1 phase were mainly based on static training movements to allow the athletes to adapt to the initial training rhythm (Meng, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In the E2 phase, the two groups combined static and dynamic training, and the load and difficulty of the training increased. Dynamic training movements were executed in both groups in the E3 phase, and the difficulty and load were again increased. The details of the training program are shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraining content during the eight weeks of intervention in both groups of athletes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eTraining phase\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eGroups\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eTraining movement\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eNumber of groups\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eTime/Reps\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eGroup interval\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003eE1\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eTRX\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eSuspended prone planks, Suspended legs supine hip bridge, Suspended lateral one-handed brace, Suspended plank balance\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e4\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e20-40s\u003cbr\u003e(each side)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e60s\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eTB\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eSupine leg raises, Plank support, Hip bridge, Lateral bridge\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e4\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e20-40s\u003cbr\u003e(each side)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e60s\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003eE2\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eTRX\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eSuspended prone legs supported open and close, Forward and backward movement of the suspension plate support, Suspended single leg V-support, Suspended prone support group, Suspended straight leg flexion\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e4\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e30-50s/12-16reps\u003cbr\u003e(each side)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e60s\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eTB\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003ePlate support movement, Knee rolls, Straight legged foot rolls, Lateral rolls, Air cycling\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e4\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e30-50s/12-16reps\u003cbr\u003e(each side)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e60s\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003eE3\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eTRX\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eSuspended single-legged double-armed support prone leg tucks, Suspended single-legged one-handed lateral support leg suction, Suspended single-legged prone support lateral knee lifts, Suspended prone support knee lift runs, Suspended prone one-handed rotations\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e4\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e40-60s/16-50reps\u003cbr\u003e(each side)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e60s\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eTB\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eSupine chin ups, Single arm support turn, One-handed prone knee lifts, Group body movements, Prone mountain running\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e4\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e40-60s/16-50reps\u003cbr\u003e(each side)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e60s\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.3 Test indicators\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll tests were conducted in the same location (Lingshui County, Hainan Province, National Surfing Team Physical Training Room), in the same environment (temperature 20\u0026ndash;27\u0026deg;, humidity 68%-78%, quiet indoors), and during the same period of time (7:00\u0026ndash;10:00 pm). The tests were divided into four sessions according to training time (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrganization of the four tests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eOrganization of the training phase\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eTesting time\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eE0\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eBefore the experiment starts\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eE1\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eTest after completion of the Basic Adaptation Phase (one - two weeks)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eE2\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eTest after completion of the Quality Enhancement Phase (three - five weeks)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eE3\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eTest after completion of the Consolidation and Strengthening Phase (six - eight weeks)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEye-closed one-leg stand test: The test relies on the balance receptors in the vestibular organs of the brain and the coordinated movement of muscles from the whole body when the participant closes his or her eyes (Li, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Yuan et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Static balance was evaluated by the amount of time the participant maintained at his body\u0026rsquo;s center of gravity on a one-legged support surface, keeping standing on one leg for as long as possible (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Each participant\u0026rsquo;s leg was tested twice at 2-minute intervals during the test, and the final result was taken as the best score for each leg.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear travel deviation test: tests the participants\u0026apos; dynamic balance, vestibular perception, and sense of spatial orientation without relying on vision (Cao, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The test was performed with the participant\u0026apos;s eyes closed, and after clarifying the starting and stopping points, the participant moved forward and backward for 10m, respectively (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). We measured the deviation distance of the final landing point from the start and stop points, and the test takes the average of the two deviation distances as the result. The smaller the deviation distance, the better the participant\u0026apos;s dynamic balance. Each participant was tested twice, and the final result was the best of the two tests.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Statistical analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using SPSS Statisticel 26 software (Version 26.0, IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York, USA) and expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (X\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD). The participants\u0026apos; basic information and balance ability in the first two groups were tested for homogeneity to ensure that the randomized grouping was reasonable and that the participants\u0026apos; balance ability was at the same level. The indicators were compared before and after the intervention using the paired samples t-test for within-group comparisons and the independent samples t-test for between-group comparisons. The absence of significant differences was defined as \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, the significance level was defined as \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, and the level of great significance was defined as \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Homogeneity test\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to be capable of knowing whether the athletes were at the same level of basic information and balance before the experiment, the relevant indexes of the two groups of athletes were tested. The results showed there was no significant difference (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) between the two groups of participants in terms of physical characteristics (Table \u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) and static and dynamic balance ability without relying on vision (Table \u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), which were comparable.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of balance ability between the two groups of athletes before the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBalance ability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest Indicator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTRX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatic balance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEyes closed left foot stand (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEyes closed right foot stand (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.969\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDynamic balance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear travel deviation test (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Changes in static balance before and after the intervention\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e reports the test results, The results reveal that both groups were able to show a highly significant improvement when tested at any phase of the post-intervention period (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eE0\u0026rarr;E1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.01, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eE0\u0026rarr;E2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026lt;0.01, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eE0\u0026rarr;E3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026lt;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResults of the eye closed one leg stand test in both groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest Indicator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEyes closed left foot stand (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTRX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;77.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;112.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEyes closed right foot stand (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTRX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;74.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;62.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;101.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe differential changes and comparisons between the two groups are illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3. Both groups showed the greatest improvement in performance at the end of the first intervention phase, and there was no significant difference in the test results of the E2 phase compared to the E1 phase (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The results of the E3 phase of the test showed a significant difference in the TRX group compared to the E2 phase (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), whereas the TB group showed a significant difference only in the right foot support (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with no significant difference in the left foot support (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Compared to the two groups\u0026apos; test scores, there was no significant difference in the training effects produced by the two training methods (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure 3 Histogram of changes in performance on the eye closed one leg stand test a: left-footed support, b: right-footed support (* indicates a significant difference from the previous test result within the group, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; ** indicates a highly significant difference from the previous test result within the group, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01. ##indicates a highly significant difference within the group compared to pre-intervention (E0), \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Changes in dynamic balance before and after the intervention\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table \u003cspan\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, both groups showed highly significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) improvements at each phase after the start of the intervention, both compared to the pre-intervention period and the previous phase. A performance comparison of the TRX and TB groups reveals that the difference in the training effect between the two groups appeared at the E2 phase (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and the difference became more and more significant as the intervention progressed (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eE3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026lt;0.01) (Fig. \u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of the results of two groups of linear travel deviation tests at different phases.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTRX (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTB (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.978\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eNotes: E0-E3 indicate four tests and data are expressed as mean and standard deviation. The symbol *indicates a significant difference at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; ** indicates a highly significant difference at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4 Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Analysis of changes in static balance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the TRX group showed that TRX was able to improve the athlete's ability to stand on one foot with eyes closed, i.e., static balance without relying on vision. This is because TRX trains the body to perform movements in an unstable state, and the method exercises the athlete's ability to control the body in this state (Wei et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). The body is constantly moving from imbalance to balance to imbalance during training (Zheng et al., 2011), and this pattern of movement can adequately stimulate one's vestibular system (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) to achieve the optimal evoked effect on the proprioceptive organs (Qiao et al., 2010; Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), improving the neuromuscular control of the surfers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile in the test, the body is unstable because of the reduction of the body support area. At this time, the central nervous system must send commands to the lower limb muscles to ensure body balance (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, by exercising the ability to control the body in unstable conditions, the results of closed-eye single-leg standing are also significantly improved, suggesting that TRX can be a good way to improve the static balance of surfers when they do not rely on vision. In contrast, the traditional means of lumbar-abdominal balance training give continuous stimulation to the muscles of a particular body part (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), aiming to improve the strength capacity of the abdomen, lower back, and lower limb joints (Seiler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). For example, the side curls, aerial cycling, and prone mountaineering run in the TB group effectively worked on abdominal and lower extremity strength stabilization, so the improvements in the test results were all more obvious.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth TRX and TB groups showed significant variability in changes in static balance before and after the intervention, indicating that both methods can improve the surfers' static balance without relying on vision. Comparing the training effects achieved by the two methods, although the test scores of the TRX group were higher than those of the TB group, there was no significant difference in the results. This finding is more controversial at the current time, other researchers have compared the static balance of surfers, Chapman et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) assessed the static balance of elite and intermediate surfers on a balancing platform and found no difference between the two groups. Furthermore, Alcantara et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) found no differences in static balance performance between recreational surfers and controls. However, as surfing takes place in an ever-changing and volatile environment, static equilibrium enhancements and needs may not be very clearly discernable (Hrysomallis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe above findings are consistent with the findings of the present experiment, but equally studies have shown that TRX training is superior to traditional training (Sun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Cao, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). For the current experiment, the reason for the lack of significant difference is that the TRX training in this study was more focused on developing the surfers' body control from stretching to massaging and back again, i.e., control of the trunk. This is because the foundation of any movement a surfer makes during surfing requires the athlete to go from paddling to taking off and riding before completing other technical movements. The trajectory of the human body during this phase is from a plank movement in the prone position to a supported rise to standing on the plank (Anthony et al., 2016). Regarding movement selection, this study focused on the strength and control of the core region of the upper limb, such as suspended straight leg flexion and suspended plate support for anterior and posterior movement. However, the eye-closed one-leg stand test is more biased toward the requirements of lower limb strength and knee and ankle stability in this aspect of muscle control, such as the hanging single-leg prone adductor leg exercise and the hanging single-leg reverse lunge exercise (Cao, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the focus of the intervention content varies, leading to differences in the outcome.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, in the arrangement of intervention phases, this study in the first phase of training focused on controlling the trunk under static training, and improving joint stability and muscle strength was not particularly significant. The latter two training phases began to combine the training of lower limb strength and joint flexibility in the dynamic mode. Therefore, the training for lower limb joint flexibility and muscle strength under static conditions is on the low side, while the eye-closed one-leg stand test belongs to the holistic test under static conditions (Yuan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, there is no significant difference between the effects of the two training methods on a closed one-leg stand.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Analysis of changes in dynamic balance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study reveals that some of the athletes in the TRX group measured excellent scores with deviation distances within 10 cm at the E2 test phase, and there were even individual athletes who measured perfect scores with deviation distances of 0 at that test phase. Thus, this study concludes that this evaluation indicator has limitations for evaluating balance ability after achieving a perfect score. Therefore, to a certain extent, this test method cannot be used to determine the athletes' dynamic balance ability without relying on vision in the long term. At the same time, for certain surfers, five weeks of TRX can improve their dynamic balance without relying on vision. In contrast, although the results showed that TB was equally effective in improving surfers' ability, the TB group athletes did not have perfect deviation scores (0 cm deviation) or close to perfect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the test limits did not affect the TB group, which argues for the advantages of TRX over TB. Due to the ever-changing environments and high level of instability required for surfing, surfers must develop a number of neuromuscular skills (agility, balance, muscle strength and flexibility) for better performance. This involves visual deprivation (eyes opening or closing) and impairment of somatic sensation (stabilizing surfaces or using bubbles) (Alcantara et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The training methods in this study created an unstable environment, trained somatosensory perception, and enhanced dynamic balance. The main influences on dynamic balance are the ability to control body posture and ankle muscle strength (Peng et al., 2020). The TRX group arranges dynamic movement training in the quality enhancement and consolidation phase, and it aims to strengthen the stabilizing ability of the trunk, the control ability, and the flexibility of the joints when the athlete is in an unstable state so that it can improve the dynamic balance ability of the surfers very well.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA comparison of the differences in the effects of the two training methods reveals that the differences appeared after five weeks of training and became more and more significant as the length of training accumulated. This is because TB lacks the exercise of proprioception, the vestibular system, ankle stability, and lower extremity muscle strength. TRX strengthens the stabilizing power of the rectus abdominis, internal and external abdominal obliques, transversus abdominis, and pelvic floor muscles through movement control, stimulates the vestibular system of the body (Xiao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e), and activates the tension receptors and pontine reticular spinal cord pathways to improve the athlete's proprioceptive abilities (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Meanwhile, TRX can effectively activate local stabilizing muscles and overall prime movers to improve intramuscular coordination (Sun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). For instance, TRX can effectively improve muscle coordination between abdominal and back muscles, quadriceps and hamstrings, tibialis anterior, and calf triceps in controlling trunk stabilization (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Sun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Fu et al. 2014), whereas it is difficult to achieve the effect of multi-muscle group force generation with the flexion and extension exercises of the traditional training (Niu et al.; 2018). Therefore, TRX is more effective in improving athletes' motor neuron control, muscle proprioceptive abilities, and vestibular system modulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the experiment, the athletes in the TRX group often felt a burning sensation in the muscle groups of the core area after training for a movement and felt that they needed to apply full body force to control their bodies. In addition, some seemingly unrelated to the action of the muscle groups will also appear in different degrees of fatigue and soreness of the response. Hence, some traditional training methods cannot be practiced through this form of exercise, significantly improving the performance of the TRX group compared to the TB group. The results indicated that TRX improves surfers' dynamic balance without relying on vision compared to TB. The findings of this indicator demonstrate consistency with the research results of Cao (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), indicating that the data of the linear travel deviation test in this study are real and valid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe limitations of this study include the surfers' balance ability was analyzed as a whole, and no comparative study was done on the differences between the left and right leg results, the lack of correlation analysis between athlete performance before and after training, the lack of the chronic effects of the group differences, and the lack of exploration of the impact of different methods on gender differences among surfers. In the future, further research can be conducted on the differences between the left and right leg, the correlation between training methods and sports performance, whether the observed results persist after the training without vision as well as the differences in the effectiveness of training methods on sports training for different genders.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBoth TRX and TB can improve surfers' balance ability without relying on vision very well. There is no difference in the improvement effect of the two methods on static balance ability, and a significant difference in the improvement effect on dynamic balance ability appeared after five weeks of training, and with the accumulation of training hours, the improvement effect of the TRX is better than that of the TB. Therefore, TB and TRX can be used to improve the static balance ability and dynamic balance ability for the first five weeks, and TRX can be applied to the balance training of surfers after five weeks.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was approved by the ethical review of Wuhan Sports University (NO. 2021030).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author (s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52271331), the East Lake Scholars Sponsorship Program of Wuhan Sports University in China, Science and Technology Team Foundation of Wuhan Sports University [grant number 21KT02], the 14th Five-Year-Plan Advantageous and Characteristic Disciplines (Groups) of Colleges and Universities in Hubei Province [grant number 2021-05].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData included in article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo additional information is available for this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRediT authorship contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZhaoyi Wang\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing\u0026ndash;original draft, Writing\u0026ndash;review and editing.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eYong Ma\u003c/strong\u003e: Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Methodology, Supervision, Writing\u0026ndash;original draft, Writing\u0026ndash;review and editing.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eZhihao Guo\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, Data curation, Resources, Formal Analysis, Writing\u0026ndash;original draft.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eMengyao Jia\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Writing\u0026ndash;original draft, Writing\u0026ndash;review and editing,\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eWeitao Zheng\u003c/strong\u003e: Project administration, Investigation, Writing\u0026ndash;original draft, Writing\u0026ndash;review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants consent statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants consented to have these images published.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their gratitude to EditSprings (https://www.editsprings.cn ) for the expert linguistic services provided.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAguilera-Castells J., Busc\u0026agrave;, B., Pea J, et al. 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DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-520X.2011.02.015\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"intervention training, dynamic balance, static balance, linear travel deviation test, eye-closed one-leg stand test","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3940529/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3940529/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSurfing is an emerging Olympic sport that requires athletes to have excellent balance without relying on vision. This study introduces TRX suspension training (TRX) into the balance training of surfing programs to investigate its effectiveness on the surfers' balance ability without relying on vision. Thirty-two surfers from the National Surfing Team were randomly divided into a TRX group and a traditional balance training (TB) group, and the two groups were given intervention training for about 30 minutes three times a week for eight weeks. Eye-closed one-leg stand and linear travel deviation tests were performed at different experiment stages to examine static and dynamic balance changes without visualization. After eight weeks of intervention training, both TRX and TB were very effective in improving surfers' static balance without relying on vision (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), and there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of the two training methods in improving surfers' static balance without relying on vision (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeft\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e=0.142\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eRight\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e=0.084\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Additionally, the eight weeks of suspension and TB effectively improved the surfers' dynamic balance without relying on vision, and highly significant improvements were seen in each monitoring phase (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). The effect of the two training methods on the improvement of surfers' dynamic balance without relying on vision began to show a significant difference after week five of training (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.021\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and a very significant difference after week eight (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). The results demonstrated that TRX was more effective than TB in improving the athletes' balance ability. Therefore, both TRX and TB improved the surfers' non-vision-dependent balance ability very well. However, TRX was more effective in improving dynamic balance in that situation. TB and TRX can be used to improve the static balance ability and dynamic balance ability for the first five weeks, and TRX can be applied to the balance training of surfers after five weeks.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study of the effect of suspension training on the balance ability of surfers without relying on vision","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-05 06:50:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3940529/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2476ca6d-50c1-49ff-9035-434f38c4cae8","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 5th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-09T05:38:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-05 06:50:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3940529","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3940529","identity":"rs-3940529","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}